Internal iliac artery ligation as a damage control method in hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures: A systematic review of the literature.

PURPOSE: Internal iliac artery ligation (IIAL) has been used as a damage control procedure to treat hemodynamically unstable pelvic fracture for many years. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness and safety of this hemostatic method. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature review to assess the efficacy and safety of IIAL for pelvic fracture hemostasis. METHODS: Three major databases, PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar, were searched to screen eligible original studies published in English journals. Two reviewers independently read the titles, abstracts, and full texts of all literature. Articles were included if they reported the use and effects of IIAL. RESULTS: A total of 171 articles were initially identified, with 22 fully meeting the inclusion criteria. Among the analyzed cases, up to 66.7% of patients had associated abdominal and pelvic organ injuries, with the urethra being the most frequently injured organ, followed by the bowel. The outcomes of IIAL for achieving hemostasis in pelvic fractures were found to be satisfactory, with an effective rate of 80%. Hemorrhagic shock was the leading cause of death, followed by craniocerebral injury. Notably, no reports of ischemic complications involving the pelvic organs due to IIAL were found. CONCLUSION: IIAL has a good effect in treating hemodynamically unstable pelvic fracture without the risk of pelvic organ ischemia. This procedure should be considered a priority for hemodynamically unstable pelvic fracture patients with abdominal organ injuries.

The Chinese consensus for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures 2021 (C-STTRF 2021).

Rib fracture is the most common injury in chest trauma. Most of patients with rib fractures were treated conservatively, but up to 50% of patients, especially those with combined injury such as flail chest, presented chronic pain or chest wall deformities, and more than 30% had long-term disabilities, unable to retain a full-time job. In the past two decades, surgery for rib fractures has achieving good outcomes. However, in clinic, there are still some problems including inconsistency in surgical indications and quality control in medical services. Before the year of 2018, there were 3 guidelines on the management of regional traumatic rib fractures were published at home and abroad, focusing on the guidance of the overall treatment decisions and plans; another clinical guideline about the surgical treatment of rib fractures lacks recent related progress in surgical treatment of rib fractures. The Chinese Society of Traumatology, Chinese Medical Association, and the Chinese College of Trauma Surgeons, Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized experts from cardiothoracic surgery, trauma surgery, acute care surgery, orthopedics and other disciplines to participate together, following the principle of evidence-based medicine and in line with the scientific nature and practicality, formulated the Chinese consensus for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures (STTRF 2021). This expert consensus put forward some clear, applicable, and graded recommendations from seven aspects: preoperative imaging evaluation, surgical indications, timing of surgery, surgical methods, rib fracture sites for surgical fixation, internal fixation method and material selection, treatment of combined injuries in rib fractures, in order to provide guidance and reference for surgical treatment of traumatic rib fractures.

Emergency Surgery for Blunt Cardiac Injury: Experience in 43 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Blunt cardiac injury (BCI) increases with traffic accidents and is an important cause of death in trauma patients. In particular, for patients who need surgical treatment, the mortality rate is extremely high unless the patient is promptly operated on. This study aimed to explore early recognition and expeditious surgical intervention to increase survival. METHODS: All patients with BCIs during the past 15 years were reviewed, and those who underwent operative treatment were analyzed retrospectively regarding the mechanism of injury, diagnostic and therapeutic methods, and outcome. RESULTS: A total of 348 patients with BCIs accounted for 18.3% of 1903 patients with blunt thoracic injury (BTI). Of 348 patients, 43 underwent operative treatment. The main cause of injury was traffic accidents, with an incidence of 48.8%. Of them, steering wheel injuries occurred in 15 patients. In 26 patients, a preoperative diagnosis was obtained by echocardiography, CT scanning, etc. In the remaining 17, who had to undergo urgent thoracotomy without any preoperative imaging, a definitive diagnosis of BCI was proven during the operation. The volume of preoperative infusion or crystalloid was <1000 ml in 31 cases. Preoperative pericardiocentesis was not used in anyone. In 12 patients, the operation commenced within 1 h. Overall mortality was 32.6%. The death was caused by BCI in 9. CONCLUSIONS: Facing a patient with BTI, a high index of suspicion for BCI must be maintained. To manage those requiring operations, early recognition and expeditious thoracotomy are essential. Preoperatively, limited fluid resuscitation is emphasized. We do not advocate preoperative pericardiocentesis.

