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1.
Am J Emerg Med ; 85: 52-58, 2024 Aug 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39232455

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Chest X-ray, the established standard of confirming endotracheal tube (ETT) position, has important drawbacks including radiation exposure. Point-of-care airway ultrasound, which has been insufficiently studied in children, can overcome these problems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional study done on children aged 2 months to 17 years undergoing intubation with cuffed ETT in the PICU. The ETT cuff was filled with saline and three ultrasonographic techniques were used- 1) Suprasternal (SS) method 2) Cricoid (CC) metho and 3) Tracheal ring (TR) method. Position of the ETT as determined by ultrasound and X-ray were compared. The main outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) for ultrasound-based methods vs. X-ray. For the TR method, concordance between the X-ray and ultrasound categories were taken. RESULTS: Total 62 patients were enrolled. The sensitivity and specificity of SS method were 71% (95% CI: 57-83%) and 100% (40-100%). The CC distance method had an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.0). In the TR method, 98% of correct position on X-ray were correctly classified by USG. The agreement between X-ray and ultrasound categories with the cuff between the first and third tracheal rings, was very good [kappa (95% CI): 0.87 (0.70, 1.00), p ≤0.001)]. CONCLUSION: Bedside ultrasound is a good method to confirm ETT depth in children. The tracheal ring method had the best diagnostic accuracy and is easy to perform. The new method using cricoid cuff distance needs further validation in different ICU settings.

2.
J Paediatr Child Health ; 58(4): 649-654, 2022 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34750905

ABSTRACT

AIM: To estimate acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in critically ill children and association of its severity with mortality. METHODS: In a prospective cohort study, critically ill children (1 month-18 years) were enrolled. Gastrointestinal symptoms over the first week of admission were classified into AGI grades 1 through 4, using a paediatric adaptation of European Society of Intensive Care Medicine AGI definitions. Performance of AGI grades in predicting 28-day mortality was evaluated. RESULTS: Of 151 children enrolled, 71 (47%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 38.9-55.3%) developed AGI, with AGI grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 in 22.5%, 15.9%, 6.6% and 2%, respectively. The 28-day mortality progressively increased with AGI grade 0 (15%), 1 (35%), 2 (50%), 3 (70%), through 4 (100%), P < 0.001. Association of AGI grades with 28-day mortality was significant even after adjustment for disease severity, age and nutritional status (odds ratio (OR) = 2.152, 95% CI: 1.455, 3.184). Among AGI grades, and paediatric logistic organ dysfunction-2 score components, cardiovascular (OR = 1.525, 95% CI: 1.142, 2.037) and haematological (OR = 1.719, 95% CI: 1.067, 2.772) components of paediatric logistic organ dysfunction-2 score and AGI grades (OR = 1.565, 95% CI: 1.001, 2.449) showed significant association with 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of the critically ill children developed AGI. AGI grades were independently associated with increased mortality, and mortality progressively increased with AGI grade.


Subject(s)
Critical Illness , Gastrointestinal Diseases , Child , Humans , Intensive Care Units , Organ Dysfunction Scores , Prospective Studies
3.
Indian J Crit Care Med ; 26(11): 1169-1174, 2022 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36873586

ABSTRACT

Background: Oxygen delivery devices with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) valves have been described, but high inspiratory flows may lead to poor tolerance in tachypneic patients. Positive expiratory pressure oxygen therapy (PEP-OT) using an occlusive face mask, oxygen reservoir, and PEEP valve has not been evaluated in clinical settings. Materials and methods: In a single-arm intervention trial, patients aged 19-55 years admitted with acute respiratory illness with oxygen support were enrolled. PEP-OT trial was given with PEEP of 5 and 7 cm of water over 45 minutes. Feasibility was assessed as uninterrupted completion of the PEP-OT trial. The effects of PEP-OT on cardiopulmonary physiology and adverse effects of therapy were recorded. Results: Fifteen patients (6 males) were enrolled. Fourteen patients had pneumonia and one patient had pulmonary edema. Twelve patients (80%) completed the PEP-OT trial. There was significant improvement in respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) at the end of the 45-minute PEP-OT trial (p-values 0.048 and 0.003, respectively). There was a trend toward improved SpO2 and perceived dyspnea. None of the patients developed desaturation, shock, or air leaks. Positive expiratory pressure oxygen therapy is a feasible oxygen therapy in patients with acute hypoxia. Conclusion: Positive expiratory pressure oxygen therapy seems to be safe and has a positive impact on respiratory mechanics in parenchymal respiratory pathology. How to cite this article: Dhochak N, Ray A, Soneja M, Wig N, Kabra SK, Lodha R. Positive Expiratory Pressure Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Distress: A Single-arm Feasibility Trial. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(11):1169-1174.

