Home Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The use of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in patients with incurable cancer remains controversial with significant variation worldwide. We aimed to systematically evaluate the literature from 1960 to 2018 examining the use of HPN in advanced cancer patients for all intestinal failure indications and assess the potential benefits/burdens of HPN in this cohort of patients. The primary end point was survival and secondary end points were quality of life and nutritional/performance status. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model, where suitable. Of 493 studies retrieved, 22 met the quality inclusion criteria. Studies were mainly conducted in Western countries (Italy, USA, Canada, Germany), including a total of 3564 patients (mean age 57.8 years). Mean duration for HPN was 5.0 mo. Mean overall survival was 7.3 mo. Patients with improved performance status survived for longer on HPN. Quality of life was sparsely reported though there was no observed negative impact of PN. HPN-related complications were reported in eight studies only and were mainly catheter-related blood stream infections. In conclusion, HPN is used for several indications in advanced cancer, though there is significant heterogeneity of results. Disparities in geographical distribution of the studies may reflect variation in accessing HPN.

Intravenous supplementation type and volume are associated with 1-year outcome and major complications in patients with chronic intestinal failure.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: No marker to categorise the severity of chronic intestinal failure (CIF) has been developed. A 1-year international survey was carried out to investigate whether the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism clinical classification of CIF, based on the type and volume of the intravenous supplementation (IVS), could be an indicator of CIF severity. METHODS: At baseline, participating home parenteral nutrition (HPN) centres enrolled all adults with ongoing CIF due to non-malignant disease; demographic data, body mass index, CIF mechanism, underlying disease, HPN duration and IVS category were recorded for each patient. The type of IVS was classified as fluid and electrolyte alone (FE) or parenteral nutrition admixture (PN). The mean daily IVS volume, calculated on a weekly basis, was categorised as <1, 1-2, 2-3 and >3 L/day. The severity of CIF was determined by patient outcome (still on HPN, weaned from HPN, deceased) and the occurrence of major HPN/CIF-related complications: intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD), catheter-related venous thrombosis and catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). RESULTS: Fifty-one HPN centres included 2194 patients. The analysis showed that both IVS type and volume were independently associated with the odds of weaning from HPN (significantly higher for PN <1 L/day than for FE and all PN >1 L/day), patients' death (lower for FE, p=0.079), presence of IFALD cholestasis/liver failure and occurrence of CRBSI (significantly higher for PN 2-3 and PN >3 L/day). CONCLUSIONS: The type and volume of IVS required by patients with CIF could be indicators to categorise the severity of CIF in both clinical practice and research protocols.

Performance Status, Prognostic Scoring, and Parenteral Nutrition Requirements Predict Survival in Patients with Advanced Cancer Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition.

We describe a cohort of Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) patients with advanced cancer in order to identify factors affecting prognosis. Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical and medical factors, Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), and PN requirements were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed including Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox Regression, and correlation analyses. In total, 107 HPN patients (68 women, 39 men, mean age 57 yr) with advanced cancer were identified. The main indications for HPN were bowel obstruction (74.3%) and high output ostomies (14.3%). Cancer cachexia was present in 87.1% of patients. The hazard ratio (HR) for upper gastrointestinal and "other" cancers vs. gynaecological malignancy was 1.75 (p = 0.077) and 2.11 (p = 0.05), respectively. KPS score, GPS, PN volume, and PN potassium levels significantly predicted survival (HRKPS ≥50 vs <50 = 0.47; HRGPS = 2 vs. GPS = 0 = 3.19). In multivariate analysis, KPS and GPS remained significant predictors (p < 0.05), whilst PN volume reached borderline significance (p = 0.094). Survival was not significantly affected by the presence of metastatic disease, previous or concurrent surgery, chemo-radiotherapy, or indication for HPN (p > 0.05). Most patients passed away in their homes or hospice (77.9%). Performance status, prognostic scoring, and PN requirements may predict survival in patients with advanced cancer receiving HPN.