China Medical Team: Medical rescue for "4.25" Nepal earthquake.

In recent years, global natural disasters have been frequent and resulted in great casualties and property loss. Since Wenchuan earthquake, the disaster emergency rescue system of China has obtained considerable development in various aspects including team construction, task scheduling, personnel training, facilities and equipments, logistics, etc. On April 25, 2015, an earthquake that measured 8.1 on the Richter scale attacked Nepal. Chinese government firstly organized a medical team, named China Medical Team, and sent it to the attacked region in Nepal to implement medical rescue. The medical team completed the rescue mission successfully and creatively based on their experiences.

Genetic variants of microRNA sequences and susceptibility to sepsis in patients with major blunt trauma.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic survey of common precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and evaluate their clinical relevance in patients with major blunt trauma. BACKGROUND: Recent evidence indicates that small noncoding RNA molecules known as miRNAs can function as important negative gene regulators and are implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. METHODS: We conducted a 2-stage study to examine the impact of 9 selected SNPs with potential functional significance on the susceptibility to sepsis of 1268 trauma patients (1 screening cohort, n = 666) and 2 independent validated cohorts (n = 286 and n = 316, respectively) in China. RESULTS: Among the 9 selected SNPs with potential functional significance, only 1 (miR-608 rs4919510) was found to be strongly associated with a higher risk of developing sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction in all 3 independent study cohorts. An even stronger association was observed for the rs4919510 polymorphism when combining these 3 study cohorts together. In addition, the rs4919510 polymorphism showed a significant correlation with a higher production of proinflammatory cytokines and a lower production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro experiments further indicated that the G→C variant of this polymorphism could significantly increase the expression of mature miR-608. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that the rs4919510G/C SNP in hsa-mir-608 may be a prognostic biomarker for sepsis in patients with major trauma. Further characterization of miRNA SNPs may open new avenues for studying sepsis and developing novel therapeutic approaches.

Plasma levels of high mobility group box 1 increase in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder after severe blunt chest trauma: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a key late mediator of systemic inflammation, is a potentially useful biomarker for predicting outcome in patients with severe blunt chest trauma. The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between plasma levels of HMGB1 and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with severe blunt chest trauma. METHODS: All patients with severe blunt chest trauma (abbreviated injury score ≥3) who were admitted to traumatic surgery department and ultimately survived to follow-up at 6 mo were eligible for the study. HMGB1 was sampled every other day from day 1-day 7 after admission, and plasma concentrations of HMGB1 were measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Multivariate regression analysis was used to define the independent contribution of possible risk factors selected by univariate analysis. RESULTS: PTSD was identified in 43 patients including acute PTSD (n = 21), chronic PTSD (n = 18), and delayed-onset PTSD (n = 4) after 6-mo follow-up, in whom significant higher plasma levels of HMGB1 on days three, five, and seven after blunt chest trauma were noted compared with those seen in patients without PTSD (n = 10). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that transfusion, injury severity score, and HMGB1 levels at day 7 were the valuable risk factors for PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: In blunt chest trauma, plasma HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in patients with PTSD compared with patients with non-PTSD. Our data indicate that patients with high plasma levels of HMGB1 may be more prone to develop PTSD including acute and chronic PTSD.

