Increasing mastectomy rates among all age groups for early stage breast cancer: a 10-year study of surgical choice.

First-line surgical options for early stage breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ include breast conserving surgery or mastectomy. We analyzed factors that influence the receipt of mastectomy and resultant trends over time. Registry analysis was carried out for 21,869 women who underwent up-front surgical treatment for stage 0, I or II breast cancer between 1998 and 2007 using data from the Kentucky Cancer Registry. We examined the trend of treatment over time and assessed the probability of receiving mastectomy using multivariate logistic regression. Overall, 54.5% of women received breast conservation and 45.5% received mastectomy over a 10-year period (annual BCS rate range: 46.9-61.2%). The overall mastectomy rate substantially decreased from 53.1% in 1998 to 38.8% in 2005 (p < 0.0001), but then increased to 45% in 2007 (p < 0.001). Between 2005 and 2007, the increase in mastectomies in the age groups of <50 years, 50-69 years, and ≥ 70 years was 7.5% (p = 0.0351), 4.9% (p = 0.0132) and, 8.0% (p = 0.0283), respectively. On multivariate analysis, the rate of receiving mastectomy was drastically higher for women with stage I or II (versus in situ) disease and moderate or poorly differentiated (versus well differentiated) histology. The rate was modestly higher for uninsured and government-insured (versus privately insured) patients, patients older than 70 years (versus younger), rural (versus urban) location, receptor negative (versus receptor positive) disease, and unusual histologies (versus ductal and lobular histology). There was no statistically significant difference in surgical choice with regard to race. Determinants of mastectomy for in situ and early stage breast cancer include stage, histology, age, insurance status, county of residence, receptor status. The rate of mastectomy declined until 2005 and is now increasing across all age groups, especially for women < 50 years and ≥ 70 years.

Disparities in the application of adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery for early stage breast cancer: impact on overall survival.

BACKGROUND: Definitive local therapy of early stage breast cancer includes adjuvant radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). The authors analyzed factors that influence the receipt of radiotherapy therapy and their resultant impact on outcome. METHODS: Using data from the Kentucky Cancer Registry, the authors analyzed the rate of adjuvant radiotherapy for 11,914 women who underwent BCS as a primary surgical treatment for stage 0, I, or II breast cancer between 1998 and 2007. The authors assessed the probability of receiving radiotherapy by using multivariate logistic regression and measured impact on outcome by using Cox survival analysis. RESULTS: Overall, 66.2% of women received adjuvant radiotherapy for BCS over a 10-year period (annual rate range, 60.9%-70.1%). On multivariate analysis, the rate of receiving radiotherapy was drastically lower for women aged older than 70 years (vs younger) and rural Appalachian (vs non-Appalachian) populations. The rate was modestly lower for African American (vs white) women, those with in situ (vs invasive) disease, and uninsured (vs insured) patients. Lack of radiotherapy was associated with an increased hazard ratio for death of 1.67 (95% CI, 1.508-1.851) on Cox survival analysis when age, stage, tumor size, grade, hormone receptors, smoking, and insurance were factored into the analysis. The 10-year overall survival for patients who received adjuvant radiotherapy versus BCS alone was 79.7% versus 67.6% (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite widespread knowledge of the benefit of RT after BCS, the rate of undertreatment remains high, with significant disparities for elderly, rural, minority, and uninsured women. Multidisciplinary management strategies, including accelerated and hypofractionated radiation regimens, are needed to eliminate disparities and improve outcomes.