4.
Pediatr Crit Care Med ; 20(3): e122-e129, 2019 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30640887

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the proportion of children fulfilling "Sepsis-3" definition and International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definition among children diagnosed to have septic shock and compare the mortality risk between the two groups. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: PICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2014 to 2017. PATIENTS: Children (≤ 17 yr old) with a diagnosis of septic shock at admission or during PICU stay. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We applied both International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference and the new "Sepsis-3" definition (sepsis with hypotension requiring vasopressors and a lactate value of ≥ 2 mmol/L) to identify cases of septic shock by these definitions. Key outcomes such as mortality, proportion attaining shock reversal at 24 hours and organ dysfunction were compared between those fulfilling "Sepsis-3" definitions ("Sepsis-3" group) and those fulfilling "International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" definition ("International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" group). A total of 216 patients fulfilled International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definitions of septic shock. Of these, only 104 (48%; 95% CI, 42-55) fulfilled "Sepsis-3" definition. Children fulfilling "Sepsis-3 plus International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definitions" ("Sepsis-3 and International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" group) had lower proportion with shock resolution (61% vs 82%; relative risk, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.88) and higher risk of multiple organ dysfunction (85% vs 68%; 1.24; 1.07-1.45) at 24 hours. The mortality was 48.5% in "Sepsis-3 and International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference" group as compared with 37.5% in the "International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference only" group (relative risk, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.94-1.75). CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of children with septic shock identified by International Pediatric Sepsis Consensus Conference definitions were observed to fulfill the criteria for shock as per "Sepsis-3" definitions. Lack of difference in the risk of mortality between children who fulfilled "Sepsis-3" definition and those who did not fulfill the definition raises questions on the appropriateness of using this definition for diagnosis of septic shock in children.


Subject(s)
Health Status Indicators , Sepsis/diagnosis , Sepsis/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Hospitals, Teaching , Humans , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Male , Organ Dysfunction Scores , Retrospective Studies , Sepsis/mortality , Shock, Septic/diagnosis , Shock, Septic/mortality
5.
Pediatr Crit Care Med ; 20(9): 826-831, 2019 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31348111

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of critical illness polyneuropathy and its risk factors in critically ill children mechanically ventilated for 7 days or more. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. SETTING: PICU of a tertiary care hospital from North India. PATIENTS: Children 1-15 years old admitted in PICU from June 2016 to September 2017, mechanically ventilated for 7 days or more, excluding those with diagnosed neuromuscular disease, stroke, or spinal pathology. INTERVENTION: Demographic details, diagnosis, treatment details, and anthropometry at admission and enrolment were recorded. Nerve conduction studies were performed after enrolment and repeated a week later, if the child was still in PICU. Medical Research Council scoring for muscle strength was performed in survivors. Risk factors including Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 score, sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction, hypoalbuminemia, use of steroids, neuromuscular-blocking agents, and vasopressors were recorded. Samples for the level of micronutrients (copper, zinc, folate, and vitamin B12) were collected at the time of enrolling the child and at the time of discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-two children were enrolled, of whom 29 had features of critical illness polyneuropathy on evaluation at day 8 of mechanical ventilation (prevalence, 90.6% [95% CI, 80.5-100%]). The polyneuropathy was axonal in 26 (81.2%), mixed in one patient (3.1%), and uncharacterized in two (6.2%). Sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction were present in 31 subjects (96.9%). No risk factors for critical illness polyneuropathy could be identified although the study was not sufficiently powered to do so. The difference between serum micronutrient levels (copper, zinc, folate, and vitamin B12) between patients who developed polyneuropathy, and those who did not, was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high prevalence of critical illness polyneuropathy in children in PICU, mechanically ventilated for 7 days or more; almost all of whom had underlying sepsis.


