Farming activity and risk of treated thyroid disorders: Insights from the TRACTOR project, a nationwide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data regarding thyroid diseases are lacking, in particular for occupationally exposed populations. OBJECTIVES: To compare the risk of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism between farming activities within the complete population of French farm managers (FMs). METHODS: Digital health data from retrospective administrative databases, including insurance claims and electronic health/medical records, was employed. This cohort data spanned the entirety of French farm managers (FMs) who had undertaken work at least once from 2002 to 2016. Survival analysis with the time to initial medication reimbursement as timescale was used to examine the association (hazard ratio, HR) between 26 specific farming activities and both treated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. A distinct model was developed for each farming activity, comparing FMs who had never engaged in the specific farming activity between 2002 and 2016 with those who had. All analyses were adjusted for potential confounders (e.g., age), and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Among 1088561 FMs (mean age 46.6 [SD 14.1]; 31% females), there were 31834 hypothyroidism cases (75% females) and 620 hyperthyroidism cases (67% females), respectively. The highest risks were observed for cattle activities for both hyperthyroidism (HR ranging from 1.75 to 2.42) and hypothyroidism (HR ranging from 1.41 to 1.44). For hypothyroidism, higher risks were also observed for several animal farming activities (pig, poultry, and rabbit), as well as fruit arboriculture (HR = 1.22 [1.14-1.31]). The lowest risks were observed for activities involving horses. Sex differences in the risk of hypothyroidism were observed for eight activities, with the risk being higher for males (HR = 1.09 [1.01-1.20]) than females in viticulture (HR = 0.97 [0.93-1.00]). The risk of hyperthyroidism was two times higher for male dairy farmers than females. DISCUSSION: Our findings offer a comprehensive overview of thyroid disease risks within the FM community. Thyroid ailments might not stem from a single cause but likely arise from the combined effects of various causal agents and triggering factors (agricultural exposome). Further investigation into distinct farming activities-especially those involving cattle-is essential to pinpoint potential risk factors that could enhance thyroid disease monitoring in agriculture.

Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 prognosis beyond comorbidity burden: the CORONADO initiative.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Diabetes has been recognised as a pejorative prognostic factor in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since diabetes is typically a disease of advanced age, it remains unclear whether diabetes remains a COVID-19 risk factor beyond advanced age and associated comorbidities. We designed a cohort study that considered age and comorbidities to address this question. METHODS: The Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes Outcomes (CORONADO) initiative is a French, multicentric, cohort study of individuals with (exposed) and without diabetes (non-exposed) admitted to hospital with COVID-19, with a 1:1 matching on sex, age (±5 years), centre and admission date (10 March 2020 to 10 April 2020). Comorbidity burden was assessed by calculating the updated Charlson comorbidity index (uCCi). A predefined composite primary endpoint combining death and/or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), as well as these two components separately, was assessed within 7 and 28 days following hospital admission. We performed multivariable analyses to compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 2210 pairs of participants (diabetes/no-diabetes) were matched on age (mean±SD 69.4±13.2/69.5±13.2 years) and sex (36.3% women). The uCCi was higher in individuals with diabetes. In unadjusted analysis, the primary composite endpoint occurred more frequently in the diabetes group by day 7 (29.0% vs 21.6% in the no-diabetes group; HR 1.43 [95% CI 1.19, 1.72], p<0.001). After multiple adjustments for age, BMI, uCCi, clinical (time between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and dyspnoea) and biological variables (eGFR, aspartate aminotransferase, white cell count, platelet count, C-reactive protein) on admission to hospital, diabetes remained associated with a higher risk of primary composite endpoint within 7 days (adjusted HR 1.42 [95% CI 1.17, 1.72], p<0.001) and 28 days (adjusted HR 1.30 [95% CI 1.09, 1.55], p=0.003), compared with individuals without diabetes. Using the same adjustment model, diabetes was associated with the risk of IMV, but not with risk of death, within 28 days of admission to hospital. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our results demonstrate that diabetes status was associated with a deleterious COVID-19 prognosis irrespective of age and comorbidity status. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04324736.