Association between coeliac disease and psoriasis: Italian primary care multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Studies assessing the association between coeliac disease (CD) and psoriasis show conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: To assess in the primary care setting the prevalence of CD in patients with psoriasis and the response to a gluten-free diet (GFD) in subjects with psoriasis and CD. METHODS: We enrolled 218 patients with psoriasis and 264 controls. Coeliac screening was carried out in all subjects (Eurospital, Trieste, Italy). In subjects with a positive serology, the diagnosis of CD was confirmed histologically. RESULTS: Nine (4.1%) psoriatic patients had positive anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies compared to only 1 among controls (0.4%, p < 0.05; OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.42-90.11). The diagnosis of CD was confirmed histologically in all 10 subjects. At 6 months GFD was associated with a great improvement of skin lesions in 7 out of 8 patients with psoriasis. CONCLUSION: Our multicentre primary care study showed an high prevalence of CD in psoriasis and an improvement of skin lesions in CD under GFD.

Nutritional care pathways in cancer patients with malignant bowel obstruction: A retrospective multi-centre study.

INTRODUCTION: Variation in access to parenteral nutrition (PN) in patients with intestinal failure secondary to malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) exists due to differing practice, beliefs and resource access. We aimed to examine differences in nutritional care pathways and outcomes, by referral to nutrition team for PN in patients with MBO. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of MBO adults admitted to eight UK hospitals within a year and 1 year follow-up. Demographic, nutritional and medical data were analysed by comparing patients referred (R) or not referred (NR) for PN. Differences between groups were tested by Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Squared tests and multi-level regression and survival using Cox regression. RESULTS: 232 patients with 347 MBO admissions [median 66yr, (IQR: 55-74yrs), 67 % female], 79/232 patients were referred for PN (R group). Underlying primary malignancies of gynaecological and gastrointestinal origin predominated (71 %) and 78 % with metastases. Those in the NR group were found to be older, weigh more on admission, and more likely to be treated conservatively compared to those in the R group. For 123 (35 %) admissions, patients were referred to a nutrition team, and for 204 (59 %) admissions, patients were reviewed by a dietician. Multi-disciplinary team discussion and dietetic contact were more likely to occur in the R group-123/347 admissions (R vs NR group: 27 % vs. 7 %, P = 0.001; 95 % vs 39 %, P < 0.0001). Median admission weight loss was 8 % (IQR: 0 to 14). 43/123 R group admissions received inpatient PN only, with 32 patients discharged or already established on home parenteral nutrition. Overall survival was 150 days (126-232) with no difference between R/NR groups. CONCLUSION: In this multi-centre study evaluating nutritional care management of patients with malignant bowel obstruction, only 1 in 3 admissions resulted in a referral to the nutrition team for PN, and just over half were reviewed by a dietician. Further prospective research is required to evaluate possible consequences of these differential care pathways on clinical outcomes and quality of life.

Vitamin-K Antagonists vs. Direct Oral Anticoagulants on Severity of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Retrospective Analysis of Italian and UK Data.

Background: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of most frequent and significant challenges for emergency physicians and gastroenterologists. Mortality for upper (U) GIB is high, especially in the elderly and comorbid patients. However, there is scant evidence in the literature concerning an assessment of warfarin (VKA) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in terms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) severity. Aims: Using data from two different settings (Italy and the UK), we aimed to compare the impact of VKA and DOACs on the severity of UGIB. Methods: Retrospective bicentric study on adult patients under VKA or DOACs admitted either to the emergency department at the Gemelli Hospital in Rome, Italy or University College Hospital in London, UK, with suspected UGIB from 01/01/2017 to 31/12/2018. Univariate analysis with Fisher's exact test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. Results: 106 patients (62 M/44 F; mean age 71.2 ± 16.9 yrs) were enrolled and divided into the VKA group (N = 57; M: 56%, mean age: 64.9 ± 21.3 yrs) and the DOAC group (N = 49; M: 61%; mean age: 77.6 ± 12.5 yrs). At univariate analysis, the VKA group presented two endoscopic diagnoses more frequently than the DOAC group (26% vs. 8%, p < 0.05), were more frequently endoscopically treated (44% vs. 22%, p < 0.05), rescoped (12% vs. 2%, p = 0.048) and hospitalized (79% vs. 53%, p = 0.01) with a longer length of stay, LOS (VKA: 58% > 5 days vs. DOAC: 68% < 5 days, p = 0.01). There was no difference in terms of hemoglobin level on admission, however the requirement of blood transfusions was higher in the VKA group (60% vs. 41%, p = 0.041). One third of the VKA group showed a lower platelet count than the DOAC group (33% vs. 8%, p = 0.01). No statistically significant differences for in-hospital mortality were observed. For the ANOVA, the type of anticoagulant used was the only significant predictor of need to rescope (p = 0.041) and a significant co-predictor for a LOS > 5 days (p = 0.009; as well as cirrhosis, p = 0.013 and age, p = 0.005). Conclusions: Our outcomes revealed a more severe UGIB in patients on VKA, but the impact of comorbidities (i.e., more cirrhotic patients in the VKA group) cannot be disregarded. DOAC subgroup descriptive analysis, even though on a little cohort, showed higher bleeding severity for rivaroxaban.

