Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon.

The Asian-Australian monsoon is an important component of the Earth's climate system that influences the societal and economic activity of roughly half the world's population. The past strength of the rain-bearing East Asian summer monsoon can be reconstructed with archives such as cave deposits, but the winter monsoon has no such signature in the hydrological cycle and has thus proved difficult to reconstruct. Here we present high-resolution records of the magnetic properties and the titanium content of the sediments of Lake Huguang Maar in coastal southeast China over the past 16,000 years, which we use as proxies for the strength of the winter monsoon winds. We find evidence for stronger winter monsoon winds before the Bølling-Allerød warming, during the Younger Dryas episode and during the middle and late Holocene, when cave stalagmites suggest weaker summer monsoons. We conclude that this anticorrelation is best explained by migrations in the intertropical convergence zone. Similar migrations of the intertropical convergence zone have been observed in Central America for the period ad 700 to 900 (refs 4-6), suggesting global climatic changes at that time. From the coincidence in timing, we suggest that these migrations in the tropical rain belt could have contributed to the declines of both the Tang dynasty in China and the Classic Maya in Central America.

Combined major and trace element LA-ICP-MS analysis of compositional variations in simple solid solutions through cross correlation with an EPMA-characterized working standard.

Determining correlated major and trace element zoning profiles is an important goal in modern microanalysis and is critical to some geospeedometric applications. We show that a precise determination of relative variations in major element compositions of simple solid solutions is possible by LA-ICPMS, and that low accuracy (analytical bias) can be corrected for through cross correlation with electron problem microanalyzer (EPMA)-characterized working standards. Further, the relative uncertainties on binary or quasibinary solid solution endmember proportions are always lower than the relative uncertainties on the ratio of the principle substituting elements by at least a factor of 2. In calcic plagioclase, for example, the relative uncertainty on X(An) is a factor of (1-X(An)) smaller than the relative uncertainty on Ca/Na. Using a well-characterized, concentrically zoned bytownite crystal as an example, we compare reproducibilities of FE-EPMA and W-EPMA analyses with 2 µm beam diameter and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with 16 µm beam diameter. While the accuracy of LA-ICP-MS analyses is low (analytical bias), the precision of LA-ICP-MS analyses is slightly higher than that of FE-EPMA data and comparable to that of the W-EPMA data. EPMA-corrected LA-ICP-MS data can thus be used to characterize major oxide compositional variations and potential covariations with trace elements within individual crystals.

Dust dispersal and Pb enrichment at the rare-metal Orlovka-Spokoinoe mining and ore processing site: insights from REE patterns and elemental ratios.

Different geological, technogenic and environmental samples from the Orlovka-Spokoinoe Ta-Nb-Sn-W mining site and ore processing complex in Eastern Transbaikalia (Russia), were analysed for Pb, Y, Zr, Hf and rare earth elements (REE) to assess the effect of dust and metal dispersal on the environment within the Orlovka-Spokoinoe mining site. Potential source material analysed included ore-bearing and barren granites, host rocks, tailing pond sediments, and ore concentrates. Lichens and birch leaves were used as receptor samples. The REE enrichment relative to chondrite, the extent of the Eu anomalies, the enrichments of heavy REE (HREE), and Zr/Hf and Yb/Y ratios suggest that tailings, barren granites, and metasedimentary host rocks are the main sources of dust in the studied mining environment. In addition, calculated lead enrichment (relative to host rocks) suggests that the environment is polluted with Pb. Our results clearly demonstrate the potential of REE patterns and elemental ratios as a reliable technique to trace dust and metals sources and dispersal within a confined mining area offering a new tool for environmental assessment studies.

Evidence for last interglacial chronology and environmental change from Southern Europe.

Establishing phase relationships between earth-system components during periods of rapid global change is vital to understanding the underlying processes. It requires records of each component with independent and accurate chronologies. Until now, no continental record extending from the present to the penultimate glacial had such a chronology to our knowledge. Here, we present such a record from the annually laminated sediments of Lago Grande di Monticchio, southern Italy. Using this record we determine the duration (17.70 +/- 0.20 ka) and age of onset (127.20 +/- 1.60 ka B.P.) of the last interglacial, as reflected by terrestrial ecosystems. This record also reveals that the transitions at the beginning and end of the interglacial spanned only approximately 100 and 150 years, respectively. Comparison with records of other earth-system components reveals complex leads and lags. During the penultimate deglaciation phase relationships are similar to those during the most recent deglaciation, peaks in Antarctic warming and atmospheric methane both leading Northern Hemisphere terrestrial warming. It is notable, however, that there is no evidence at Monticchio of a Younger Dryas-like oscillation during the penultimate deglaciation. Warming into the first major interstadial event after the last interglacial is characterized by markedly different phase relationships to those of the deglaciations, warming at Monticchio coinciding with Antarctic warming and leading the atmospheric methane increase. Diachroneity is seen at the end of the interglacial; several global proxies indicate progressive cooling after approximately 115 ka B.P., whereas the main terrestrial response in the Mediterranean region is abrupt and occurs at 109.50 +/- 1.40 ka B.P.