The association between body mass index class and coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A growing body of data suggests that obesity influences coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our study's primary objective was to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) categories and critical forms of COVID-19. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data on consecutive adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at Amiens University Hospital (Amiens, France) were extracted retrospectively. The association between BMI categories and the composite primary endpoint (admission to the intensive care unit or death) was probed in a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 433 patients were included, and BMI data were available for 329: 20 were underweight (6.1%), 95 have a normal weight (28.9%), 90 were overweight (27.4%), and 124 were obese (37.7%). The BMI category was associated with the primary endpoint in the fully adjusted model; the odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for overweight and obesity were respectively 1.58 [0.77-3.24] and 2.58 [1.28-5.31]. The ORs [95% CI] for ICU admission were similar for overweight (3.16 [1.29-8.06]) and obesity (3.05 [1.25-7.82]) in the fully adjusted model. The unadjusted ORs for death were similar in all BMI categories while obesity only was associated with higher risk after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that overweight (and not only obesity) is associated with ICU admission, but overweight is not associated with death.

Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with and without diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing pandemic, with four million confirmed cases and 280 000 deaths at the time of writing. Some studies have suggested that diabetes is associated with a greater risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19. The primary objective of the present study was to compare the clinical features and outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients with vs without diabetes. METHODS: All consecutive adult patients admitted to Amiens University Hospital (Amiens, France) with confirmed COVID-19 up until April 21st, 2020, were included. The composite primary endpoint comprised admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and death. Both components were also analysed separately in a logistic regression analysis and a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: A total of 433 patients (median age: 72; 238 (55%) men; diabetes: 115 (26.6%)) were included. Most of the deaths occurred in non-ICU units and among older adults. Multivariate analyses showed that diabetes was associated neither with the primary endpoint (odds ratio (OR): 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66-1.90) nor with mortality (hazard ratio: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.40-1.34) but was associated with ICU admission (OR: 2.06; 95%CI 1.09-3.92, P = .027) and a longer length of hospital stay. Age was negatively associated with ICU admission and positively associated with death. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes was prevalent in a quarter of the patients hospitalized with COVID-19; it was associated with a greater risk of ICU admission but not with a significant elevation in mortality. Further investigation of the relationship between COVID-19 severity and diabetes is warranted.

Exposure of Piglets to Enteroviruses Investigated by an Immunoassay Based on the EV-G1 VP4 Peptide.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the exposure of piglets to enteroviruses-G (EV-G) through the presence of antibodies in their serum. METHODS: Serum samples were obtained from the vena cava of 10 piglets at 9 weeks of age and again 39 days later (day 39). They were tested using an immunoassay based on the EV-G1 VP4 peptide, since VP4 is highly conserved among the four Enterovirus capsid proteins, and by using a seroneutralization assay. RESULTS: For each serum collected on day 39 the optical density was high compared to the value obtained in serum collected earlier (p = 0.002). However, the titers of anti-EV-G1 serum neutralizing activity were not different in paired samples (p > 0.999). The sequence alignment of the EV-G1 VP4 peptide, encompassing 50 amino acids, used in the immunoassay showed 88% homology with EV-G, suggesting that antibodies directed toward other EV-G than EV-G1 may be detected. CONCLUSION: An immunoassay based on EV-G1 VP4 can detect an increased level of EV-G antibodies in piglet serum samples. Further studies are needed to determine whether this immunoassay may be useful for diagnosis and/or epidemiological studies and to monitor EV-G infection in pigs to evaluate strategies aimed to prevent enterovirus infections.

Association of environmental markers with childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus revealed by a long questionnaire on early life exposures and lifestyle in a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) incidence is rising in many countries, supposedly because of changing environmental factors, which are yet largely unknown. The purpose of the study was to unravel environmental markers associated with T1D. METHODS: Cases were children with T1D from the French Isis-Diab cohort. Controls were schoolmates or friends of the patients. Parents were asked to fill a 845-item questionnaire investigating the child's environment before diagnosis. The analysis took into account the matching between cases and controls. A second analysis used propensity score methods. RESULTS: We found a negative association of several lifestyle variables, gastroenteritis episodes, dental hygiene, hazelnut cocoa spread consumption, wasp and bee stings with T1D, consumption of vegetables from a farm and death of a pet by old age. CONCLUSIONS: The found statistical association of new environmental markers with T1D calls for replication in other cohorts and investigation of new environmental areas. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical-Trial.gov NCT02212522 . Registered August 6, 2014.