Gastrointestinal consequences of cancer treatment: evaluation of 10 years' experience at a tertiary UK centre.

OBJECTIVE: Up to 90% of patients treated for pelvic cancers experience chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. This study characterises this patient cohort at a single centre, addressing a paucity of publications reporting 'real-world' experiences. METHOD: Outpatient referrals, from oncology to the gastroenterology and nutrition services, at a tertiary London hospital from 2006 to 2016, were retrospectively identified. Patient characteristics, reported symptoms, investigations, diagnoses, response to therapeutics and follow-up were recorded. RESULTS: Of 269 patients referred, 81% were within the latter 5 years. A total of 260 patients had diagnoses of pelvic cancers (prostatic (52%), cervical (19%) and endometrial (19%)). Among 247 treated with radiotherapy, the median time from radiotherapy to symptom onset was 8 months. Common symptoms were rectal bleeding (51%), diarrhoea (32%), faecal urgency (19%) and pain (19%). Patients underwent a median of three investigations including lower GI endoscopy (86%), thyroid function tests (33%) and glucose hydrogen breath test (30%). Diagnoses included radiation proctopathy (39%), colonic polyps (16%), pelvic floor dysfunction (12%), bile acid malabsorption (BAM) (8%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (8%), vitamin D deficiency (7%) and iron deficiency (7%). Among 164 discharged patients, the time to discharge was 7 months, after a median of two appointments. CONCLUSIONS: This unique patient group reports a complex mix of symptoms and requires specialist review and consideration of often uninvestigated diagnoses (pelvic dysfunction, BAM, SIBO and nutritional deficiencies). Such patients are often overlooked, compared with those suffering many other chronic GI disorders. Further reports from non-dedicated centres treating patients with pelvic radiation disease will aid in understanding of secondary GI diagnoses and variation in practice.

Nutritional Status and Quality of Life in Hospitalised Cancer Patients Who Develop Intestinal Failure and Require Parenteral Nutrition: An Observational Study.

(1) Background: Malnutrition in cancer patients impacts quality of life (QoL) and performance status (PS). When oral/enteral nutrition is not possible and patients develop intestinal failure, parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated. Our aim was to assess nutritional status, QoL, and PS in hospitalised cancer patients recently initiated on PN for intestinal failure. (2) Methods: The design was a cross-sectional observational study. The following information was captured: demographic, anthropometric, biochemical and medical information, as well as nutritional screening tool (NST), patient-generated subjective global assessment (PG-SGA), functional assessment of cancer therapy-general (FACT-G), and Karnofsky PS (KPS) data. (3) Results: Among 85 PN referrals, 30 oncology patients (56.2 years, 56.7% male) were identified. Mean weight (60.3 ± 16.6 kg) corresponded to normal body mass index values (21.0 ± 5.1 kg/m2). However, weight loss was significant in patients with gastrointestinal tumours (p < 0.01). A high malnutrition risk was present in 53.3-56.7% of patients, depending on the screening tool. Patients had impaired QoL (FACT-G: 26.6 ± 9.8) but PS indicated above average capability with independent daily activities (KPS: 60 ± 10). (4) Conclusions: Future research should assess the impact of impaired NS and QoL on clinical outcomes such as survival, with a view to encompassing nutritional and QoL assessment in the management pathway of this patient group.

Adipose tissue imaging as nutritional predictors in patients undergoing enterocutaneous fistula repair.