Subject(s)
Critical Illness/epidemiology , Polyneuropathies/epidemiology , Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage , Body Weights and Measures , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Hypoalbuminemia/epidemiology , India/epidemiology , Intensive Care Units, Pediatric , Length of Stay , Male , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sepsis/epidemiology , Severity of Illness Index , Socioeconomic Factors , Tertiary Care Centers , Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage
6.
Indian Pediatr ; 61(9): 887-889, 2024 Sep 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38910368

ABSTRACT

We analyzed the records of 869 children who underwent flexible bronchoscopy. We found procedural complications in 6.7% (n = 59), with severe events in 3.2% (n = 28). Age < 1 y, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, and finding lower airway malacia on bronchoscopy were identified as independent risk factors for developing complications with adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.6 (1.3, 4.9); P = 0.004; 5.4 (1.7, 17.6); P = 0.005 and 2.1 (1.1, 4.0); P = 0.031, respectively.


Subject(s)
Bronchoscopy , Tertiary Care Centers , Humans , Bronchoscopy/adverse effects , Bronchoscopy/methods , Bronchoscopy/statistics & numerical data , India/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data , Female , Male , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Retrospective Studies , Adolescent , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis , Papillomavirus Infections
7.
Indian J Pediatr ; 90(8): 806-810, 2023 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37208549

ABSTRACT

Bronchoscopy in children has been utilized primarily to diagnose airway anomalies and obtain bronchoalveolar lavage. Gradual development of thinner bronchoscopes and instruments has opened the gates to the world of bronchoscopic interventions in children. Endobronchial ultrasound guided mediastinal aspiration has been used in adults and children. In younger children, esophageal approach has also been used for sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes. Lung biopsies using cryoprobe have been increasingly used in children. Other bronchoscopic interventions discussed include dilatation of tracheobronchial stenosis, airway stenting, foreign body removal, hemoptysis control, re-expansion of atelectasis etc. Patient safety during the procedure is of paramount importance. Expertise and availability of equipment to handle complications is of huge significance.


Subject(s)
Bronchoscopes , Bronchoscopy , Adult , Child , Humans , Bronchoscopy/methods , Bronchoalveolar Lavage , Biopsy , Lymph Nodes/pathology
8.
Indian J Pediatr ; 90(12): 1223-1226, 2023 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37129754

ABSTRACT

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic childhood illness with gradually improving survival and significant burden of disease during adult life. Transition of CF care from pediatric to an adult based multidisciplinary team is a complex process and careful coordination with a transition key worker is necessary for successful transition without adverse outcome. Transition is associated with a key change in CF management with shift from family-centred care to self-reliance and independence on part of the patient. Readiness and skills of self-managed care play central part in successful transition. Resource materials for transition are available online for different countries for improved readiness and smooth transition. Situation is worse in resource-limited settings as facilities of fully functional adult multidisciplinary care for CF is not readily available.


Subject(s)
Cystic Fibrosis , Transitional Care , Adult , Humans , Child , Chronic Disease , Resource-Limited Settings
9.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2023 Jul 20.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37470961

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To identify prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in severely malnourished children admitted to nutritional rehabilitation centers. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study involving 41 nutrition rehabilitation centres (NRCs) across India was carried out to document prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in acute severe malnourished children admitted in NRCs. After training of the NRC staff to follow algorithm provided by national tuberculosis elimination program, children admitted to NRCs were screened for pulmonary tuberculosis. RESULTS: A total of 4356 children were enrolled across all the sites. Gastric aspirate for Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT), tuberculin skin test (TST) and X-ray film of chest were done in more than 99% of enrolled subjects. A total of 189 children (4.3%) had pulmonary tuberculosis. Eighty-seven (1.99%) were microbiologically confirmed by positive CBNAAT. On multivariate analysis, only significant association was with history of contact with TB patient in family. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that a significant proportion (>4%) of children admitted in NRCs suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis. It is feasible to improve diagnosis of tuberculosis as a whole and microbiologically confirmed TB.