Identification of haplotype tag single nucleotide polymorphisms within the nuclear factor-κB family genes and their clinical relevance in patients with major trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family plays an important role in the development of sepsis in critically ill patients. Although several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the NF-κB family genes, only a few SNPs have been studied. METHODS: A total of 753 patients with major blunt trauma were included in this study. Tag SNPs (tSNPs) were selected from the NF-κB family genes (NFKB1, NFKB2, RELA, RELB and REL) through construction of haplotype blocks. The SNPs selected from genes within the canonical NF-κB pathway (including NFKB1, RELA and REL), which played a critical role in innate immune responses were genotyped using pyrosequencing method and analyzed in relation to the risk of development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) syndrome. Moreover, the rs842647 polymorphism was analyzed in relation to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production by peripheral blood leukocytes in response to bacterial lipoprotein stimulation. RESULTS: Eight SNPs (rs28362491, rs3774932, rs4648068, rs7119750, rs4803789, rs12609547, rs1560725 and rs842647) were selected from the NF-κB family genes. All of them were shown to be high-frequency SNPs in this study cohort. Four SNPs (rs28362491, rs4648068, rs7119750 and rs842647) within the canonical NF-κB pathway were genotyped, and rs842647 was associated with sepsis morbidity rate and MOD scores. An association was also observed between the rs842647 A allele and lower TNF-α production. CONCLUSIONS: rs842647 polymorphism might be used as relevant risk estimate for the development of sepsis and MOD syndrome in patients with major trauma.

Multi-slice computed tomography for diagnosis of combined thoracoabdominal injury.

PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic value of multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) for combined thoracoabdominal injury. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data and MSCT images of 68 patients who sustained a combined thoracoabdominal injury associated with diaphragm rupture, and 18 patients without diaphragm rupture. All the patients were admitted and treated in the Chongqing Emergency Medical Center (a level I trauma center) between July 2005 and February 2014. There were 71 males and 15 females with a mean age of 39.1 years (range 13e88 years). Among the 86 patients, 40 patients suffered a penetrating injury, 46 suffered a blunt injury as a result of road traffic accident in 21 cases, fall from a height in 16, and crushing injury in 9. The MSCT images were retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists. The results of CT diagnosis were compared with surgical findings and/or follow-up results. RESULTS: Among the 86 cases, diaphragm discontinuity was found in 29 cases, segmental nonrecognition of the diaphragm in 14, diaphragmatic hernia in 21, collar sign in 14, dependent viscera sign in 18, elevated abdominal organs in 21, bowel wall thickening and/or hematoma in 6, and pneumoperitoneum in 8. CT diagnostic accuracy for diaphragm rupture was 88.4% in the right side and 90.7% in the left side. CT diagnostic accuracy for hemopneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, mediastinal hemorrhage, kidney and adrenal gland injuries was 100%, while for liver, spleen and pancreas injuries was 96.5%, 96.5%, 94.2% respectively. CONCLUSION: To reach an early diagnosis of combined thoracoabdominal injury, surgeons and radiologists should be familiar with all kinds of images which might show signs of diaphragm rupture, such as diaphragm discontinuity, segmental nonrecognition of the diaphragm, dangling diaphragm sign, diaphragm herniation, collar sign, dependent viscera sign, and elevated abdominal organs.

Mobile emergency (surgical) hospital: Development and application in medical relief of "4.20" Lushan earthquake in Sichuan Province, China.

In the 21st century, natural disasters and emergencies occur frequently worldwide, which leads to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives as well as the direct and indirect economic losses. China has a vast territory frequently struck by natural disasters. However, the reality is not optimistic. Poor organization and management during the rescue actions, the lack of large-scale, systematic medical rescue equipment were all great barriers to the outcomes. Mobile hospitals are expected to provide better health care. We were inspired by the concept of mobile hospital. Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, has set up trauma care system since 1988, in which prehospital care, intensive care, and in-hospital treatment is fully integrated. As a major advantage, such a system provided assurance of "golden hour" rescue treatment. Providing mobile intensive care and prehospital surgical service for severe trauma patients could reduce mortality significantly. Based on the civilian experiences in Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, the mobile emergency (surgical) hospital was developed.

Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture with combined thoracoabdominal injuries: Difference between penetrating and blunt injuries.

PURPOSE: Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR) needs early diagnosis and operation. However, the early diagnosis is usually difficult, especially in the patients without diaphragmatic hernia. The objective of this study was to explore the early diagnosis and treatment of TDR. METHODS: Data of 256 patients with TDR treated in our department between 1994 and 2013 were analyzed retrospectively regarding to the diagnostic methods, percentage of preoperative judgment, incidence of diaphragmatic hernia, surgical procedures and outcome, etc. Two groups were set up according to the mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating). RESULTS: Of 256 patients with a mean age of 32.4 years (9-84), 218 were male. The average ISS was 26.9 (13-66); and shock rate was 62.9%. There were 104 blunt injuries and 152 penetrating injuries. Preoperatively diagnostic rate was 90.4% in blunt injuries and 80.3% in penetrating, respectively, P < 0.05. The incidence of diaphragmatic hernia was 94.2% in blunt and 15.1% in penetrating respectively, P < 0.005. Thoracotomy was performed in 62 cases, laparotomy in 153, thoracotomy plus laparotomy in 29, and combined thoraco-laparotomy in 12. Overall mortality rate was 12.5% with the average ISS of 41.8; and it was 21.2% in blunt injuries and 6.6% in penetrating, respectively, P < 0.005. The main causes of death were hemorrhage and sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis of blunt TDR can be easily obtained by radiograph or helical CT scan signs of diaphragmatic hernia. For penetrating TDR without hernia, "offside sign" is helpful as initial assessment. CT scan with coronal/sagittal reconstruction is an accurate technique for diagnosis. All TDR require operation. Penetrating injury has a relatively better prognosis.

Brachiocephalic trunk and left brachiocephalic vein injuries following penetrating right sternoclavicular junction trauma: a case report.

A 46-year-old male sustained severe pe- netrating injury by a sharp instrument to his right upper sternoclavicular junction. The wound tract was from suprasternal notch to mediastinum. Exploratory operation via median sternotomy under general anesthesia found a large mediastinal septum hematoncus, as well as brachiocephalic trunk and left brachiocephalic vein injuries. The perforating vascular wounds were repaired with 5-0 prolene suture. He was recovered uneventfully and discharged 9 days after operation. There was no sequel found during 7 years follow-up.

[Risk factors of mortality in severe chest trauma patients].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of mortality in patients with severe chest trauma (SCT). METHODS: The clinical data of 777 SCT [abbreviated injury scale (AIS) ≥3] patients who were treated in the Chongqing Emergency Medical Center from January 2006 to April 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to explore 15 possible mortality-related risk factors. RESULTS: Seven factors were found to be correlated with the mortality of SCT: age, hemorrhagic shock, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), pulmonary infection, abdominal organ injury, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, and thorax AIS score. Among them five factors were the independent factors that might increase the mortality of SCT: hemorrhagic shock (B=1.710, OR=1.291, P=0.001), MODS (B=3.453, OR=1.028, P<0.001), pulmonary infection (B=2.396, OR=10.941, P<0.001), abdominal organ injury (B=1.542, OR=1.210, P=0.005), and thorax AIS score ≥4 (B=0.487, OR=1.622, P<0.001). Two factors showed protective effects: age ≤60 years (B=-0.035, OR=0.962, P=0.01) and GCS score ≥12 (B=-0.635, OR=0.320, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Age, disease severity, and complications (hemorrhagic shock, MODS, and pulmonary infection) are independent risk factors of the mortality of SCT. Effective treatment programs targeting these risk factors may improve the outcomes of SCT patients.