OBJECTIVES: The management of enterocutaneous fistulae (ECF) is complex, challenging, and often associated with metabolic, septic, and nutritional complications. Radiographic quantification of body composition such as fat or lean body mass distribution is a potentially valuable preoperative assessment tool to optimize nutritional status. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between total adipose tissue (fat) area (TFA), assessed by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging radiology tests, with body weight, body mass index (BMI), various biochemical parameters, need for nutritional support, and survival in patients undergoing ECF repair. METHODS: Biochemical and anthropometric parameters at the time of ECF surgery were retrospectively collected for adult patients undergoing ECF repair at University College London Hospital, UK. Visceral and subcutaneous adiposity was measured at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (Image J) at computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Statistical analysis included descriptives, univariate and multivariate analysis between TFA and various parameters, and their influence on postoperative survival. RESULTS: A complete set of data was available for 85 patients (51 women, 56.9 ± 14.5 y of age) who underwent ECF repair. ECF originated mainly as a surgical complication (86%) while 14% were undergoing a second ECF repair. Median BMI was 22.8 kg/m2 and mean TFA was 361 ± 174.9 cm2, with a higher visceral fat content in men than in women (183.8 ± 99.2 versus 99 ± 59.7 cm2, P < 0.001). BMI, body weight, and creatinine were significantly positively correlated with TFA (ρ = 0.77, 0.73, and 0.50, respectively, P < 0.001); no correlation was noted between TFA and preoperative albumin levels. Patients in the low TFA group had a higher use of parenteral nutrition (P = 0.049). Hospital length of stay was longer in patients receiving artificial nutrition support (70 versus 22 d, P < 0.001). A TFA cutoff point of 290 cm2 discriminated patients who required artificial nutrition versus no nutritional support with moderate sensitivity (75%) but poor specificity (45%). At multivariate analysis, only >60 y of age (hazard ratio [HR], 2.69, P < 0.02) and use of parenteral nutrition (HR, 3.90, P < 0.02) were associated with worse overall survival. CONCLUSION: Abdominal adiposity was strongly correlated with anthropometric parameters at the time of surgery. Earlier identification of patients requiring artificial nutrition at standard preoperative imaging might allow integration of nutritional optimization into initial clinical management plans reducing length of stay and improving clinical outcomes.

Serum Scoring and Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease: A Feasibility Study.

(1) Background: Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) in adults is characterized by steatosis with variable progression to fibrosis/cirrhosis. Reference standard liver biopsy is not feasible for all patients, but non-invasive serological and quantitative MRI markers for diagnosis/monitoring have not been previously validated. Here, we examine the potential of serum scores and feasibility of quantitative MRI used in non-IFALD liver diseases for the diagnosis of IFALD steatosis; (2) Methods: Clinical and biochemical parameters were used to calculate serum scores in patients on home parenteral nutrition (HPN) with/without IFALD steatosis. A sub-group underwent multiparameter quantitative MRI measurements of liver fat fraction, iron content, tissue T1, liver blood flow and small bowel motility; (3) Results: Compared to non-IFALD (n = 12), patients with IFALD steatosis (n = 8) demonstrated serum score elevations in Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (p = 0.032), Aspartate transaminase-to-Platelet Ratio Index (p < 0.001), Fibrosis-4 Index (p = 0.010), Forns Index (p = 0.001), Gamma-glutamyl transferase-to-Platelet Ratio Index (p = 0.002) and Fibrosis Index (p = 0.001). Quantitative MRI scanning was feasible in all 10 sub-group patients. Median liver fat fraction was higher in IFALD steatosis patients (10.9% vs 2.1%, p = 0.032); other parameter differences were non-significant; (4) Conclusion: Serum scores used for non-IFALD liver diseases may be useful in IFALD steatosis. Multiparameter MRI is feasible in patients on HPN.

Home parenteral nutrition provision modalities for chronic intestinal failure in adult patients: An international survey.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The safety and effectiveness of a home parenteral nutrition (HPN) program depends both on the expertise and the management approach of the HPN center. We aimed to evaluate both the approaches of different international HPN-centers in their provision of HPN and the types of intravenous supplementation (IVS)-admixtures prescribed to patients with chronic intestinal failure (CIF). METHODS: In March 2015, 65 centers from 22 countries enrolled 3239 patients (benign disease 90.1%, malignant disease 9.9%), recording the patient, CIF and HPN characteristics in a structured database. The HPN-provider was categorized as health care system local pharmacy (LP) or independent home care company (HCC). The IVS-admixture was categorized as fluids and electrolytes alone (FE) or parenteral nutrition, either commercially premixed (PA) or customized to the individual patient (CA), alone or plus extra FE (PAFE or CAFE). Doctors of HPN centers were responsible for the IVS prescriptions. RESULTS: HCC (66%) was the most common HPN provider, with no difference noted between benign-CIF and malignant-CIF. LP was the main modality in 11 countries; HCC prevailed in 4 European countries: Israel, USA, South America and Oceania (p < 0.001). IVS-admixture comprised: FE 10%, PA 17%, PAFE 17%, CA 38%, CAFE 18%. PA and PAFE prevailed in malignant-CIF while CA and CAFE use was greater in benign-CIF (p < 0.001). PA + PAFE prevailed in those countries where LP was the main HPN-provider and CA + CAFE prevailed where the main HPN-provider was HCC (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate that HPN provision and the IVS-admixture differ greatly among countries, among HPN centers and between benign-CIF and cancer-CIF. As both HPN provider and IVS-admixture types may play a role in the safety and effectiveness of HPN therapy, criteria to homogenize HPN programs are needed so that patients can have equal access to optimal CIF care.