A Statewide Multi-Institutional Study of Asymptomatic Pretreatment Testing of Radiation Therapy Patients for SARS-CoV-2 in a High-Incidence Region of the United States.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to establish the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in asymptomatic patients scheduled to receive radiation therapy and its effect on management decisions. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between April 2020 and July 2020, patients without influenza-like illness symptoms at four radiation oncology departments (two academic university hospitals and two community hospitals) underwent polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 before the initiation of treatment. Patients were tested either before radiation therapy simulation or after simulation but before treatment initiation. Patients tested for indications of influenza-like illness symptoms were excluded from this analysis. Management of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients was individualized based on disease site and acuity. RESULTS: Over a 3-month period, a total of 385 tests were performed in 336 asymptomatic patients either before simulation (n = 75), post-simulation, before treatment (n = 230), or on-treatment (n = 49). A total of five patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, for a pretreatment prevalence of 1.3% (2.6% in north/central New Jersey and 0.4% in southern New Jersey/southeast Pennsylvania). The median age of positive patients was 58 years (range, 38-78 years). All positive patients were white and were relatively equally distributed with regard to sex (2 male, 3 female) and ethnicity (2 Hispanic and 3 non-Hispanic). The median Charlson comorbidity score among positive patients was five. All five patients were treated for different primary tumor sites, the large majority had advanced disease (80%), and all were treated for curative intent. The majority of positive patients were being treated with either sequential or concurrent immunosuppressive systemic therapy (80%). Initiation of treatment was delayed for 14 days with the addition of retesting for four patients, and one patient was treated without delay but with additional infectious-disease precautions. CONCLUSIONS: Broad-based pretreatment asymptomatic testing of radiation oncology patients for SARS-CoV-2 is of limited value, even in a high-incidence region. Future strategies may include focused risk-stratified asymptomatic testing.

Late chest wall toxicity after MammoSite breast brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with the MammoSite breast brachytherapy (MBB) system is being investigated as an alternative to whole breast radiation in breast conservation therapy (BCT) at multiple centers worldwide. The newness of MBB means a complete understanding of long-term toxicity, particularly involving the chest wall, has yet to be completely articulated. We report the first pathologic rib fractures associated with MBB and dosimetric analysis of the original treatment plans. METHODS AND MATERIALS: As part of ongoing quality assurance, we reviewed the records of 129 sequential patients who underwent MBB for breast cancer and identified those who subsequently had clinically significant and radiographically documented rib fracture(s) involving the ipsilateral chest wall. Equivalent tolerance doses yielding a 5% and 50% risk of rib toxicity within 5 years from treatment with 10 fractions (as with MBB) were previously calculated using the linear quadratic equation based on 2Gy per fraction treatments delivered to one-third of the rib volume (TD5/5=37Gy; TD50/5=44Gy). The original radiation therapy plans were evaluated vis-à-vis the plane films or PET/CT images documenting the osseous abnormalities and presenting complaints to find the specific fractured ribs. The specific effected ribs were contoured on the planning CT in "bone windows" using the Nucletron MicroSelectron-classic V2 (Nucletron B.V., Veenendaal, The Netherlands) for this analysis and the original patient treatments. With these datasets, we determined the dose-volume characteristics of the effected ribs including maximal dose encompassing the entire rib on one CT slice, V(20Gy), V(30Gy), V(37Gy), V(44Gy), D(50), D(25), and D(5) (the mean dose to 50%, 25%, and 5% of the rib). RESULTS: Between May 2002 and August 2007, three of 105 patients with a minimum of 6-months follow-up who underwent adjuvant APBI by MBB were found to have a total of five treatment-related rib fractures. The average dose-volume characteristics from the original plans were as follows: D(50)=22.1Gy, D(25)=32.2Gy, D(5)=41.6Gy, max dose to 1cc=34.8, D(max) (to 0.1cc)=45.6Gy, V(20)Gy=57.4%, V(30)Gy=30.8%, V(37)Gy=15.9%, V(44)Gy=6.6%, and max dose through rib=35.8Gy. Two patients sustained two rib fractures and 1 patient had a single rib fracture. Four of five fractures occurred in postmenopausal patients and two of five fractures occurred in a patient with a history of osteoporosis and exposure to adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures occurred in ribs with V(37)Gy and V(44)Gy each well below 33%. As long-term toxicity data accrue from APBI series, the traditional models for estimating the biologic equivalent dose may benefit from refinements that specifically address the unique radiobiologic and physical properties intrinsic to high-dose-rate brachytherapy for breast conservation therapy.

Multi-institutional experience using the MammoSite radiation therapy system in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer: 2-year results.