10.
Pediatr Pulmonol ; 58(9): 2670-2674, 2023 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37265423

ABSTRACT

Foreign body (FB) aspiration is a potentially life-threatening accident in children. Traditionally, rigid bronchoscopy has been the procedure of choice for FB removal, however it may miss distally lodged FBs. We report two pediatric cases with distal impacted FBs that could not be retrieved by rigid bronchoscopy (RB) and were mobilised using Fogarty balloon followed by flexible bronchoscopic cryoextraction. The advantage of a cryoprobe is lower risk of fragmentation of FB that may occur with forceps. Cryoextraction is particularly advantageous for removing water-containing FBs. In both patients, FB was removed more than 2 weeks following aspiration, leading to the formation of granulation tissue around the FB, which considerably hampered the process. Using a laryngeal mask airway to secure the airway, FB removal by flexible bronchoscopy may be a safe and effective technique in skilled hands, especially for FBs impacted in distal airways with granulation tissue where RB fails.


Subject(s)
Bronchi , Foreign Bodies , Child , Humans , Bronchoscopy/methods , Granulation Tissue , Foreign Bodies/surgery , Retrospective Studies
11.
Indian Pediatr ; 59(2): 159-165, 2022 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33876780

ABSTRACT

Diagnostic tests are evolving with betterment of technology, quest for patient safety with less invasive medicine, and evolution of new diseases. It is important to assess diagnostic accuracy of a new test, and clinical impact of introduction of new test on outcomes and cost. A diagnostic study is planned for the index test based on place of new test in diagnostic pathway (screening, triage, diagnostic or add-on test) and established information of the test. A reference standard is used to classify population into diseased and healthy, and the discriminating ability of index test is measured. A sample size is calculated for expected sensitivity/specificity, margin of error and prevalence of disease in population. For dichotomous outcomes, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratio are used to describe diagnostic accuracy. Efforts should be made to avoid common forms of bias including spectrum bias and partial verification bias, and blinding of observers should preferably be done.


Subject(s)
Triage , Humans , Sensitivity and Specificity
12.
Indian J Pediatr ; 89(2): 169-173, 2022 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34524638

ABSTRACT

Childhood asthma poses significant health and psychological burden on children and parents alike. Care of children with asthma requires a firm partnership and understanding between parents and physicians with regular medications and outpatient visits. Though asthma is less common in the developing world, it is more commonly associated here with severe symptoms. Environmental and economic factors, and lack of education adversely affect efficient care of children with asthma. Poor education and understanding of disease, inadequate trained pediatricians, and lack of resources for pulmonary function testing in children hamper early diagnosis of asthma in children. Hence, children frequently receive symptomatic management for acute episodes instead of long-term preventive therapy. Misconceptions regarding side effects and possible dependence on inhaled medications are frequently seen in the caretakers. This leads to abundant use of alternative medicines. Increasing ambient air pollution due to rapid urbanization and industrial growth in developing countries also adversely affects the pulmonary health of children with asthma. Community-wide campaigns are needed to improve the awareness of parents about childhood asthma and safety of inhaled medications. States should make efforts to improve infrastructure needs of children with asthma.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution , Asthma , Asthma/diagnosis , Asthma/drug therapy , Child , Humans , Parents , Respiratory Function Tests , Urbanization
13.
Pediatr Pulmonol ; 57(12): 3077-3083, 2022 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36062940

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To develop a diagnostic algorithm for cystic fibrosis (CF) in the setting of unavailability of sweat chloride, based on clinical features and basic laboratory investigations. METHODS: In a prospective observational study, we enrolled children with recurrent/persistent pneumonia with either malabsorption or poor growth, undergoing a sweat chloride test, between January 2019 and December 2020. They were simultaneously evaluated for aquagenic wrinkling of hands, stool fat globules, sputum for bacterial culture, blood gas, and serum electrolytes. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for parameters having a significant difference between CF and non-CF groups. Scoring systems and algorithms for the diagnosis of CF were developed. RESULTS: Of 134 children enrolled, 46 (34%) had CF. The sensitivity and specificity of various parameters to diagnose CF was: sibling death due to respiratory illness (30.43%, 96.59%), aquagenic wrinkling (76.74%, 47.67%), metabolic alkalosis (17.78%, 94.12%), hyponatremia (28.89%, 89.41%), stool fat globules (38.46%, 81.18%), and presence of Pseudomonas in sputum culture (23.68%, 98.80%). Using coefficients of significant parameters on stepwise logistic regression, the composite score for diagnosis of CF was calculated as: 3X sibling death due to respiratory illness + 1.5X hyponatremia + 1.5X metabolic alkalosis + 1.5X aquagenic wrinkling + 1X stool fat globules + 2.5X presence of Pseudomonas in sputum culture (each of the variables scores 0 or 1 for absence and presence, respectively). The cut-off of ≥2.5 had sensitivity and specificity of 81.82% and 76.83%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In resource-limited settings, the proposed diagnostic algorithm can be used for the diagnosis of presumptive CF with fair sensitivity and specificity.