Refeeding syndrome in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition: An audit of practice at a tertiary UK centre.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The key to preventing refeeding syndrome (RS) is identifying and appropriately managing patients at risk. We evaluated our clinical management of RS risk in patients starting total parenteral nutrition (TPN). METHODS: Patients commencing TPN at University College London Hospital between January and July 2015 were prospectively followed-up for 7-days. Eighty patients were risk assessed for RS and categorized into risk groups. High and low risk RS groups were compared focussing on the onset of biochemical features of RS (hypophosphatemia, hypokalaemia and hypomagnesemia) and initial clinical assessment. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Sixty patients (75%) were identified as high-risk for RS and received lower initial calories (12.8 kcal/kg/day, p < 0.05). All high-risk patients received a high potency vitamin preparation compared to 35% in the low risk group (p < 0.05). Daily phosphate, magnesium and potassium plasma levels were monitored for seven days in 25%, 30% and 53.8% of patients, respectively. Hypophosphatemia developed in 30% and hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia in 27.5% of all patients. Approximately 84% of patients had one or more electrolyte abnormalities, which occurred more frequently in high-risk RS patients (p < 0.05). Low risk patients developed mild hypophosphatemia at a much lower percentage than high-risk RS (20% vs 33.3%, respectively). CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of patients commencing TPN developed biochemical features of RS (but no more serious complications) despite nutritional assessment, treatment, and follow up in accordance with national recommendations. High vs low risk RS patients were more likely to have electrolyte abnormalities after receiving TPN regardless of preventative measures. Additional research is required to further optimise the initial nutritional approach to prevent RS in high-risk patients.

Multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing standard and high resolution optical technologies in colorectal cancer screening.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The UK bowel cancer screening programme (BCSP) has been established for the early detection of colorectal cancer offering colonoscopy to patients screened positive by faecal occult blood tests. In this multisite, prospective, randomised controlled trial, we aimed to compare the performance of Standard Definition Olympus Lucera (SD-OL) with Scope Guide and the High Definition Pentax HiLine (HD-PHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Subjects undergoing a colonoscopy as part of the UK National BCSP at four UK sites were randomised to an endoscopy list run using either SD-OL or HD-PHL. Primary endpoints were polyp and adenoma detection rate (PDR and ADR, respectively) as well as polyp size, morphology and histology characteristics. RESULTS: 262 subjects (168 males, mean age 66.3±4.3 years) were colonoscoped (133 patients with HD-PHL while 129 with SD-OL). PDR and ADR were comparable within the two optical systems. The HD-PHL group resulted in a PDR 55.6% and ADR 43.6%; the SD-OL group had PDR 56.6% and ADR 45.7%. HD-PHL was significantly superior to SD-OL in detection of flat adenomas (18.6% vs 5.2%, p<0.001), but not detection of pedunculated or sessile polyps. Patient comfort, use of sedation and endoscopist perception of procedural difficulty resulted similar despite the use of Scope Guide with SD-OL. CONCLUSION: PDR and ADR were not significantly different between devices. The high-resolution colonoscopy system HD-PHL may improve polyp detection as compared with standard resolution technology in detecting flat adenomas. This advantage may have clinically significant implications for missed lesion rates and post-colonoscopy interval colorectal cancer rates.

Enteral Nutrition in Adult Crohn's Disease: Toward a Paradigm Shift.