PURPOSE: To present a retrospective multi-institutional experience of patients treated with the MammoSite radiation therapy system (RTS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Nine institutions participated in a pooled analysis of data evaluating the clinical experience of the MammoSite RTS for delivering accelerated partial breast irradiation. Between 2000 and 2004, 483 patients were treated with the MammoSite RTS to 34 Gy delivered in 10 fractions. Treatment parameters were analyzed to identify factors affecting outcome. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 24 months (minimum of 1 year). Overall, infection was documented in 9% of patients, but the rate was only 4.8% if the catheter was placed after lumpectomy. Six patients (1.2%) experienced an in-breast failure; four failures occurred remote from the lumpectomy site (elsewhere failure). Cosmetic results were good/excellent in 91% of patients. Treatment parameters identified as significant on univariate analysis were tested in multivariate regression analysis. The closed-cavity placement technique significantly reduced the risk of infection (p = 0.0267). A skin spacing of <6 mm increased the risk of severe acute skin reaction (p = 0.0178) and telangiectasia (p = 0.0280). The use of prophylactic antibiotics reduced the risk of severe acute skin reaction (p < 0.0001). The use of multiple dwell positions reduced the risk of severe hyperpigmentation (p = 0.0278). Infection was associated with an increased risk of fair or poor overall cosmesis (p = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS: In this series of patients, the MammoSite RTS seems to have acceptable toxicity rates and cosmetic outcomes, comparable to those with whole-breast radiotherapy. On the basis of these data, the closed-cavity placement technique, use of prophylactic antibiotics, use of multiple dwell positions, and a minimum skin spacing of 6 mm seem to improve patient outcome.

Incidence and prognostic factors for seroma development after MammoSite breast brachytherapy.

PURPOSE: Describe the incidence and identify risk factors for seroma development after MammoSite breast brachytherapy (MBT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: MBT patient data were prospectively recorded into a quality assurance database. Departmental and electronic records were reviewed to extract patient-, treatment-, and outcome-specific data. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with development of any seroma including the subset of clinically significant seroma (CSS). CSS was defined as a symptomatic seroma requiring multiple aspirations, biopsy, and/or excision. Variables analyzed included age, weight, number of excisions, time from resection to catheter placement, placement technique, balloon volume, dosimetric factors, and postbrachytherapy infection. RESULTS: MBT was performed in 109 patients, of whom 97 had minimum 6 months (median, 36) post-MBT follow-up or earlier development of seroma. All patients received 34 Gy to 1cm depth from balloon surface, delivered twice daily in 10 fractions. Seroma developed in 41% of patients at a median of 3 months (range, 0.1-25) post-MBT. One-third of seromas (13% of all patients) were CSS. The only factor identified as statistically significant for development of any seroma was catheter placement on day of resection vs. > or =1 day later (59% vs. 33%; p = 0.0066). Post-MBT infection was highly statistically significant for development of CSS (64% vs. 7%; p<0.0001). Prophylactic antibiotics reduced the risk of post-MBT infection from 37.5% to 6% (p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CSS after MBT is low. Post-MBT infection is statistically significantly associated with CSS development, the incidence of which is reduced with prophylactic antibiotics.

Predictors of cosmetic outcome following MammoSite breast brachytherapy: a single-institution experience of 100 patients with two years of follow-up.

PURPOSE: To identify the factors that predict for excellent cosmesis in patients who receive MammoSite breast brachytherapy (MBT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: One hundred patients with Stage 0, I, or II adenocarcinoma of the breast underwent adjuvant therapy using MBT. A dose of 34 Gy, delivered in 10 fractions twice daily, was prescribed to 1-cm depth using (192)Ir high-dose-rate brachytherapy. Patients were assessed for acute toxicity on the day of therapy completion, 4 weeks after therapy, and at least every 3 months by radiation, surgical, and/or medical oncologists. All available data were reviewed for documentation of cosmesis and rated using the Harvard Scale. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 months (median = 24 months). RESULTS: Of 100 patients treated, 90 had adequate data and follow-up. Cosmesis was excellent in 62 (68.9%), good in 19 (21.1%), fair in 8 (8.9%), and poor in 1 (1.1%) patient. Using stepwise logistic regression, the factors that predicted for excellent cosmesis were as follows: the absence vs. presence of infection (p = 0.017), and the absence vs. presence of acute skin toxicity (p = 0.026). There was a statistically significant association between acute skin toxicity (present vs. absent) and balloon-to-skin distance (<8 vs. >8 mm, p = 0.001). Factors that did not predict for cosmesis were age, balloon placement technique, balloon volume, catheter days in situ, subcutaneous toxicity, and chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The acute and late-term toxicity profiles of MBT have been acceptable. Cosmetic outcome is improved by proper patient selection and infection prevention.

