Anal Cancers in Previously Screened Versus Unscreened Patients: Tumor Stage and Treatment Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Targeted screening programs for patients at high risk for anal squamous-cell carcinoma have been proposed; however, the evidence in support of screening remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine whether screening high-risk patients (predominantly those living with HIV) detected squamous-cell carcinoma at an earlier stage compared to the routine practice of not screening. DESIGN: This is a cohort study. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a quaternary care center in Canada. PATIENTS: Included patients were at least 18 years old with a pathologic diagnosis of invasive anal squamous-cell carcinoma between 2002 and 2022. INTERVENTIONS: Patients diagnosed through a high-risk screening program were compared to those who did not undergo screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was clinical stage at presentation, categorized as T1N0M0 vs other. Secondary outcomes included treatments received, treatment failure, and overall survival. RESULTS: A total of 612 patients with anal squamous-cell carcinoma were included, with 26 of those patients diagnosed through a screening program. Patients with screen-detected cancers had greater odds of presenting with T1N0M0 tumors compared to unscreened patients (18 [69.2%] vs 84 [14.3%]; adjusted OR 9.95; 95% CI, 3.95-25.08). A propensity score-matched sensitivity analysis found similar results (OR 11.13; 95% CI, 4.67-26.52). Screened patients had greater odds of treatment with wide local excision alone, as opposed to any combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery (3 [12.5%] vs 18 [3.2%]; OR 4.38; 95% CI, 1.20-16.04). There were no statistically significant differences in treatment failure or overall survival between groups. LIMITATIONS: The small number of screened patients limits the power of the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Screening for anal squamous-cell carcinoma among high-risk populations detects cancers at an earlier stage. Patients with screen-detected cancers also had a greater likelihood of being candidates for wide local excision alone, which may have spared them the morbidity associated with chemoradiotherapy or abdominoperineal resection. See Video Abstract. CNCERES DE ANO EN PACIENTES PREVIAMENTE DETECTADOS POR CRIBADO VERSUS NO DETECTADOS ESTADIO DEL TUMOR Y RESULTADOS DEL TRATAMIENTO: ANTECEDENTES:Se han propuesto programas de cribado dirigidos a pacientes con alto riesgo de carcinoma anal de células escamosas; sin embargo, la evidencia a favor de la detección sigue sin estar clara.OBJETIVO:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si el cribado de pacientes de alto riesgo (predominantemente aquellos que viven con el VIH) detectó el carcinoma de células escamosas en una etapa más temprana en comparación con la práctica habitual de no cribado.DISEÑO:Este es un estudio de cohortes.CONFIGURACIÓN:Este estudio se realizó en un centro de atención cuaternaria en Canadá.PACIENTES:Los pacientes incluidos tenían al menos 18 años con un diagnóstico patológico de carcinoma de células escamosas anal invasivo entre 2002 y 2022.INTERVENCIONES:Los pacientes diagnosticados mediante un programa de cribado de alto riesgo se compararon con aquellos que no se sometieron a cribado.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:El resultado primario fue el estadio clínico en la presentación, categorizado como T1N0M0 versus otro. Los resultados secundarios incluyeron los tratamientos recibidos, el fracaso del tratamiento y la supervivencia general.RESULTADOS:Se incluyeron un total de 612 pacientes con carcinoma anal de células escamosas, con 26 de esos pacientes diagnosticados a través de un programa de cribado. Los pacientes con cánceres detectados mediante cribado tenían mayores probabilidades de presentar tumores T1N0M0 en comparación con los pacientes no cribados (18 [69.2%] frente a 84 [14.3%]; razón de probabilidad ajustada 9.95; intervalo de confianza del 95 % 3.95 -25.08). Un análisis de sensibilidad emparejado por puntaje de propensión encontró resultados similares (odds ratio 11.13; intervalo de confianza del 95% 4.67 -26.52; p < 0.001). Los pacientes examinados tenían mayores probabilidades de recibir tratamiento con escisión local amplia sola, en comparación con cualquier combinación de quimioterapia, radiación y cirugía (3 [12.5%] frente a 18 [3.2%]; razón de probabilidad 4.38; intervalo de confianza del 95 % 1.20 -16.04). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el fracaso del tratamiento o la supervivencia global entre los grupos.LIMITACIONES:El pequeño número de pacientes evaluados limita el poder del análisis.CONCLUSIONES:La detección del carcinoma anal de células escamosas entre las poblaciones de alto riesgo detecta los cánceres en una etapa más temprana. Los pacientes con cánceres detectados mediante cribado también tenían una mayor probabilidad de ser candidatos para una escisión local amplia sola, lo que puede haberles evitado la morbilidad asociada con la quimiorradioterapia o la resección abdominoperineal. (Traducción --Dr. Aurian Garcia Gonzalez ).