Subject(s)
Alkalosis , Cystic Fibrosis , Hyponatremia , Child , Humans , Cystic Fibrosis/diagnosis , Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism , Sweat/metabolism , Chlorides/metabolism , Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator , Algorithms
14.
J Clin Virol Plus ; 2(1): 100061, 2022 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35262034

ABSTRACT

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection in children frequently leads to only asymptomatic and mild infections. It has been suggested that frequent infections due to low-pathogenicity coronaviruses in children, impart immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in this age group. Methods: From a prospective birth cohort study prior to the pandemic, we identified children with proven low-pathogenicity coronavirus infections. Convalescent sera from these children were tested for antibodies against respective seasonal coronaviruses (OC43, NL63, and 229E) and SARS-CoV-2 by immunofluorescence and virus microneutralization assay respectively. Results: Forty-two children with proven seasonal coronavirus infection were included. Convalescent sera from these samples demonstrated antibodies against the respective seasonal coronaviruses. Of these, 40 serum samples showed no significant neutralization of SARS-CoV-2, while 2 samples showed inconclusive results. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the antibodies generated in low-pathogenicity coronavirus infections offer no protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection in young children.

15.
Indian J Pediatr ; 89(4): 404-406, 2022 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35089489

ABSTRACT

Children with cystic fibrosis (CF) constitute a high-risk group for COVID-19 with underlying chronic lung disease. COVID-19 severity varying from mild infection to need of intensive care has been described in children with CF. Two children with significant underlying pulmonary morbidity are described here, who developed severe disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case 1 (a 9-y-old boy) had pneumonia with respiratory failure requiring noninvasive ventilation support. He had delayed clearance of SARS-CoV-2, with recurrence of symptomatic disease with short asymptomatic period in between. He was also diagnosed with CF-related diabetes and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis during the second episode. Case 2 (an 18-mo-old boy) had two episodes of SARS-CoV-2-related severe lower respiratory infection within a period of 2 mo, requiring high-flow nasal oxygen support. Both children had 3rd pulmonary exacerbation but SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in respiratory secretions. To conclude, children with CF with underlying pulmonary morbidity, can develop severe COVID-19 and prolonged SARS-CoV-2 shedding.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Cystic Fibrosis , COVID-19/complications , Child , Cystic Fibrosis/complications , Humans , Lung , Male , Respiration, Artificial , SARS-CoV-2
16.
Pediatr Pulmonol ; 56(10): 3293-3300, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34407326

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Sustained pharyngeal inflation (SPI) with pharyngeal oxygen and nose-closure (PhO2 -NC) can create positive peak inflation pressure (PIP) inside the pharyngolaryngeal space (PLS). This study measured and compared the effects of four different SPI durations in the PLS. METHODS: A prospective study, 20 consecutive children aged between 6 months and 3 years old, scheduled for elective flexible bronchoscopy (FB) suspected positive PLS findings were enrolled. SPI was performed twice in four different durations (0, 1, 3, and 5 s) sequentially in each infant. PIP was measured for each SPI in the pharynx, while simultaneously record images at two locations of the oropharynx and supra-larynx. Patient demographic details, PIP levels, lumen expansion scores, and images of PLS were measured and analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty patients with 40 measurements were collected. The mean (SD) age and weight were 11.6 (9.1) months and 6.8 (2.4) kg, respectively. The measured mean (SD) pharyngeal PIPs were 4.1 (3.3), 21.9 (7.0), 42.2 (12.3), and 65.5 (18.5) cmH2 O at SPI duration of 0, 1, 3, and 5 s, respectively, indicating significant (p<.001) positive correlation. At assigned locations, corresponding PLS images also displayed a significant increase in lumen expansion scores and a number of detected lesions with an increase in SPI duration (p < .004). The mean (SD) procedural time was 5.7 (1.2) min. No study-related complication was noted. CONCLUSIONS: FB utilizing PhO2 -NC as SPI of 1-3 s is a simple, less invasive, and valuable ventilation modality. It provides an adequate PIP level to expand the PLS and improve FB performance in children.