A Dose-Volume Response Model for Brain Metastases Treated With Frameless Single-Fraction Robotic Radiosurgery: Seeking to Better Predict Response to Treatment.

Purpose/Objective(s): To establish a dose-volume response relationship for brain metastases treated with single-fraction robotic stereotactic radiosurgery and identify predictors of local control. MATERIALS/METHODS: We reviewed a prospective institutional database of all patients treated for intact brain metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery alone using the CyberKnife robotic radiosurgery system from 2012 to 2015. Tumor response was determined based on Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify predictors of outcome and establish a dose-volume response relationship. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to evaluate the predictive capability of the relationship. RESULTS: There were 357 metastases evaluated in 111 patients with a median diameter of 8.14 mm (2.00-40.77 mm). At 6 and 12 months, local control was 86.9% and 82.2%, respectively. For lesions of similar volumes, higher maximum dose, mean dose, and minimum dose (all P values <.05) predicted for better local control. Tumor volume and diameter were strongly correlated, and a dose-volume response relationship was constructed using mean dose per lesion diameter (Gy/mm) that was predictive of local control (odds ratio: 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.70). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for local control and mean dose by volume was 0.6199 with a threshold of 2.05 Gy/mm (local failure 7.6% above and 17.3% below 2.05 Gy/mm). CONCLUSION: A dose-volume response relationship exists for brain metastases treated with robotic stereotactic radiosurgery. Mean dose per volume is strongly predictive of local control and can be potentially useful during stereotactic radiosurgery plan evaluation while respecting previously established dose constraints.

First Results of a Phase 2 Trial of Once-Weekly Hypofractionated Breast Irradiation (WHBI) for Early-Stage Breast Cancer.

PURPOSE: To report early outcome analysis of a prospective institutional phase 2 trial of weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation (WHBI) for patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients who underwent BCS for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 0, I, or II breast cancer with negative surgical margins received whole-breast radiation therapy to 30 or 28.5 Gy in 5 weekly fractions with or without an additional boost. The eligibility criteria were the same as for NSABP (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project) B39/RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) 0413, and there were no restrictions on age, breast size, tumor grade, receptor status, or the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for otherwise eligible patients. The primary endpoint was ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence. Patients were also evaluated for acute toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0), cosmesis (Harvard Scale), development of distant metastatic disease, and overall survival. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and October 2015, 158 eligible patients underwent WHBI immediately following BCS. The median age was 60 years (range, 30-84 years), and the median follow-up period was 3 years. Ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence developed in a total of 2 patients (1.3%), 1 in conjunction with widespread metastatic disease. Distant metastatic disease developed in 4 patients (2.5%), and the 3-year disease-free survival and overall survival rates were 97.5% and 96.2%, respectively. The most common grade 1 or 2 acute toxicities were breast pain, radiation dermatitis, and fatigue. There were 2 grade 3 events (1.3%): pain requiring narcotic analgesics (1) and posttreatment infection requiring hospitalization (1). The rate of excellent or good cosmesis versus fair or poor cosmesis was 82.3% versus 17.7%. The rate of significant cosmetic change from baseline to last follow-up (dropping from excellent or good to fair or poor) was 11.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Early outcomes after WHBI are favorable and parallel those seen with daily hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation. With broader entry criteria than all previous reports of WHBI, this study will facilitate comparison to the results of NSABP B39/RTOG 0413. With continued follow-up, future reports will assess cosmetic stability and disease-specific outcomes.