Impact of Definitive Chemoradiation on Quality-of-Life Changes for Patients With Anal Cancer: Long-term Results of a Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Maintaining and improving quality of life (QOL) are important goals of anal cancer management. This disease is generally curable, with many long-term survivors. OBJECTIVE: Long-term QOL after chemoradiation for patients with anal cancer was evaluated. DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study. SETTINGS: This study used data from a prospective study of patients with anal cancer who were treated with chemoradiation between 2008 and 2013. PATIENTS: Patients with anal cancer who were treated with image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy were included. INTERVENTIONS: English-speaking patients completed European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer cancer-specific (C30) and site-specific (CR29) QOL questionnaires at baseline, at end of radiation, at 3 and 6 months, and then annually. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Long-term QOL was evaluated clinically (a change in score of ≥10 points was considered clinically significant) and statistically (using repeated-measurement analysis) by comparing the subscale scores at 1, 2, and 3 years with baseline scores. Subanalysis compared patients who received a radiation dose of 45 to 54 Gy versus 63 Gy. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients were included (median follow-up of 56.5 months). The symptom and functional scales showed a clinically significant decline at the end of treatment with improvement by 3 months after treatment. There was a long-term statistically significant decline in dyspnea, body image, bowel embarrassment, fecal incontinence, and hair loss, and there was long-term statistically and clinically significant worsening of impotence. Higher radiation dose (63 Gy) was not associated with significantly worse QOL. LIMITATIONS: Limitations included single-institution, single-arm study design, and lack of dose reconstruction (ie, analyses were based on prescribed, rather than delivered, dose). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with anal cancer treated with chemoradiation reported recovery of overall QOL to baseline levels. Specific symptoms remained bothersome, emphasizing the need to address and manage the chemoradiation-induced symptoms, during treatment and in the long term. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B905. IMPACTO DE LA QUIMIORRADIACIN DEFINITIVA EN CAMBIOS EN LA CALIDAD DE VIDA DE LOS PACIENTES CON CNCER ANAL RESULTADOS A LARGO PLAZO DE UN ESTUDIO PROSPECTIVE: ANTECEDENTES:Mantener y mejorar la calidad de vida son objetivos importantes del tratamiento del cáncer anal, ya que esta enfermedad generalmente es curable, con muchos sobrevivientes a largo plazo.OBJETIVO:Se evaluó la calidad de vida a largo plazo después de la quimiorradiación en pacientes con cáncer anal.DISEÑO:Este fue un estudio de cohorte prospectivo.ENTORNO CLINICO:Utilizamos datos de un estudio prospectivo en pacientes con cáncer anal tratados con quimiorradiación entre 2008-2013.PACIENTES:Los pacientes con cáncer anal fueron tratados con radioterapia de intensidad modulada guiada por imágenes.INTERVENCIONES:Los pacientes de habla inglesa completaron los cuestionarios de calidad de vida específicos de cáncer (C30) y específicos del sitio (CR29) de la Organización Europea para la Investigación y el Tratamiento del Cáncer al inicio, al final de la radiación, 3 y 6 meses, y luego anualmente.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADOS:Se evaluó a largo plazo la calidad de vida clínicamente (un cambio en la puntuación de ≥10 puntos se consideraron clínicamente significativo) y estadísticamente (usando análisis de medición repetida) comparando las subescalas de puntuación al 1, 2, y 3 años. Con puntuaciones de referencia. El subanálisis comparó pacientes que recibieron 45-54 Gy versus 63 Gy.RESULTADOS:Se incluyeron un total de 96 pacientes (mediana de seguimiento: 56,5 meses). La mayoría de las escalas funcionales y de síntomas mostraron una disminución clínicamente significativa al final del tratamiento con una mejoría a los 3 meses posteriores al tratamiento. Hubo una disminución estadísticamente significativa a largo plazo en disnea, imagen corporal, vergüenza intestinal, incontinencia fecal y pérdida de cabello; y hubo un empeoramiento a largo plazo estadística y clínicamente significativo en impotencia. La dosis de radiación más alta (63 Gy) no se asoció con una calidad de vida significativamente peor.LIMITACIONES:Institución única, diseño de estudio de un solo brazo y falta de recomposición de la dosis (es decir, los análisis se basan en la dosis prescrita, en lugar de la administrada).CONCLUSIÓNES:Los pacientes con cáncer anal tratados con quimiorradiación reportaron una recuperación de la QOL en general a los niveles de base. Síntomas específicos siguieron siendo molestos, lo que enfatiza la necesidad de resolver y tartar los síntomas inducidos por la quimiorradiación no solo durante el tratamiento, sino a largo plazo. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B905. (Traducción- Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon).