A functional variant of lipopolysaccharide binding protein predisposes to sepsis and organ dysfunction in patients with major trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the hypothesis that genetic variations of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) gene influence risk for the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) in patients with major trauma. BACKGROUND: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein plays a central role in innate immune response as the first line of defense and directing the microbial-induced activation of the inflammatory host response. Although a total of 112 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified so far within the entire LBP gene, only a few SNPs have been studied. METHODS: Nine haplotype tagging SNPs (htSNPs) were selected from 51 SNPs with a minor allele frequency of ≥5% using the HapMap database for the Chinese Han population. Two independent cohorts of major trauma patients were recruited. The 9 htSNPs were genotyped using pyrosequencing method and analyzed in relation to the risk of development of sepsis and MOD, LBP production, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of peripheral blood leukocytes. Moreover, the functionality of the rs2232618 polymorphism was assessed by the observation of its effects on the binding and activation of LPS and the LBP-CD14 interaction. RESULTS: Among the 9 htSNPs, only the rs2232618 was significantly associated with higher susceptibility to sepsis and MOD in the 2 independent cohorts of major trauma patients recruited from southwest and eastern China. This SNP was also significantly associated with LPS-induced activation of peripheral blood leukocytes. In addition, the rs2232618 polymorphism could enhance LBP protein activities, showing significant increases in LPS binding to macrophages, LPS-induced cellular activation, and LBP-CD14 interaction at the presence of the variant LBP protein. CONCLUSIONS: The rs2232618 polymorphism is a functional SNP and confers host susceptibility to sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction in patients with major trauma.

Identification of haplotype tag single nucleotide polymorphisms within the receptor for advanced glycation end products gene and their clinical relevance in patients with major trauma.

INTRODUCTION: The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been considered as one of the major pattern recognition receptors and plays an important role in the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction in critical illnesses. Although genetic variants of the RAGE gene have been shown to be well associated with susceptibility to some inflammatory diseases, little is known about their clinical relevance in the development of sepsis in critical ill patients. METHODS: Four genetic variants were selected from the entire RAGE gene and genotyped using pyrosequencing and polymerase chain reaction-length polymorphism methods. Association studies were performed in two independent Chinese Han populations. RESULTS: Among the four genetic variants, only the rs1800625 polymorphism was significantly associated with sepsis morbidity rate and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) scores in patients with major trauma both in Chongqing (n = 496) and Zhejiang (n = 232) districts, respectively. Results from ex vivo responsiveness of peripheral blood leukocytes indicated that the rs1800625 polymorphism was well associated with decreased production of TNFα. In addition, the rs1800625 polymorphism could significantly inhibit the promoter activities of the RAGE gene. CONCLUSIONS: The rs1800625 polymorphism is a functional variant, which might be used as a relevant risk estimate for the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with major trauma.

[Prevalence and mortality of severe chest trauma in Three Gorges Area of China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiological features of severe chest trauma (SCT) and investigate the risk factor of its mortality in the Three Gorges Area of China. METHODS: The clinical data of 1834 SCT patients who were admitted in three hospitals in this area from January 1990 to December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Th epidemiological features of SCT were analyzed using a database. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to analyze 15 possible risk factors affecting mortality. RESULTS: The morbidity rates of blunt trauma (68.5% vs. 74.7%,p=0.006) and sharp instrument injury (12.2% vs. 15.9%,p=0.039) showed significant differences before and after 2000. The pre-hospital time [(3.45±2.38)h vs. (2.20±4.39)h,p<0.01] and transfer rate (32.39% vs. 36.80%,p=0.01) significantly improved. The thoracic Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS)(3.56±0.71vs. 3.43±0.58,p<0.01)score and Revised Trauma Score (RTS)(7.14±2.18 vs. 6.93±1.07,p<0.01) significantly increased. Treatment for pulmonary infection (12.63±4.79 vs. 17.16±6.41,p=0.019) and hemorrhagic shock (2.4±0.75 vs. 3.4±1.34,p=0.008 )was significantly improved. The leading cause of death was hypovolemic shock (59.41%). The independent rik factors of death among these SCT patients included: hemorrhagic shock (B=1.710,OR=1.291,p=0.001), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (B=3.453,OR=1.028,p<0.001), pulmonary infection(B=2.396,OR=10.941,p<0.001), abdominal organ injury(B=1.542,OR=1.210,p=0.005), and thorax AIS(B=0.487,OR=1.622,p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SCT shows an increasing trend in the Three Gorges Area in recent years, but with a decreased rate of complications and improved treatment. Age, complications, thorax AIS, and GCS are useful prognostic indicators.