Factors Affecting Gender-based Experiences for Residents in Radiation Oncology.

PURPOSE: Although women constitute approximately half of medical school graduates, an uneven gender distribution exists among many specialties, including radiation oncology, where women fill only one third of residency positions. Although multiple social and societal factors have been theorized, a structured review of radiation oncology resident experiences has yet to be performed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: An anonymous and voluntary survey was sent to 611 radiation oncology residents practicing in the United States. Residents were asked about their gender-based experiences in terms of mentorship, their professional and learning environment, and their partnerships and personal life. RESULTS: A total of 203 participants submitted completed survey responses. Fifty-seven percent of respondents were men, and 43% were women, with a mean age of 31 years (standard deviation=3.7 years). Although residents in general value having a mentor, female residents prefer mentors of the same gender (P<.001), and noted having more difficulty finding a mentor (P=.042). Women were more likely to say that they have observed preferential treatment based on gender (P≤.001), and they were more likely to perceive gender-specific biases or obstacles in their professional and learning environment (P<.001). Women selected residency programs based on gender ratios (P<.001), and female residents preferred to see equal numbers of male and female faculty (P<.001). Women were also more likely to perceive work-related strain than their male counterparts (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Differences in experiences for male and female radiation oncology residents exist with regard to mentorship and in their professional and learning environment.

Chest wall dose in MammoSite breast brachytherapy: radiobiologic estimations of late complication risk based on dose-volume considerations.

PURPOSE: To estimate the risk of late effects in women treated with MammoSite brachytherapy (MBT), the balloon catheters of which were placed near the ribs. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Upon reviewing 93 plans, 16 patients (17%) treated with MBT were considered to have received a high chest wall dose (>or=120% isodose line in contact with a rib). A dose-volume histogram was generated for this rib, and its distance from the MBT balloon measured. Using the linear quadratic equation, the equivalent dose, delivered in 10 fractions, to the dose that causes a 5% and 50% risk of rib late effects at 5 years using 2Gy per fraction, was calculated to be 37 and 44Gy, respectively. The rib volume receiving greater than or equal to these doses (V37 and V44) was correlated to the balloon-to-rib distance. Chest wall signs, symptoms, and radiologic findings for all 16 patients were recorded. RESULTS: The median balloon-to-rib distance was 4.8mm. The median values of V37 and V44 were 13.5% and 3.3%, respectively. All patients with a V37>or=15% and V44>or=5% had a minimum balloon-to-rib distance of <5mm. Two patients reported treatment-related chest wall tenderness (both had balloons placed <5mm from the chest wall), but neither presented with radiologic complications. CONCLUSIONS: Sixteen patients considered to receive relatively high chest wall doses had less than one-third of their primary rib volume being exposed to the estimated TD 5/5 and TD 50/5 doses. Therefore, we estimate the risk of late effects in women treated with MBT, the balloon catheters of which placed near the ribs were negligible, and believe that MBT remains a safe and effective treatment for selected patients with early stage breast cancer.

Once-weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation: fool's gold or diamond in the rough?

Daily conventionally fractionated breast irradiation over 5-7 weeks is costly and inconvenient. Its use is associated with disparities in both the delivery of quality care and outcomes for vulnerable populations. Alternatively, daily hypofractionated breast irradiation delivered over 3 weeks exhibits equal efficacy and toxicity profiles. Today, a new generation of accelerated radiotherapy for breast cancer has emerged. Once-weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation has been tested in pilot and large randomized studies and the initial data appear promising. As the data mature, this new approach has implications for cost-efficacy and provision of radiotherapy services. The purpose of this review is to explore the evolution of once-weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation including our ongoing institutional clinical trial at the University of Louisville.