Erythrovirus B19 and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Review of the literature and pathophysiological hypotheses.

Erythrovirus B19 (EVB19) has been incriminated, over recent years, in the onset and/or pathogenesis of many diseases, especially autoimmune thyroid diseases. This review of the literature (published over the last 40 years using Pubmed and Science Direct search engines) was designed to define the role of EVB19, particularly in autoimmune thyroid diseases.Two cases of subacute thyroiditis, one case of Graves' disease (associated with type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis), and one case of Hashimoto's thyroiditis following acute EVB19 infection were reported. A retrospective case-control study in a pediatric population demonstrated the role of EVB19 in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Four retrospective studies of pathology slides (including PCR, immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization) and a prospective case-control study on pathology slides demonstrated the presence of EVB19 in thyroid tissue of patients with benign multinodular goiter, Graves' disease, autoimmune thyroiditis (including Hashimoto's thyroiditis), and thyroid cancer. EVB19 can be demonstrated in the thyroid gland in a wide range of diseases. Although acute EVB19 infection could theoretically trigger autoimmune thyroid disease, there is currently no evidence that EVB19 plays a specific role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Immunohistochemical- and PCR-based assay for the reproducible, routine detection of erythrovirus B19 in thyroid tissues.

It is generally accepted that thyroid follicle cells are at least semi-permissive for erythrovirus B19 (EVB19). Thus, various laboratory techniques have been successfully used to detect EVB19 in the thyroid gland, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization. However, the detection of EVB19 within the thyroid gland is problematic, and none of the detection protocols in the literature have been unequivocally validated. This multidisciplinary study in which 32 thyroidectomy subjects undergoing thyroidectomy in a French University hospital were prospectively recruited was performed over a period of 3 years. Prior to surgery, all the subjects were assayed for blood levels of anti-EVB19 antibodies and (using a quantitative PCR [qPCR] assay) EVB19 itself. A qPCR assay for EVB19 and an immunohistochemical assay (based on polyclonal anti-VP2 antibodies) were performed on the thyroidectomy samples. None of the subjects had an acute EVB19 infection. A viral load was detected in two serum samples and six thyroid biopsies. Three subjects had both a positive immunohistochemical assay and a positive qPCR assay for the thyroid tissue. It is noteworthy that the thyroid immunohistochemical and qPCR assays were negative in the two patients with detectable serum loads of EVB19. In conclusion, EVB19 can be detected in thyroid follicle cells by using immunohistochemical and qPCR assays. Ideally, patients should be tested with both PCR and immunohistochemical assays, in order to unequivocally confirm or rule out the presence of EVB19 in the thyroid gland. The present protocol must now be validated in larger series--notably with respect to its reliability and in order to determine qPCR positivity thresholds for application in future large-scale studies.

Coxsackievirus B4 can infect human pancreas ductal cells and persist in ductal-like cell cultures which results in inhibition of Pdx1 expression and disturbed formation of islet-like cell aggregates.

The role of enteroviruses, especially Coxsackievirus B (CVB), in type 1 diabetes is suspected, but the mechanisms of the virus-induced or aggravated pathogenesis of the disease are unknown. The hypothesis of an enterovirus-induced disturbance of pancreatic ß-cells regeneration has been investigated in the human system. The infection of human pancreas ductal cells and pancreatic duct cell line, PANC-1, with CVB4E2 has been studied. Primary ductal cells and PANC-1 cells were infectable with CVB4E2 and a RT-PCR assay without extraction displayed that a larger proportion of cells harbored viral RNA than predicted by the detection of the viral capsid protein VP1 by indirect immunofluorescence. The detection of intracellular positive- and negative-strands of enterovirus genomes in cellular extracts by RT-PCR and the presence of infectious particles in supernatant fluids during the 37 weeks of monitoring demonstrated that CVB4E2 could persist in the pancreatic duct cell line. A persistent infection of these cells resulted in an impaired expression of Pdx1, a transcription factor required for the formation of endocrine pancreas, and a disturbed formation of islet-like cell aggregates of which the viability was decreased. These data support the hypothesis of an impact of enteroviruses onto pancreatic ductal cells which are involved in the renewal of pancreatic ß-cells.