Anal Adenocarcinoma: A Rare Entity in Need of Multidisciplinary Management.

BACKGROUND: Anal adenocarcinoma is a rare clinical entity for which the optimal management is not defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the multidisciplinary management and outcomes of patients with anal adenocarcinoma. DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study. SETTING: This study was conducted at a quaternary cancer center. PATIENTS: Men and women with anal adenocarcinoma treated between 1995 and 2016 were selected. INTERVENTIONS: Fifty-two patients were treated with either chemoradiotherapy or trimodality therapy including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Local failure, regional failure, and distant metastasis rates were estimated using the cumulative incidence method. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate progression-free survival and overall survival. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the clinical predictors of outcome. RESULTS: There was a higher 5-year rate of local failure in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy compared with trimodality therapy (53% vs 10%; p < 0.01). The 5-year incidence of distant metastases was 29% (trimodality therapy) versus 30% (chemoradiotherapy; p = 0.9); adjuvant chemotherapy did not reduce the incidence of distant metastases (p = 0.8). Five-year overall survival was 73% (trimodality therapy) versus 49.4% (chemoradiotherapy; p = 0.1). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with worse overall survival were treatment with chemoradiotherapy, cT3-4 category disease, and node-positive disease. LIMITATIONS: This study is limited by its small sample size and retrospective nature. CONCLUSIONS: Although treatment may continue to be tailored to individual patients, better outcomes with a trimodality therapy approach were observed. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B708.ADENOCARCINOMA ANAL: UNA ENTIDAD POCO FRECUENTE EN NECESIDAD DE UN MANEJO MULTIDISCIPLINARIO. ANTECEDENTES: El adenocarcinoma anal es una entidad clínica poco frecuente por lo que aún no se define el manejo óptimo. OBJETIVO: Describir el manejo multidisciplinario y los resultados de los pacientes con adenocarcinoma anal. DISEO: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. ENTORNO CLINICO: Centro de cáncer cuaternario. PACIENTES: Hombres y mujeres con adenocarcinoma anal tratados entre 1995 y 2016. INTERVENCIONES: Cincuenta y dos pacientes fueron tratados con quimiorradioterapia o terapia trimodal que incluyó: radioterapia, quimioterapia y resección quirúrgica. PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION: Se estimaron las tasas de falla local, falla regional y metástasis a distancia mediante el método de incidencia acumulada. Se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier para estimar la supervivencia libre de progresión y la supervivencia global. Los riesgos proporcionales de multivariable Cox se utilizaron para evaluar los predictores clínicos de los resultados. RESULTADOS: Hubo una mayor tasa de falla local a cinco años en pacientes tratados con quimiorradioterapia en comparación con terapia trimodal (53% vs 10%; p < 0,01). La incidencia a cinco años de metástasis a distancia fue del 29% (terapia trimodal) versus 30% (quimiorradioterapia) (p = 0,9); la quimioterapia adyuvante no redujo la incidencia de metástasis a distancia (p = 0,8). La supervivencia global a cinco años fue del 73% (terapia trimodal) versus 49,4% (quimiorradioterapia); p = 0,1. En el análisis multivariable, los factores asociados con una peor supervivencia general fueron el tratamiento con quimiorradioterapia, enfermedad de categoría cT3-4 y enfermedad con ganglios positivos. LIMITACIONES: Este estudio está limitado por su pequeño tamaño de muestra y su naturaleza retrospectiva. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque el tratamiento puede seguir adaptándose a pacientes individuales, se observaron mejores resultados con un enfoque TTM. Conslute Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B708. (Traducción- Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon).

