ABSTRACT
Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis) is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (1,2). Vectorborne transmission via skin or mucosal contact with the feces of infected triatomine bugs mainly occurs in rural areas of Latin America but has been reported in the southern United States (3). The parasite also is transmissible congenitally and via blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and accidental laboratory exposures. The two drugs used for treating Chagas disease are benznidazole and nifurtimox (1,2), which have been used in Latin America since the 1970s and 1960s, respectively. In the absence of commercially available drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), benznidazole and nifurtimox have been available exclusively through CDC, under Investigational New Drug (IND) treatment protocols. On August 29, 2017, FDA approved a benznidazole product (Chemo Research, SL, in care of Exeltis*) for treatment of Chagas disease (4), which became commercially available on May 14, 2018. Therefore, effective May 14, 2018, benznidazole is no longer available through the CDC-sponsored IND program. This report summarizes selected characteristics of patients for whom CDC released benznidazole through that program from October 2011, when the IND went into effect, until mid-May 2018. The majority of the 365 patients included in intention-to-treat analyses were chronically infected adults who were born and became infected in Latin America. Physician requests for benznidazole should now be directed to the drug company Exeltis.Ā The CDC-sponsored IND for nifurtimox remains in effect to provide an alternative therapeutic option to benznidazole when clinically appropriate. CDC will continue to provide reference diagnostic testing for T. cruzi infection and teleconsultative services regarding Chagas disease.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/drug therapy , Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use , Nitroimidazoles/therapeutic use , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Latin America/ethnology , Male , Middle Aged , United States/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Vaccinia virus is an orthopoxvirus used in the live vaccine against smallpox. Vaccinia virus infections can be transmissible and can cause severe complications in those with weakened immune systems. We report on a cluster of 4 cases of vaccinia virus infection in Maryland, USA, likely acquired at a martial arts gym.
Subject(s)
Vaccinia virus/physiology , Vaccinia/transmission , Adult , Base Sequence , DNA, Viral/genetics , Hemagglutination, Viral/genetics , Humans , Immunoglobulin M/blood , Male , Maryland , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Skin/pathology , Smallpox Vaccine/adverse effects , Smallpox Vaccine/standards , Vaccinia/immunology , Vaccinia/virology , Vaccinia virus/genetics , Vaccinia virus/immunologyABSTRACT
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Quarantine Stations distribute select lifesaving drug products that are not commercially available or are in limited supply in the United States for emergency treatment of certain health conditions. Following a retrospective analysis of shipment records, the authors estimated an average of 6.66 hours saved per shipment when drug products were distributed from quarantine stations compared to a hypothetical centralized site from CDC headquarters in Atlanta, GA. This evaluation supports the continued use of a decentralized model which leverages CDC's regional presence and maximizes efficiency in the distribution of lifesaving drugs.
Subject(s)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Emergencies , Hospitals, Isolation , Pharmaceutical Preparations/supply & distribution , Transportation/statistics & numerical data , Antimalarials/supply & distribution , Artemisinins/supply & distribution , Artesunate , Botulinum Antitoxin , Diphtheria Antitoxin , Georgia , Humans , Immunologic Factors/supply & distribution , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors , Time-to-Treatment , United StatesABSTRACT
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Quarantine Stations distribute select lifesaving drug products that are not commercially available or are in limited supply in the United States for emergency treatment of certain health conditions. Following a retrospective analysis of shipment records, the authors estimated an average of 6.66 hours saved per shipment when drug products were distributed from quarantine stations compared to a hypothetical centralized site from CDC headquarters in Atlanta, GA. This evaluation supports the continued use of a decentralized model which leverages CDC's regional presence and maximizes efficiency in the distribution of lifesaving drugs.
Subject(s)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. , Emergencies , Emergency Treatment/methods , Medication Systems , Quarantine/methods , Strategic Stockpile , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./organization & administration , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./statistics & numerical data , Forms and Records Control , Humans , Medication Systems/organization & administration , Medication Systems/statistics & numerical data , Models, Organizational , Program Evaluation , Strategic Stockpile/methods , Strategic Stockpile/organization & administration , Time Factors , Transportation , United StatesABSTRACT
Two distinct smallpox vaccine formulations were exposed to temperatures beyond the ranges specified by the manufacturers for vaccine maintenance and shipping. Under the conditions investigated, titers of both Dryvax smallpox vaccine and Aventis Pasteur smallpox vaccine remained at or above the titers recommended for successful vaccination. From these data it can be inferred that vaccine efficacy would not be expected to be adversely affected by unintended fluctuations of temperature, within the ranges studied, for a 4-day period.