Efficacy of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally recurrent or advanced inoperable breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locally recurrent or advanced inoperable breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients treated between 2009 and 2013 were reviewed from a prospectively collected database. All patients had symptomatic recurrent or advanced breast cancer and had been deemed not to be ideal operative candidates. Treatment consisted of external beam radiotherapy to the primary tumor in the breast or regional lymph nodes, or both, concurrent with either capecitabine, paclitaxel, or cisplatin/etoposide chemotherapy. The grade of acute and late toxicity was evaluated, as was response to treatment, overall survival (OS), and local relapse-free survival (LRFS). RESULTS: Of the 20 patients, 9 (45%) presented with primary disease and 11 (55%) had recurrent disease. A total of 11 (55%) patients had evidence of metastatic disease. The overall clinical response rate was 100%, with a clinical complete response (CR) observed in 65% of patients and a clinical partial response (PR) observed in 35% of patients. At a median follow up of 25.3 months, 2-year LRFS was 73% and 2-year OS was 80%. Local control was significantly better in patients with an initial diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR], 0.139; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.014-0.935) and in those who had not had previous in-field radiation (HR, 0.011; 95% CI, 0.005-0.512). The only grade ≥ 3 toxicity was acute dermatologic events (30%) and late dermatologic (15%) events. CONCLUSION: Concurrent CRT with capecitabine, paclitaxel, or cisplatin/etoposide for recurrent or advanced inoperable breast cancer is well tolerated with impressive clinical response rates and durable local control.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw mimicking bone metastasis.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is usually a potential complication of bisphosphonate therapy. In a cancer patient, this disease entity can be misdiagnosed as a metastatic lesion. Our aim is to make clinicians aware of bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw to prevent misdiagnosis and initiate proper treatment at the earliest. We present the case of a breast cancer patient with multiple bony metastases and a jaw lesion presumed to be metastases. After no response to palliative radiation, repeat radiological imaging studies revealed osteonecrosis of the jaw. Correlating a patient's clinical information with findings on diagnostic imaging studies, such as SPECT bone and CT scans, can help identify this potential complication of bisphosphonate treatment. Early diagnosis helps minimize unnecessary biopsies and allows for the proper treatment to be instituted.

Negative effect of seroma on breast balloon brachytherapy dosimetry.

PURPOSE: Balloon brachytherapy is commonly used to deliver Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI). Seroma interference is a relatively common phenomenon during APBI. The negative effect of seroma accumulation on the planning target volume evaluation (PTV_Eval) coverage is not well understood. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This is a dosimetric replanning study on 10 patients with evidence of seroma collection at time of initial computed tomographic simulation around the catheter. Total dose was 34 Gy given at 3.4 Gy twice a day over 5 treatment days. A total of 20 plans were generated, 10 plans without accounting for and 10 after subtracting the seroma. We then compared the changes seen in PTV_Eval between plans as a factor of the seroma volume. RESULTS: Median age was 62 years (51-83). Histology was invasive in 7/10 cases and in situ in 3/10. Median balloon to skin distance was 8.5 mm (3-14). Median balloon volume was 39 cc (30-104). Median seroma volume was 3.34 cc (1.13-13.71). For every 1 cc of accumulated seroma the percentage of PTV_Eval coverage by the 90% isodose line (V90) was found to decrease by 2.45% (P < .0001; confidence interval [CI], 1.87-3.03) and coverage by the 100% isodose line (V100) was decreased by 1.11% (P < .0001; CI, 0.81-1.41). Fifty percent (5/10) of previously acceptable plans with seroma not accounted for failed to meet the V90 ≥90% requirement after subtracting the seroma. CONCLUSIONS: Accumulation of seroma was associated with a considerable negative impact on PTV_Eval dosimetry with a greater impact on V90 compared with the V100. Clinicians must be careful in detecting and accounting for such accumulation in treatment plans to prevent underdosing of the at risk target breast tissue.