Intraoperative fluorescence imaging with aminolevulinic acid detects grossly occult breast cancer: a phase II randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Re-excision due to positive margins following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) negatively affects patient outcomes and healthcare costs. The inability to visualize margin involvement is a significant challenge in BCS. 5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA HCl), a non-fluorescent oral prodrug, causes intracellular accumulation of fluorescent porphyrins in cancer cells. This single-center Phase II randomized controlled trial evaluated the safety, feasibility, and diagnostic accuracy of a prototype handheld fluorescence imaging device plus 5-ALA for intraoperative visualization of invasive breast carcinomas during BCS. METHODS: Fifty-four patients were enrolled and randomized to receive no 5-ALA or oral 5-ALA HCl (15 or 30 mg/kg). Forty-five patients (n = 15/group) were included in the analysis. Fluorescence imaging of the excised surgical specimen was performed, and biopsies were collected from within and outside the clinically demarcated tumor border of the gross specimen for blinded histopathology. RESULTS: In the absence of 5-ALA, tissue autofluorescence imaging lacked tumor-specific fluorescent contrast. Both 5-ALA doses caused bright red tumor fluorescence, with improved visualization of tumor contrasted against normal tissue autofluorescence. In the 15 mg/kg 5-ALA group, the positive predictive value (PPV) for detecting breast cancer inside and outside the grossly demarcated tumor border was 100.0% and 55.6%, respectively. In the 30 mg/kg 5-ALA group, the PPV was 100.0% and 50.0% inside and outside the demarcated tumor border, respectively. No adverse events were observed, and clinical feasibility of this imaging device-5-ALA combination approach was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first known clinical report of visualization of 5-ALA-induced fluorescence in invasive breast carcinoma using a real-time handheld intraoperative fluorescence imaging device. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01837225 . Registered 23 April 2013.

A meta-analysis of anal cancer incidence by risk group: Toward a unified anal cancer risk scale.

Certain population groups are known to have higher than average anal cancer risk, namely persons living with HIV (PLHIV), men who have sex with men (MSM), women diagnosed with human papillomavirus (HPV)-related gynecological precancerous lesions or cancer, solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) and patients with autoimmune diseases. Our aim was to provide robust and comparable estimates of anal cancer burden across these groups. Summary incidence rates (IRs), as cases per 100 000 person-years (py), were calculated by fixed-effects meta-analysis. IRs were 85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 82-89) for HIV-positive MSM (n = 7 studies; 2 229 234 py), 32 (95% CI = 30-35) for non-MSM male PLHIV (n = 5; 1626 448 py) and 22 (95% CI = 19-24) for female PLHIV (n = 6; 1 472 123 py), with strong variation by age (eg, from 16.8 < 30 years to 107.5 ≥ 60 years for HIV-positive MSM). IR was 19 (95% CI = 10-36) in HIV-negative MSM (n = 2; 48 135 py). Anal cancer IRs were much higher after diagnosis of vulvar (IR = 48 [95% CI = 38-61]; n = 4; 145 147 py) than cervical (9 [95% CI = 8-12]; n = 4; 779 098 py) or vaginal (IR = 10 [95% CI = 3-30]; n = 4; 32 671) cancer, with equivalent disparity after respective precancerous lesions. IR was 13 (95% CI = 12-15) in SOTRs (n = 5; 1 946 206 py), reaching 24.5 and 49.6 for males and females >10 years after transplant. Anal cancer IRs were 10 (95% CI = 5-19), 6 (95% CI = 3-11) and 3 (95% CI = 2-4) for systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. In conclusion, a unifying anal cancer risk scale, based upon comprehensive meta-analysis, can improve prioritization and standardization in anal cancer prevention/research initiatives, which are in their public health infancy.

Metastatic aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma in a 20-year-old woman: A rare case report with review of the literature and discussion of its genomic features.

Aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma is an uncommon variant of cutaneous fibrous histiocytomas with a local recurrence rate of 19%. We present a case of aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma in a 20-year-old female with a regional lymph node metastasis and subsequent satellite nodule. The patient initially presented with a 1-month history of two palpable nodules in left lower anterior shoulder and left axilla. Needle core biopsies from both lesions revealed an atypical spindle cell neoplasm with a differential diagnosis of aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma and angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma. The axillary dissection confirmed a metastatic deposit in 1 out of 22 lymph nodes. At 6 months a satellite nodule arose between the resection scar and the axilla histopathologically demonstrating a cellular spindle cell nodule at the dermis subcutaneous junction with large, blood-filled pseudovascular spaces lined by histiocytes. The periphery of the lesion showed collagen trapping without a lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. The lesional cells were diffusely positive for CD10 and focally for CD68 and Illumina RNA fusion panel sequencing was negative. Herein we present this case of metastatic aneurysmal fibrous histiocytoma with review of the literature and discussion of biology, cytogenetic alterations, and differential diagnosis.

Physician assistants reduce resident workload and improve care in an academic surgical setting.

OBJECTIVES: Educational demands coupled with restricted hours reduce residents' availability to provide care at academic hospitals. Physician assistants (PAs) may address this issue. This study assessed the effect of PAs on patient discharges, resident workload, and resident perceptions of PAs on a surgical team. METHODS: Two PAs were employed on teams caring for complex surgical patients. Measures included time of discharge order entry, hours residents spent on the electronic medical record (EMR), and resident opinions of PA effectiveness. RESULTS: The teams with PAs had a 0.5% late discharge and 16% early discharge rate. Junior residents with a PA on the team spent fewer hours on the EMR. Residents reported PAs significantly improved their rotation and quality care. CONCLUSIONS: PAs reduce resident workload and improve care on surgical teams in a tertiary hospital.

Geographic Variation Immediate and Delayed Breast Reconstruction Utilization in Ontario, Canada and Plastic Surgeon Availability: A Population-Based Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Utilization of breast reconstruction (BR) is low in many jurisdictions. We studied the geographical and surgical workforce factors that contribute to access and use of BR using a small area analysis approach with a geographical unit of analysis. METHODS: We linked administrative data from Ontario Canada to calculate the age-standardized rates for immediate BR (IBR) (same time as mastectomy) between 2002 and 2011, and delayed BR (DBR) (within 3 years of mastectomy) for each county. The influence of plastic surgeon access on variation in county rates of BR was examined using Poisson random effects models. RESULTS: 12,663 women underwent mastectomy in Ontario; 2,948 had BR within 3 years (23.3%). Over 50% of the counties had no access to any plastic surgeon. County IBR rates ranged from 0 to 21.5%; plastic surgeon access explained 46% of geographic variation (p<0.0001). IBR rates in counties with very low, low, and moderate access to plastic surgeons were significantly less than counties with high access (relative rate [RR] 0.48 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.35-0.66], RR 0.61 [CI 0.43-0.87] and RR 0.70 [CI 0.52-0.96], respectively) after adjusting for age and county socioeconomic characteristics. For DBR, while there was less geographic variation, very low access counties demonstrated reduced rates (RR 0.60 [CI 0.47-0.76]). INTERPRETATION: Geographic access to a plastic surgeon is a major determinant of BR. Targeted interventions for regions without high access to plastic surgeons may improve overall rates and reduce geographic disparities in care, particularly for IBR.

A handheld device for intra-cavity and ex vivo fluorescence imaging of breast conserving surgery margins with 5-aminolevulinic acid.

BACKGROUND: Visualization of cancer during breast conserving surgery (BCS) remains challenging; the BCS reoperation rate is reported to be 20-70% of patients. An urgent clinical need exists for real-time intraoperative visualization of breast carcinomas during BCS. We previously demonstrated the ability of a prototype imaging device to identify breast carcinoma in excised surgical specimens following 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) administration. However, this prototype device was not designed to image the surgical cavity for remaining carcinoma after the excised lumpectomy specimen is removed. A new handheld fluorescence (FL) imaging prototype device, designed to image both excised specimens and within the surgical cavity, was assessed in a clinical trial to evaluate its clinical utility for first-in-human, real-time intraoperative imaging during index BCS. RESULTS: The imaging device combines consumer-grade imaging sensory technology with miniature light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and multiband optical filtering to capture high-resolution white light (WL) and FL digital images and videos. The technology allows for visualization of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which fluoresces red when excited by violet-blue light. To date, n = 17 patients have received 20 mg kg bodyweight (BW) 5-ALA orally 2-4 h before imaging to facilitate the accumulation of PpIX within tumour cells. Tissue types were identified based on their colour appearance. Breast tumours in sectioned lumpectomies appeared red, which contrasted against the green connective tissues and orange-brown adipose tissues. In addition, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) that was missed during intraoperative standard of care was identified at the surgical margin at <1 mm depth. In addition, artifacts due to the surgical drape, illumination, and blood within the surgical cavity were discovered. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated the detection of a grossly occult positive margin intraoperatively. Artifacts from imaging within the surgical cavity have been identified, and potential mitigations have been proposed. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01837225 (Trial start date is September 2010. It was registered to ClinicalTrials.gov retrospectively on April 23, 2013, then later updated on April 9, 2020, to reflect the introduction of the new imaging device.).