Medical and surgical treatments for Crohn's disease are associated with toxic effects. Medical therapy aims for mucosal healing and is achievable with biologics, immunosuppressive therapy, and specialised enteral nutrition, but not with corticosteroids. Sustained remission remains a therapeutic challenge. Enteral nutrition, containing macro- and micro-nutrients, is nutritionally complete, and is provided in powder or liquid form. Enteral nutrition is a low-risk and minimally invasive therapy. It is well-established and recommended as first line induction therapy in paediatric Crohn's disease with remission rates of up to 80%. Other than in Japan, enteral nutrition is not routinely used in the adult population among Western countries, mainly due to unpalatable formulations which lead to poor compliance. This study aims to offer a comprehensive review of available enteral nutrition formulations and the literature supporting the use and mechanisms of action of enteral nutrition in adult Crohn's disease patients, in order to support clinicians in real world decision-making when offering/accepting treatment. The mechanisms of actions of enteral feed, including their impact on the gut microbiome, were explored. Barriers to the use of enteral nutrition, such as compliance and the route of administration, were considered. All available enteral preparations have been comprehensively described as a practical guide for clinical use. Likewise, guidelines are reported and discussed.

Clinical classification of adult patients with chronic intestinal failure due to benign disease: An international multicenter cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the applicability of the ESPEN 16-category clinical classification of chronic intestinal failure, based on patients' intravenous supplementation (IVS) requirements for energy and fluids, and to evaluate factors associated with those requirements. METHODS: ESPEN members were invited to participate through ESPEN Council representatives. Participating centers enrolled adult patients requiring home parenteral nutrition for chronic intestinal failure on March 1st 2015. The following patient data were recorded though a structured database: sex, age, body weight and height, intestinal failure mechanism, underlying disease, IVS volume and energy need. RESULTS: Sixty-five centers from 22 countries enrolled 2919 patients with benign disease. One half of the patients were distributed in 3 categories of the ESPEN clinical classification. 9% of patients required only fluid and electrolyte supplementation. IVS requirement varied considerably according to the pathophysiological mechanism of intestinal failure. Notably, IVS volume requirement represented loss of intestinal function better than IVS energy requirement. A simplified 8 category classification of chronic intestinal failure was devised, based on two types of IVS (either fluid and electrolyte alone or parenteral nutrition admixture containing energy) and four categories of volume. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' IVS requirements varied widely, supporting the need for a tool to homogenize patient categorization. This study has devised a novel, simplified eight category IVS classification for chronic intestinal failure that will prove useful in both the clinical and research setting when applied together with the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of the patient's intestinal failure.

Role of body composition and metabolic profile in Barrett's oesophagus and progression to cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk for Barrett's oesophagus (BE) on the basis of body composition, metabolic pathways, adipokines and metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as their role in cancer progression. METHODS: In patients with and without BE at gastroscopy, data on MS, BMI, waist/hip ratio for abdominal obesity (AO) and body fat percentage by bioimpedance were obtained. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, lipid, serum adiponectin and leptin levels were measured. The homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was used to estimate insulin resistance. Histological findings for BE were correlated with the above parameters. Risk factors for BE identified using univariate analysis were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 250 patients and 224 controls (F/M: 189/285, mean age 58.08±15.51 years) were enroled. In the BE and control groups, 39.6 versus 31.3% were overweight, 32 versus 22.8% were obese, 75.6 versus 51.3% had AO, and 28.1 versus 18.9% were metabolically obese, respectively. AO [odds ratio (OR) 3.08], increased body fat percentage (OR 2.29), and higher BMI (overweight: OR 2.04; obese: OR 2.26) were significantly associated with BE. A positive trend was found in Normal Weight Obese Syndrome (OR 1.69). MS was associated with BE (overweight: OR 3.05; obese: OR 5.2; AO: OR 8.08). Insulin levels (P=0.05) and HOMA-IR (P<0.001) were higher in BE. AO was the only independent risk factor associated with BE (OR 1.65; P=0.02) and high-grade dysplasia (OR 2.44) on multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: AO was strongly associated with BE and dysplasia. BE was associated with MS and higher insulin/HOMA-IR, suggesting the activation of specific metabolic pathways in patients with altered body composition.

Incidence and Severity of Prepouch Ileitis: A Distinct Disease Entity or a Manifestation of Refractory Pouchitis?