Delay of adjuvant chemotherapy after elective mastectomy and immediate reconstruction in breast-conservation candidates: a matched-pair analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze factors that influence the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients who are candidates for breast-conservation therapy (BCT) but elect mastectomy with immediate reconstruction (M-IR). METHODS: We identified 35 consecutively treated patients with stage I or II breast cancer between 2004 and 2009 who underwent M-IR and adjuvant chemotherapy from the University of Louisville Cancer Registry. We matched these patients for age and AJCC stage to 35 controls who underwent BCT and adjuvant chemotherapy. We examined the timing and delay of initiation of chemotherapy using univariate logistic regression and McNemar test for matched pairs. RESULTS: For the 70 patients evaluated, the median age was 46 years (range, 30 to 65 y), and the distribution for stage I, IIA, and IIB was 22.9%, 65.7%, and 11.4%, respectively. The 2 groups were well balanced in terms of race, rural/urban status, smoking, diabetes, insurance coverage, and histology. For BCT and M-IR, the median time to chemotherapy initiation was 38 days (range, 25 to 103 d) and 55 days (range, 30 to 165 d), respectively. Patients undergoing M-IR were more likely to experience any delay (>45 d; 54.3% vs. 22.9%; P<0.001) and/or significant delay (>90 d; 20.0% vs. 2.9%; P<0.001). On univariate logistic regression analysis, surgery type had a major impact on delay of chemotherapy (odds ratio=8.35; 95% confidence interval, 2.86-24.4; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of M-IR in breast-conservation candidates independently predicts for delay in initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. Further study is needed to qualify the causes and clinical significance of these delays.

Increasing use of elective mastectomy and contralateral prophylactic surgery among breast conservation candidates: a 14-year report from a comprehensive cancer center.

BACKGROUND: First-line surgical options for early-stage breast cancer include breast-conserving surgery (BCS) or mastectomy. We analyzed factors that influence the receipt of mastectomy and resultant trends over time. METHODS: We analyzed the rates of mastectomy and BCS for 1634 women who underwent upfront surgical treatment for AJCC stage 0, I, or II breast cancer between 1995 and 2008 using data from the University of Louisville James Graham Brown Cancer Center Tumor Registry. We examined the trend of treatment over time and assessed the probability of receiving mastectomy using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 65.9% of women received BCS, and 34.1% received mastectomy over a 14-year period (annual BCS rate range, 38.6% to 77.7%). The mastectomy rate substantially decreased from 43.5% in 1995 to 22.5% in 2004 (P = 0.0007) but then increased to 51.7% in 2008 (P < 0.0001). During the years between 2004 and 2008 (vs. 1995 to 2003), there was a significant increase in the rates of mastectomy performed in conjunction with immediate reconstruction (IR: 35.7% vs. 8.4%; P < 0.0001) and/or contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM: 22.9% vs. 3.3%; P < 0.0001). On the basis of the multivariate analysis, the rate of receiving mastectomy was drastically higher for patients treated since 2004 (vs. before 2004), uninsured and government-insured (vs. privately insured) patients, patients with pT2 disease (vs. pTis or pT1), patients with pN1 disease (vs. pNX or pN0). CONCLUSIONS: In this longitudinal registry study, major independent determinants of mastectomy for early-stage breast cancer include year of diagnosis, insurance status, and stage. Mastectomy rates declined until 2004, but have since increased in conjunction with immediate reconstruction and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy. Additional study is needed to identify the underlying reasons for and unintended consequences of the reemergence of radical surgery for early-stage breast cancer in the era of multidisciplinary care.

A phase 2 trial of once-weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation: first report of acute toxicity, feasibility, and patient satisfaction.