Congenital and acquired hypothyroidism: temporal and spatial trends in France from 2014 to 2019.

PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and acquired hypothyroidism (AH) between 2014 and 2019 in continental France. METHODS: New cases of CH and AH were identified using the French National Health Data System (Système Nationale des Données de Santé, SNDS). Temporal trends were studied using linear regression models. Spatial distributions were studied using Moran's global index (I) and the statistical method and local indicators of spatial association. RESULTS: The incidence of permanent CH in females increased by 8.9% per year (2014: 36.9 [31.1-43.7] per 100,000 birth-years vs. 2019: 51 [43.9-59.3] per 100,000 birth-years, p < 0.01). The incidence of AH decreased between 2014 and 2019 for both females (2014: 535.7 [533.2-538.2] per 100,000 person-years vs 2019: 335.5 [333.6-337.4] per 100,000 person-years, p < 0.01) and males (2014: 197.5 [195.9-199] per 100,000 person-years vs 2019: 141.7 [140.4-142.9] per 100,000 person-years, p<0.01). The incidence of hypothyroidism was high in the Nord-Pas-De-Calais and Lorraine regions (CH and AH). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of permanent CH in females has increased over time. AH incidence decreased. It seems necessary to investigate environmental factors in the disparity of incidence distribution.

Genetic predisposition to pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: 21 years of experience in the field.

CONTEXT: Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors with high heritability, justifying systematic genetic screening for a germline variant in one of the twenty predisposing genes described to date. PURPOSE: To describe the experience of one endocrine oncogenetic laboratory over a period of 21 years (2001-2022), from the beginning of PPGL genotyping with Sanger sequencing in 2001 to the implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS). METHOD: The activity database of an academic oncogenetic laboratory was searched to extract patients/relatives identified with a pathogenic variant/likely pathogenic variant (PV/LPV) over a period of 21 years. Clinical and genetic data were compared. RESULTS: In total, 606 index cases with PPGL and 444 relatives were genotyped. Genotyping of index cases was performed by Sanger sequencing and gene deletion analysis in 327 cases and by NGS in 279. Germline PV/LPV spanning 10 genes was identified in 165 index cases (27.2%). Several recurrent PV/LPVs in SDHx were observed in non-related index cases, the most frequent being SDHD, c.170-1G>T (n=28). This subgroup showed great phenotypic variability both between and within families in terms of both tumor location and number. Four patients (1.1%) with PV/LPV in SDHx had 3PA (Pituitary Adenoma and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma) syndrome. 258 relatives (58.1%) had inherited a PV/LPV in one driver gene. The rate of PV/LPV carriers who were symptomatic at first imaging evaluation was 32%, but varied between<20% in SDHB and SDHC and >50% in SDHD, VHL and MAX. CONCLUSION: Our experience confirmed previously established genotype-phenotype correlations, but also highlights atypical clinical presentations, even for the same genetic variant. These data must be taken into account for optimal patient follow-up and management.

Detection of erythrovirus B19 in thyroidectomy specimens from Graves' disease patients: a case-control study.