BACKGROUND: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the operation of choice for patients with treatment-refractory ulcerative colitis. However, after this intervention, up to 50% of patients develop pouchitis. Moreover, a subgroup will also develop inflammation in the afferent ileum proximal to the pouch, a condition named prepouch ileitis (PI). METHODS: Data on 546 patients who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis were retrospectively collected from 3 tertiary inflammatory bowel disease referral centers in the Netherlands, Belgium, and England. PI was considered present if there was endoscopic and histological inflammation in the afferent limb proximal to the pouch. Crohn's disease was excluded by reviewing the histology of colectomy resection specimens. RESULTS: PI was present in 33/546 (6%) patients and all of these had concurrent pouchitis. One hundred forty-four (26%) patients had pouchitis without PI and 369 (68%) patients did not have inflammatory pouch disease. Of the 33 patients with PI, 6 (18%) received no specific treatment, 9 (27%) responded to antibiotics, and 18 (54%) required escalation in therapy to steroids/immunomodulators or anti-tumor necrosis factor agents. Potent immunosuppressive treatment was required more frequently in patients with PI than those with pouchitis alone. CONCLUSIONS: PI is less common and more treatment refractory than pouchitis alone. Once PI is diagnosed, clinicians should be aware that response to antibiotic therapy is less likely than in pouchitis alone. Immunomodulatory therapy and escalation to anti-tumor necrosis factor agents should be considered early in cases of nonresponse. The suggestion that PI represents misdiagnosed Crohn's disease could not be substantiated in our cohort.

Bacillus clausii effect on gene expression pattern in small bowel mucosa using DNA microarray analysis.

BACKGROUND: Probiotics are widely used for the cure or prevention of several clinical conditions. However, clinical decisions need to be substantiated by an analysis of the complex bacteria-host interplay in the intestinal lumen. AIMS: To identify the gene expression pattern induced by Bacillus clausii in the intestinal mucosa of healthy individuals. METHODS: Six male patients (mean age 38+/-5 years) affected by endoscopically confirmed mild oesophagitis were treated for one month with esomeprazole, and were randomly selected to receive or not B. clausii (groups I and II, respectively). Duodenal biopsies were taken pre and post-treatment to identify the modification of gene expression, using the GeneChip Human U133A array. To validate the microarray analysis, real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of five target genes was performed. RESULTS: After B. clausii administration, a total of 158 and 265 genes were up and downregulated, respectively. Quantitative PCR confirmed the microarray data. B. clausii mainly affected the expression of genes involved in immune response and inflammation, apoptosis and cell growth, cell differentiation, cell-cell signalling, cell adhesion, signal transcription and transduction. CONCLUSIONS: Our data represent the first global analysis of B. clausii effects on the gene expression profile in normal intestine, and provide the basis to identify the mechanisms by which these agents interact with the host and exert their beneficial effects. Future studies are needed to clarify the B. clausii-induced gene pattern in the clinical disorders in which probiotics have proved to be effective.

Levofloxacin based regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

BACKGROUND: A 7 day treatment scheme based on rabeprazole/levofloxacin/amoxycillin or tinidazole achieved an eradication rate over 90%. However, the combination of drugs and duration of treatment for the correct use of levofloxacin in the eradication of are still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of rabeprazole/levofloxacin based dual therapies given for 5, 7 or 10 days with rabeprazole/levofloxacin/amoxycillin triple therapy for 7 days. METHODS: One hundred and sixty patients with infection documented by the C-urea breath test and histology were included in this prospective, open label study. Subjects were randomized in four groups: (1) levofloxacin (500 mg o.d.), amoxycillin (1 g b.d.) and rabeprazole (20 mg o.d.) for 7 days; (2) levofloxacin (500 mg o.d.) and rabeprazole (20 mg o.d.) for 5 days; (3) levofloxacin (500 mg o.d.) and rabeprazole (20 mg o.d.) for 7 days; and (4) levofloxacin (500 mg o.d.) and rabeprazole (20 mg o.d.) for 10 days. Six weeks after the end of therapy status was checked by using the C-urea breath test. RESULTS: All patients completed the therapeutic regimens. The eradication rate was not significantly modified by treatment duration in the dual therapy schemes (5 days: 20/40, 50%; 7 days: 28/40, 70%; 10 days: 26/40, 65%). The eradication rate of the 1 week levofloxacin based triple therapy was significantly higher than that observed using any dual therapies (36/40). No major adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A rabeprazole/levofloxacin dual eradication regimen is simple and well tolerated but does not achieve an acceptable eradication rate when compared to a 1 week rabeprazole/levofloxacin/amoxycillin triple therapy. The eradication rate did not increase with a longer regimen.