Management and outcome of bronchial trauma due to blunt versus penetrating injuries.

BACKGROUND: The number of patients with bronchial trauma (BT) who survived to hospital admission has increased with the improvement of prehospital care; early diagnosis and treatment should be considered, especially among blunt trauma patients, whose diagnosis is frequently delayed. AIM: To describe the early recognition and surgical management considerations of blunt and penetrating BTs, and to elaborate the differences between them. METHODS: All patients with BTs during the past 15 years were reviewed, and data were retrospectively analyzed regarding the mechanism of injury, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and outcomes. According to the injury mechanisms, the patients were divided into two groups: Blunt BT (BBT) group and penetrating BT (PBT) group. The injury severity, treatment procedures, and prognoses of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients with BT were admitted during the study period. The proportion of BTs among the entire cohort with chest trauma was 2.4% (73/3018), and all 73 underwent thoracotomy. Polytrauma patients accounted for 81.6% in the BBT group and 22.9% in the PBT group, and the mean Injury Severity Score was 38.22 ± 8.13 and 21.33 ± 6.12, respectively. Preoperative three-dimensional spiral computed tomography (CT) and/or fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) were performed in 92.1% of cases in the BBT group (n = 38) and 34.3% in the PBT group (n = 35). In the BBT group, a delay in diagnosis for over 48 h occurred in 55.3% of patients. In the PBT group, 31 patients underwent emergency thoracotomy due to massive hemothorax, and BT was confirmed during the operation. Among them, 22 underwent pulmo-tractotomy for hemostasis, avoiding partial pneumonectomy. In this series, the overall mortality rate was 6.9% (5/73), and it was 7.9% (3/38) and 5.7% (2/35) in the BBT group and PBT group, respectively (P > 0.05). All 68 survivors were followed for 6 to 42 (23 ± 6.4) mo, and CT, FB, and pulmonary function examinations were performed as planned. All patients exhibited normal lung function and healthy conditions except three who required reoperations. CONCLUSION: The difference between blunt and penetrating BTs is obvious. In BBT, patients generally have no vessel injury, and the diagnosis is easily missed, leading to delayed treatment. The main cause of death is ventilation disturbance due to tension pneumothorax early and refractory atelectasis with pneumonia late. However, in PBT, most patients require emergency thoracotomy because of simultaneous vessel trauma and massive hemothorax, and delays in diagnosis are infrequent. The leading cause of death is hemorrhagic shock.

Clinical relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the entire NLRP3 gene in patients with major blunt trauma.

INTRODUCTION: The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family has been recognized as comprising intracellular pattern recognition receptors in which NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) plays an important role in the initiation of host immune inflammatory responses. The genetic variants have been recognized to be critical determinants of interindividual differences in both inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes in critical illness. However, little is known about the clinical relevance of NLRP3 gene polymorphisms in critical illness. METHODS: A total of 718 patients with major blunt trauma were included in this study. Six tag SNPs (tSNPs) were selected from the entire NLRP3 gene through construction of haplotype bins, and they were genotyped using a pyrosequencing method. They were analyzed in relation to sepsis morbidity rate, multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) scores and IL-1ß production. Moreover, the functionality of the rs2027432 polymorphism was assessed by the observation of its effect on transcriptional activities. RESULTS: Among the six tSNPs genotyped in this study, two of them (rs2027432 and rs12048215) were significantly associated with sepsis morbidity rate and MOD scores. A significant association was also observed between these two polymorphisms and IL-1ß production by peripheral leukocytes in response to ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation. However, no combined effects were found between these two polymorphisms. In addition, the rs2027432 polymorphism could significantly enhance the promoter activities of the NLRP3 gene. CONCLUSIONS: rs2027432 and rs12048215 polymorphisms might be used as relevant risk estimates for the development of sepsis and MOD syndrome in patients with major trauma, in which rs2027432 might be a functional SNP.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha gene polymorphism is associated with the outcome of trauma patients in Chinese Han population.

BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a major role in the sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction secondary to major trauma. The purpose of this article was to research the clinical relevance of the TNF gene polymorphism in patients with major trauma. METHODS: Three hundred six patients with major trauma were prospectively recruited. The TNF gene polymorphisms were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Plasma TNF-α levels were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sepsis morbidity rate and multiple organ dysfunction scores were accessed. RESULTS: The TNF-α/-308 polymorphism was shown to be well associated with increased capacity of peripheral leukocytes to produce TNF-α in response to ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation in trauma patients at admission. Results from association study indicated that trauma patients carrying the TNF-α/-308/A allele were more likely complicated with sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The TNF-α/-308 polymorphism might be used as a biomarker for the assessment of outcome of trauma patients, but the TNF-ß/252 gene polymorphism might not influence the development of complications in patients with major trauma.

Association of interleukin 4 -589T/C polymorphism with T(H)1 and T(H)2 bias and sepsis in Chinese major trauma patients.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin (IL)-4 is a pleiotropic cytokine, severed as an important component of the adaptive immune system, and implicated in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Data from other studies show that the -589T/C polymorphism in IL-4 promoter may alter IL-4 expression and susceptibility of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Whether this genetic variation is associated with sepsis susceptibility is unknown. The aim of this study was to search for the association of IL-4 -589T/C with the susceptibility to sepsis. METHODS: The polymorphism was genotyped among 308 severe trauma patients using restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction. The IL-4 and interferon-γ levels in the supernatants were determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The IL-4/-589C allele was shown to be significantly associated with higher plasma IL-4 and lower interferon-γ production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation, indicating its effect on regulating T helper T(H)1/T(H)2 balance. Moreover, homozygosity and heterozygosity for the -589C were associated with an increased susceptibility of sepsis (p = 0.009; OR, 1.69; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.51). There was no relationship between the IL-4 -589T/C and multiple organ dysfunction scores in severe trauma patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the IL-4 -589T/C polymorphism might affect T(H)1/T(H)2 balance and predispose trauma patients to susceptibility sepsis.

[Association between the polymorphisms of cluster of differentiation 14 gene promoters and the susceptibility of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome after severe chest trauma].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polymorphisms of cluster of differentiation 14(CD14)gene promoters and explore whether such polymorphisms are associated with the susceptibility to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome(MODS) in Chongqing population. METHODS: The single nucleotide polymorphisms of the promoter region of CD14 gene at position -1145 and -159 were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in 106 patients with severe chest trauma, among whom 47 were with MODS. RESULTS: Trauma patients carrying G allele tended to have a higher risk of MODS than those carrying A allele at position-1145, the MODS scores in trauma patients carrying G allele were significantly higher than those carrying A allele (P=0.217 for dominant effect and P=0.037 for recessive effect), and the MODS scores in trauma patients carrying T allele were significantly higher than those carrying C allele at position -159 (P=0.048 for dominant effect and P=0.198 for recessive effect). The genotypes of CD14 gene at positions -1145 and -159 were significantly correlated with the MODS scores (P=0.043,P=0.046). Compare with single-point mutation, simultaneous two-point mutation had significantly higher risk of MODS (Pü0.01), while the difference of MODS scores showed no statistical significance (P=0.239). CONCLUSION: The polymorphisms of CD14 gene promoters are associated with MODS after severe chest trauma in Chongqing population.