Environmental factors, such as viruses, are thought to contribute to the development of thyroid autoimmunity. Erythrovirus B19 (EVB19) is suspected to be involved in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but no direct evidence is available concerning the role of EVB19 infection in Graves' disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence of EVB19 is more frequent in thyroidectomy specimens of patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves' disease (cases) than for multinodular thyroid (controls). Serum and thyroidectomy specimens were prospectively collected from 64 patients referred for total thyroidectomy over a 5-year period (2007-2011) and were investigated retrospectively and blindly for circulating EVB19 DNA by q-PCR (Qiagen), and for EVB19 thyrocyte infection by immunochemistry (VP2-Antibody, Dako). EVB19 serology was also determined. General clinical and laboratory data were collected. Twenty patients were referred for Graves' disease and 44 patients were referred for non-autoimmune multinodular thyroid. Patients with thyroid cancer were excluded. Ten percent of Graves' disease patients and 27.7% of control patients had positive staining of thyrocytes for EVB19 antibodies (ns). EVB19-positive and EVB19-negative cases did not differ. EVB19-positive controls were older than EVB19-negative controls (mean age: 57.5 [35-74] vs. 45 [28-80] years, P=0.03) No case of acute EVB19 infection was identified. EVB19-positive serology was more frequent in controls than in Graves' disease patients (88% vs. 45%, P<0.0001). EVB19 was detected in thyrocytes, but not more frequently in Graves' disease patients than in controls. Further studies are needed to determine the role of EVB19 infection in thyroid diseases.

Updates in neuroendocrine neoplasms: From mechanisms to the clinic.

Scientific advances constantly improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis, allowing us now to analyze cancer in a more precise manner and to identify at an earlier stage the tumors that have greater risk of aggressive behavior. Understanding neuroendocrine neoplasms at molecular level has enabled increasingly targeted treatments, with safety and efficacy validated in large randomized trials. Moreover, the first studies of targeted therapies after molecular profiling of neuroendocrine neoplasms have shown encouraging results, allowing us to foresee ever more personalized medical treatments in the future. This literature review aims to summarize recent advances in the study of neuroendocrine neoplasms and to show how identification of new mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis can be of benefit in clinical practice.

Does prenatal exposure to multiple airborne and tap-water pollutants increase neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations? Data from the Picardy region, France.

OBJECTIVE: Systematic screening for congenital hypothyroidism by heel-stick sampling has revealed unexpected heterogeneity in the geographic distribution of newborn thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations in Picardy, France. We explored a possible relationship with environmental pollutants. METHODS: Zip code geolocation data from mothers of newborns without congenital hypothyroidism born in 2021 were linked to ecological data for a set of airborne (particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm or less [PM2.5] or 10 µm or less [PM10]) and tap-water (nitrate and perchlorate ions and atrazine) pollutants. Statistical associations between mean exposure levels during the third trimester of pregnancy and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in 6249 newborns (51 % male) were investigated using linear regression models. RESULTS: Median neonatal TSH concentration (interquartile range, IQR) was 1.7 (1-2.8) mIU/L. An increase of one IQR in prenatal exposure to perchlorate ions (3.6 µg/L), nitrate ions (19.2 mg/L), PM2.5 (3.7 µg/m3) and PM10 (3.4 µg/m3), were associated with increases in TSH concentrations of 2.30 % (95 % CI: 0.95-3.66), 5.84 % (95 % CI: 2.81-8.87), 13.44 % (95 % CI: 9.65-17.28) and 6.26 % (95 % CI: 3.01-9.56), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal exposure to perchlorate and nitrate ions in tap water and to airborne PM over the third trimester of pregnancy was significantly associated with increased neonatal TSH concentrations.

Thyrotropin Levels in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: Assessment during Hospitalization and in the Medium Term after Discharge.

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were (1) to compare TSH levels between inpatients with critical versus non-critical coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), and (2) to describe the status of TSH levels three months after hospitalization. METHODS: We collected data on adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at Amiens University Hospital. We compared TSH levels between inpatients with critical (intensive care unit admission and/or death) versus non-critical COVID-19. Thereafter, survivors were invited to return for a three-month post-discharge visit where thyroid function tests were performed, regardless of the availability of TSH measurement during hospitalization. RESULTS: Among 448 inpatients with COVID-19, TSH assay data during hospitalization were available for 139 patients without prior thyroid disease. Patients with critical and non-critical forms of COVID-19 did not differ significantly with regard to the median (interquartile range) TSH level (0.96 (0.68-1.71) vs. 1.27 mIU/L (0.75-1.79), p = 0.40). Abnormal TSH level was encountered in 17 patients (12.2%); most of them had subclinical thyroid disease. TSH assay data at the three-month post-discharge visit were available for 151 patients without prior thyroid disease. Only seven of them (4.6%) had abnormal TSH levels. Median TSH level at the post-discharge visit was significantly higher than median TSH level during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that COVID-19 is associated with a transient suppression of TSH in a minority of patients regardless of the clinical form. The higher TSH levels three months after COVID-19 might suggest recovery from non-thyroidal illness syndrome.