Subject(s)
Larynx , Pharynx , Bronchoscopy , Child , Humans , Infant , Nose , Pharynx/diagnostic imaging , Prospective Studies
17.
Indian J Pediatr ; 87(6): 433-442, 2020 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32338347

ABSTRACT

COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major public health crisis threatening humanity at this point in time. Transmission of the infection occurs by inhalation of infected droplets or direct contact with soiled surfaces and fomites. It should be suspected in all symptomatic children who have undertaken international travel in the last 14 d, all hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory illness, and asymptomatic direct and high-risk contacts of a confirmed case. Clinical symptoms are similar to any acute respiratory viral infection with less pronounced nasal symptoms. Disease seems to be milder in children, but situation appears to be changing. Infants and young children had relatively more severe illness than older children. The case fatality rate is low in children. Diagnosis can be confirmed by Reverse transcriptase - Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on respiratory specimen (commonly nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab). Rapid progress is being made to develop rapid diagnostic tests, which will help ramp up the capacity to test and also reduce the time to getting test results. Management is mainly supportive care. In severe pneumonia and critically ill children, trial of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir/ritonavir should be considered. As per current policy, children with mild disease also need to be hospitalized; if this is not feasible, these children may be managed on ambulatory basis with strict home isolation. Pneumonia, severe disease and critical illness require admission and aggressive management for acute lung injury and shock and/or multiorgan dysfunction, if present. An early intubation is preferred over non-invasive ventilation or heated, humidified, high flow nasal cannula oxygen, as these may generate aerosols increasing the risk of infection in health care personnel. To prevent post discharge dissemination of infection, home isolation for 1-2 wk may be advised. As of now, no vaccine or specific chemotherapeutic agents are approved for children.


Subject(s)
Acute Lung Injury/etiology , Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Palliative Care , Pneumonia, Viral/therapy , Acute Lung Injury/therapy , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Betacoronavirus/genetics , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Testing , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/therapy , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Humans , Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use , Infant , Lopinavir/therapeutic use , Pandemics/prevention & control , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Respiratory Distress Syndrome , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Ritonavir/therapeutic use , SARS-CoV-2 , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy , COVID-19 Drug Treatment
18.
Indian J Pediatr ; 87(7): 537-546, 2020 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32410003

ABSTRACT

The world is facing Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is causing a large number of deaths and burden on intensive care facilities. It is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) originating in Wuhan, China. It has been seen that fewer children contract COVID-19 and among infected, children have less severe disease. Insights in pathophysiological mechanisms of less severity in children could be important for devising therapeutics for high-risk adults and elderly. Early closing of schools and day-care centers led to less frequent exposure and hence, lower infection rate in children. The expression of primary target receptor for SARS-CoV-2, i.e. angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), decreases with age. ACE-2 has lung protective effects by limiting angiotensin-2 mediated pulmonary capillary leak and inflammation. Severe COVID-19 disease is associated with high and persistent viral loads in adults. Children have strong innate immune response due to trained immunity (secondary to live-vaccines and frequent viral infections), leading to probably early control of infection at the site of entry. Adult patients show suppressed adaptive immunity and dysfunctional over-active innate immune response in severe infections, which is not seen in children. These could be related to immune-senescence in elderly. Excellent regeneration capacity of pediatric alveolar epithelium may be contributing to early recovery from COVID-19. Children, less frequently, have risk factors such as co-morbidities, smoking, and obesity. But young infants and children with pre-existing illnesses could be high risk groups and need careful monitoring. Studies describing immune-pathogenesis in COVID-19 are lacking in children and need urgent attention.