PURPOSE: To report on early results of a single-institution phase 2 trial of a 5-fraction, once-weekly radiation therapy regimen for patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery (BCS). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients who underwent BCS for American Joint Committee on Cancer stage 0, I, or II breast cancer with negative surgical margins were eligible to receive whole breast radiation therapy to a dose of 30 Gy in 5 weekly fractions of 6 Gy with or without an additional boost. Elective nodal irradiation was not permitted. There were no restrictions on breast size or the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy for otherwise eligible patients. Patients were assessed at baseline, treatment completion, and at first posttreatment follow-up to assess acute toxicity (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) and quality of life (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-BR23). RESULTS: Between January and September 2011, 42 eligible patients underwent weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation immediately following BCS (69.0%) or at the conclusion of cytotoxic chemotherapy (31.0%). The rates of grade ≥2 radiation-induced dermatitis, pain, fatigue, and breast edema were 19.0%, 11.9%, 9.5%, and 2.4%, respectively. Only 1 grade 3 toxicity-pain requiring a course of narcotic analgesics-was observed. One patient developed a superficial cellulitis (grade 2), which resolved with the use of oral antibiotics. Patient-reported moderate-to-major breast symptoms (pain, swelling, and skin problems), all decreased from baseline through 1 month, whereas breast sensitivity remained stable over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The tolerance of weekly hypofractionated breast irradiation compares well with recent reports of daily hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation schedules. The regimen appears feasible and cost-effective. Additional follow-up with continued accrual is needed to assess late toxicity, cosmesis, and disease-specific outcomes.

Patterns of care with regard to surgical choice and application of adjuvant radiation therapy for preinvasive and early stage breast cancer in rural Appalachia.

BACKGROUND: Many disparities exist in treatment of early stage breast cancer. Our objective was to conduct a cross-sectional registry analysis of women with early stage breast cancer in Appalachian Kentucky to identify factors affecting surgical choice [breast conserving surgery (BCS) vs mastectomy] and appropriate use of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT). METHODS: Database collection was done through the Kentucky Cancer Registry. Inclusion criteria included female breast cancer patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2007. Patients were diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ or American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I or II disease. Database search was limited to Appalachian residents. Statistical analyses were carried out to identify variables affecting surgical choice, receipt of RT, and survival. RESULTS: Analysis evaluated 5,541 Appalachian patients. The distribution of surgery favored BCS (54.1%) over mastectomy (45.9%). On multivariate analysis, the most significant factors for mastectomy were advanced stage [odds ratio (OR) 2.571, P<0.0001], rural location (OR 2.075, P<0.0001), and insurance status (OR 1.546, P<0.0001). Of patients choosing BCS, 56.2% received adjuvant RT. On multivariate analysis age >70 years (OR 2.506, P<0.0001), rural location (OR 2.416, P<0.0001), and lack of insurance (OR 1.651, P=0.0168) were the strongest predictors for not receiving adjuvant RT. CONCLUSIONS: Mastectomy rate remains higher and the rate of RT after BCS is lower in Appalachian women compared with other contemporary studies of women with ductal carcinoma in situ and early stage breast cancer.

One decade later: trends and disparities in the application of post-mastectomy radiotherapy since the release of the American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines.

PURPOSE: In 2001 ASCO published practice guidelines for post mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT). We analyzed factors that influence the receipt of radiotherapy therapy and trends over time. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We analyzed 8889 women who underwent mastectomy as primary surgical treatment for stage II or III breast cancer between 1995 and 2008 using data from the Kentucky Cancer Registry. We categorized patients according to ASCO group: group 1, PMRT not routinely recommended (T2, N0); group 2, PMRT controversial/evidence insufficient (T1-2, N1); group 3, PMRT recommended or suggested (T3-4 or N2-3). Probability of receiving PMRT was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 24.0% of women received PMRT over the study period. The rates of PMRT for group 1, 2, and 3 were 7.5%, 19.5%, and 47.3%, respectively. Since 2001, there was an increase in the use of PMRT (from 21.1%-26.5%, P<.0001), which occurred mainly among group 3 members (from 40.8%-51.2%, P<.0001). The average rate remained constant in group 1 (from 7.1%-7.4%, P=.266) and decreased in group 2 (from 20.0%-18.1%, P<.0001). On multivariate analysis, the rate of PMRT was significantly lower for women aged >70 years (vs. younger), rural Appalachia (vs. non-Appalachia) populations, and Medicaid (vs. privately insured) patients. CONCLUSIONS: ASCO guidelines have influenced practice in an underserved state; however PMRT remains underused, even for highest-risk patients. Barriers exist for elderly, rural and poor patients, which independently predict for lack of adequate care. Updated guidelines are needed to clarify the use of PMRT for patients with T1-2, N1 disease.