Pituitary apoplexy in the aftermath of a SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series from Amiens University Hospital.

Objective: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of pituitary apoplexy (PA) following a SARS-CoV-2 infection have been described in several countries. Here, we describe a case series of PA occurring in the aftermath of a SARS-CoV-2 infection to alert physicians about possible neuro-endocrinological damage caused by the virus that can lead to visual sequelae and hypopituitarism. Design and methods: We retrospectively identified all the adult patients treated at Amiens University Hospital between March 2020 and May 2021 for PA confirmed by cerebral imaging and following an RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results: Eight cases (six women, two men) occurred between March 2020 and May 2021 and were reviewed in this study. The mean age at diagnosis was 67.5 ± 9.8 years. Only one patient had a 'known' non-functional pituitary macroadenoma. The most common symptom of PA was a sudden headache. Brain imaging was typical in all cases. Only two patients required decompression surgery, whereas the others were managed conservatively. The clinical outcome was favorable for all patients but without recovery of their pituitary deficiencies. There was no diabetes insipidus. Conclusion: This case series, the largest in the literature, reinforces the strength, consistency, and coherence of the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PA. Our study provides support for the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may be a new precipitating factor for PA. It is essential that practitioners be alerted about possible pituitary disease due to the virus so that such patients are recognized and appropriately managed, hence improving their prognosis.

Non-classical effects of vitamin D: Non-bone effects of vitamin D.

Our understanding of vitamin D has improved considerably in recent years. The role of vitamin D in preventing osteoporotic fractures is now well-established. However, an important controversy has emerged in the last decade concerning the effects of the active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D) on tissues other than bone (non-classical effects). The demonstration that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is ubiquitously, expressed combined with increasing observational data supporting a relationship between the level of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D in the serum and chronic metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease and neoplasms, have led to its redefinition as a steroid hormone and the proposal of its use in preventing and/or treating those diseases. This article is an update on the different non-bone or non-classical effects of "vitamin-hormone D", and its potential preventive or therapeutic role in certain diseases, however, this review is not exhaustive. The different modalities of substitution or supplementation proposed in France by the Groupe de Recherche et d'Information sur les Ostéoporoses (GRIO) are also summarised.

Growth hormone replacement improved oocyte quality in a patient with hypopituitarism: A study of follicular fluid.

BACKGROUND: Growth hormone (GH) is known to be involved in ovarian folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. In patients with poor ovarian response without growth hormone deficiency (GHD), adjuvant GH treatment improves in-vitro fertilization (IVF) results. Improvement of oocyte quality in IVF by GH replacement was reported in only a few patients with GHD. We report on a new case with study of follicular fluid. METHODS: A 29-year-old patient with hypopituitarism was referred to our infertility center. She was undergoing hormonal replacement for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and diabetes insipidus, and did not consider at first GH replacement. Four IVF procedures were performed between 2011 and 2014. Growth hormone replacement (somatotropin 1.1mg/day) was initiated before the fourth IVF procedure and unmasked central hypothyroidism; levothyroxine (75mg/day) was introduced. It took 10 months to reach the treatment objectives for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4). GH, IGF1 and thyroid hormones were measured in the blood and follicular fluid before and after GH and thyroid hormone replacement. Oocyte and embryo quality were also compared. RESULTS: The first 3 IVF procedures were performed without GH replacement. 62% to 100% of mature oocytes presented one or more morphologic abnormalities: diffuse cytoplasmic granularity, large perivitelline space with fragments, fragmentation of the first polar body, ovoid shape, or difficult denudation. Embryo quality was moderate to poor (grade B to D), and no pregnancy was obtained after embryo transfer. After GH replacement, hormones levels increased in follicular fluid: GH [7.68 vs. 1.39 mIU/L], IGF1 [109 vs. <25ng/mL], fT3 [3.7 vs. 2.5pmol/L] and fT4 [1.45 vs. 0.84ng/mL]. Concomitantly, there was dramatic improvement in oocyte quality (no abnormal morphologies) and embryo quality (grade A), allowing an embryo transfer with successful pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report illustrating changes in hormonal levels in follicular fluid and the beneficial effect of GH replacement on oocyte and embryo quality during an IVF procedure in a patient with hypopituitarism. These results suggest that GH replacement is beneficial for oocyte quality in patients with GHD.