Subject(s)
Age Factors , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Adaptive Immunity , Adult , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 , COVID-19 , Child , China/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/transmission , Disease Susceptibility , Humans , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Influenza, Human/physiopathology , Influenza, Human/transmission , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity , Pandemics , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , Pneumonia, Viral/transmission , Risk Factors , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity , SARS-CoV-2 , United States/epidemiology
19.
Pediatr Infect Dis J ; 39(12): 1088-1091, 2020 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33165275

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Drug-related hypersensitivity myocarditis is a rare acute hypersensitivity reaction to therapeutic agents. Reports of antitubercular drugs causing hypersensitivity myocarditis are not described in literature. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of children admitted between January 1, 2016, and March 31, 2019, was conducted to identify children receiving antitubercular drugs who were diagnosed with hypersensitivity myocarditis. RESULTS: Three children (2 girls), who had hypersensitivity myocarditis due to antitubercular therapy, were identified. Cases 1 and 2 developed hypersensitivity myocarditis due to rifampicin, and isoniazid-rifampicin combination, respectively, on reintroduction of drugs, while case 3 developed hypersensitivity to streptomycin on first exposure. All children developed symptoms within minutes to hours of starting the offending drugs. Severe myocardial dysfunction leading to shock and pulmonary edema was seen in cases 1 and 3, while case 2 presented with wide QRS complex ventricular rhythm with bradycardia and hypotensive shock. Cases 1 and 2 were treated with steroids. Cases 1 and 3 received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. First 2 children survived while third died of refractory shock. Total serum IgE levels were elevated in all children (range: 161-3053 kU/L). CONCLUSION: Hypersensitivity myocarditis is a rare but life-threatening adverse effect of antitubercular drugs. Prompt diagnosis of hypersensitivity myocarditis and timely steroid therapy can be lifesaving.


Subject(s)
Antitubercular Agents/adverse effects , Drug Hypersensitivity , Myocarditis/chemically induced , Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Isoniazid/adverse effects , Male , Myocarditis/diagnostic imaging , Myocarditis/physiopathology , Retrospective Studies , Rifampin/adverse effects
20.
Pediatr Pulmonol ; 55(12): 3457-3464, 2020 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32940958

ABSTRACT

RATIONALE: The extent of diaphragmatic atrophy and dysfunction in critically ill children from developing countries is not established. OBJECTIVES: To estimate changes in ultrasound measurements of diaphragmatic thickness over the first week of mechanical ventilation. To assess magnitude and risk factors of diaphragmatic atrophy. METHODS: In an observational cohort study, children aged 1-18 years, requiring mechanical ventilation were included. Ultrasound measurements of diaphragmatic thickness at end-expiration (DTe) and end-inspiration (DTi), and diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTF) were performed daily during the first week of admission, and pre- and post-extubation. Diaphragmatic atrophy (%) and atrophy rate (rate of decline in DTe, % per day) were calculated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of 55 children (74.6% boys) enrolled, 20 (36.4%) died. Of 35 children with planned extubation, 5 (14.3%) required reintubation. Baseline median (interquartile range [IQR]) DTe, DTi, and DTF were 1.27 mm (1, 1.6), 1.76 mm (1.35, 2.10), and 33.75% (26.90, 44.60), respectively. There was a significant reduction in DTe over the first week of mechanical ventilation (p < .001), median (IQR) diaphragmatic atrophy and atrophy rate of 9.91% (5.26, 17.35) and 2.01% (1.08, 3.04) per day, respectively. Diaphragmatic atrophy rate was lower in pressure targeted ventilation (n = 44; 1.79% [1.03, 2.87]) than volume targeted ventilation (n = 11; 3.10% [1.31, 5.49]), p = .038. There was no difference in diaphragmatic parameters (atrophy rate, and peri-extubation DTe and DTF) in extubation success versus failure. CONCLUSIONS: The diaphragm undergoes progressive atrophy during the first week of mechanical ventilation in critically ill children. Future studies should evaluate ventilation strategies to reduce the diaphragmatic atrophy.


Subject(s)
Diaphragm/physiopathology , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Adolescent , Airway Extubation , Atrophy/etiology , Atrophy/pathology , Atrophy/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Critical Illness , Female , Hospitalization , Humans , Infant , Intubation, Intratracheal , Male , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Ultrasonography
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