Follicular GH and IGF1 Levels Are Associated With Oocyte Cohort Quality: A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Oocyte quality contributes to the development of an optimal embryo and thus a successful pregnancy. The objective of this study was to analyse the association between oocyte cohort quality and the follicular levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) and antithyroid antibodies, as a function of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes. Material and methods: We conducted a prospective comparative pilot study from January 2013 to December 2017. 59 ICSI cycles constituted an abnormal oocyte cohort (n=34 cycles, in which more than 50% of oocytes presented at least one morphological abnormality) and a normal oocyte cohort (n=25 cycles, in which 50% or less of the oocytes presented at least one morphological abnormality). GH, IGF1, 25OHD, TSH, fT3, fT4 and antithyroid antibodies were measured in follicular fluid. Results: The fertilisation rate was lower in the abnormal oocyte cohort (65.5% vs. 80%, respectively, p=0.012). Oocytes' proportion with at least one abnormality was 79.4% in the abnormal oocyte cohort and 29.0% in the normal oocyte cohort. The mean number of morphological abnormalities per oocyte was significantly higher in the abnormal oocyte cohort. The follicular levels of GH (4.98 vs. 2.75 mIU/L, respectively; p <0.01) and IGF1 (72.1 vs. 54.2 ng/mL, respectively; p=0.05) were higher in the normal oocyte cohort. There was no association with follicular levels of TSH, fT3, fT4, antithyroid antibodies, or 25OHD. Conclusion: Oocyte cohort quality appears to be associated with follicular levels of GH and IGF1.

Pegvisomant treatment in acromegaly in clinical practice: Final results of the French ACROSTUDY (312 patients).

OBJECTIVE: We report the final analysis of the French ACROSTUDY, using data revised and enriched since the 2013 interim analysis. Our objective was to validate the use of pegvisomant (PEGV) in the treatment of acromegaly and to determine efficacy and safety. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with acromegaly treated with PEGV and followed up for at least 5 years were included. Eighty-eight investigators from 62 clinical centers in France included patients from April 2007 to April 2014. PEGV dose and administration frequency were determined by the physicians, based on their clinical evaluation and local habits. No additional examinations beyond those performed in normal follow-up were required. Minimum recommended follow-up included check-ups at treatment initiation, 6 months, 12 months and then annually. RESULTS: In total, 312 patients were enrolled. Mean age was 46.1±14.3 years at introduction of PEGV. Median PEGV treatment duration was 6.3 years and median follow-up was 5.6 years. Median dose at initiation was 10mg/day. The percentages of patients with IGF-1 ≤ ULN (upper limit of normal) were 10% (n=300) at baseline, 54% at 6 months (n=278), and 61.7% (n=253) at 2 years, then stabilizing at 64.4% (n=180) at 5 years. Mean PEGV dose was 17.4±11.7mg in patients with controlled disease versus 21.1±17.3mg in those without control at 5 years. At 5 years, 21.8% of patients (54/248) were receiving >30mg PEGV per day. In patients with at least one pituitary imaging procedure during the 5-year follow-up (n=292), the most recent image showed stable tumor volume in 212 subjects (72.6%), increased volume in 13 (4.5%), and decreased volume in 30 (10.3%). No PEGV treatments were permanently discontinued due to transaminase elevation. There were no cases of liver failure. CONCLUSION: The French ACROSTUDY showed normalization of IGF-1 levels in 64.4% of a real-life cohort of patients, mostly with uncontrolled disease despite multiple prior therapies. Long-term follow-up showed a sustained effectiveness and good long-term safety.