Prevention of persistent pain with lidocaine infusions in breast cancer surgery (PLAN): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Persistent pain is a common yet debilitating complication after breast cancer surgery. Given the pervasive effects of this pain disorder on the patient and healthcare system, post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is becoming a larger population health problem, especially as the prognosis and survivorship of breast cancer increases. Interventions that prevent persistent pain after breast surgery are needed to improve the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. An intraoperative intravenous lidocaine infusion has emerged as a potential intervention to decrease the incidence of PMPS. We aim to determine the definitive effects of this intervention in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. METHODS: PLAN will be a multicenter, parallel-group, blinded, 1:1 randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 1,602 patients undergoing breast cancer surgery. Adult patients scheduled for a lumpectomy or mastectomy will be randomized to receive an intravenous 2% lidocaine bolus of 1.5 mg/kg with induction of anesthesia, followed by a 2.0 mg/kg/h infusion until the end of surgery, or placebo solution (normal saline) at the same volume. The primary outcome will be the incidence of persistent pain at 3 months. Secondary outcomes include the incidence of pain and opioid consumption at 1 h, 1-3 days, and 12 months after surgery, as well as emotional, physical, and functional parameters, and cost-effectiveness. DISCUSSION: This trial aims to provide definitive evidence on an intervention that could potentially prevent persistent pain after breast cancer surgery. If this trial is successful, lidocaine infusion would be integrated as standard of care in breast cancer management. This inexpensive, widely available, and easily administered intervention has the potential to reduce pain and suffering in an already afflicted patient population, decrease the substantial costs of chronic pain management, potentially decrease opioid use, and improve the quality of life in patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This trial has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04874038, Dr. James Khan. Date of registration: May 5, 2021).

Lymph node assessment in melanoma.

The surgical management of lymph nodes continues to be important in melanoma since effective systemic therapies are not available. Controversy exists around the significance of the early detection and management of microscopically positive lymph nodes detected by sentinel lymph node biopsy and this is the subject of current surgical clinical trials. Complete lymphadenectomy is recommended for lymph node metastases. The importance of proper surgical technique is discussed.

Mammary ductoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of pathologic nipple discharge: a Canadian experience.

BACKGROUND: Mammary ductoscopy allows direct visualization of ductal epithelium using a fibreoptic microendoscope. As the first centre in Canada to apply ductoscopy to surgical practice, we report our experience with this technology. METHODS: Between 2004 and 2008, 65 women with pathologic nipple discharge underwent ductoscopy before surgical duct excision under general anesthetic. Prospective data collection included cannulation and complication rates, procedure length and lesion visualization rate compared with preoperative ductography, if performed. In addition, we classified the endoscopic appearance according to Makita and colleagues and correlated it with surgical pathology. RESULTS: It took longer than 6 months to overcome technical problems before the routine use of ductoscopy in the operating room. The ductoscope was easy to use: we achieved cannulation in 63 of 66 breast ducts (95%) and we visualized a lesion in 52 of 63 breast ducts (83%). The mean procedure length was 5.1 minutes, with no complications. Lesions seen on ductography were seen endoscopically 30 of 33 (91%) times. All 3 malignancies were seen: invasive carcinoma in 1 of 62 (1.6%) and in situ disease in 2 of 62 (3.2%) patients. Surgeons found ductoscopy helpful in defining the extent of duct excision. Except for the "polypoid solitary" class, which accurately predicted a papilloma (23/23), we found poor correlation between Makita and colleague's endoscopic classification and final pathology. CONCLUSION: Ductoscopy is feasible, safe and practical. Our surgeons routinely use it to identify the location and extent of duct excision without ordering preoperative ductography. Identifying pathology based on the endoscopic appearance is unreliable unless the lesion is solitary and polypoid.

Management of malignant bowel obstruction.

Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a common and distressing outcome particularly in patients with bowel or gynaecological cancer. Radiological imaging, particularly with CT, is critical in determining the cause of obstruction and possible therapeutic interventions. Although surgery should be the primary treatment for selected patients with MBO, it should not be undertaken routinely in patients known to have poor prognostic criteria for surgical intervention such as intra-abdominal carcinomatosis, poor performance status and massive ascites. A number of treatment options are now available for patients unfit for surgery. Nasogastric drainage should generally only be a temporary measure. Self-expanding metallic stents are an option in malignant obstruction of the gastric outlet, proximal small bowel and colon. Medical measures such as analgesics according to the W.H.O. guidelines provide adequate pain relief. Vomiting may be controlled using anti-secretory drugs or/and anti-emetics. Somatostatin analogues (e.g. octreotide) reduce gastrointestinal secretions very rapidly and have a particularly important role in patients with high obstruction if hyoscine butylbromide fails. A collaborative approach by surgeons and the oncologist and/or palliative care physician as well as an honest discourse between physicians and patients can offer an individualised and appropriate symptom management plan.

Surgical approaches to malignant bowel obstruction.

The management of patients with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) can be one of the most challenging aspects of advanced cancer care, and as a result, their symptoms are often palliated poorly, especially near the end of life. The term MBO encompasses a heterogeneous clinical syndrome,defined as obstructive symptoms due to the presence of intra-abdominal neoplastic disease. Radiological imaging, particularly with computed tomography, is critical in determining the cause of obstruction and possible therapeutic interventions. Options include laparotomy with or without a stoma, decompression with a stent, or aggressive medical therapy. Surgical decision-making involves the selection of the intervention most likely to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life for a particular patient at that particular point along his or her disease course. Although MBO is a relatively common dilemma encountered in clinical practice, there are no simple treatment guidelines or algorithms to follow. Instead, each patient must be assessed individually to devise a treatment plan that best balances the advantages and disadvantages of the intervention, considering the patient's prognosis, tumor biology, and-most importantly-his or her goals of care, as determined through an honest discourse between physician and patient. This review outlines a surgical framework for clinicians managing patients with MBO.

The role of gender in patient preference for breast surgical care - a comment on equality.

Gender preference among patients seeking medical care is an issue that is not well understood. It warrants exploration, particularly for patients undergoing sensitive physical exams. In a recent IJHPR article, Groutz et al. reported a survey study that explored patient preferences in selecting a breast surgeon. They found that a third of patients preferred a female surgeon for their breast examination. However, surgical ability was the primary factor in selecting a surgeon for their breast surgery. This commentary discusses these findings in the context of patient-centered care and issues of gender equality in medical education.Gender equality is considered an important societal movement in achieving human rights for everyone based on their ability, rather than their gender and opportunity. This commentary argues that the goal of gender equality is why women should be encouraged to enter surgical professions, recognizing that patient preferences will be shaped by societal norms. Gender preferences for the performance of sensitive physical examinations by some patients are likely multifactorial and they warrant more exploration to deliver ideal patient centered care.

Palliative care and active disease management are synergistic in modern surgical oncology.

Palliative care has long been described in medical literature but only recently is being discussed in the surgical domain. Mounting evidence suggests that early integration of palliative care improves patient outcomes and this is especially true of oncology patients. Thus, the pendulum is swinging toward recognizing that palliative care and active disease management are not mutually exclusive but rather synergistic in modern surgical oncology. Here we use a patient vignette to demonstrate the new challenges and possibilities in modern surgical oncology, we then discuss the historic perspective of palliative care and describe how the paradigm is shifting. Finally, we introduce a model that may be beneficial in conceptualizing this new way of thinking about and integrating palliative care into surgical oncology.

The ongoing challenge of large anal cancers: prospective long term outcomes of intensity-modulated radiation therapy with concurrent chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: Patterns of failure and long term outcomes were prospectively evaluated following tumor factors-stratified radiation dose for anal/perianal cancer. METHODS: Between 2008-2013, patients with anal/perianal squamous cell carcinoma were accrued to an institutional REB-approved prospective study. All patients were treated with image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT). Radiation dose selection (27-36 Gy for elective target, and 45-63 Gy for gross target) was based on tumor clinico-pathologic features. Chemotherapy regimen was 5-fluorouracil/mitomycin-C (weeks 1&5). Local [LF], regional failure [RF], distant metastasis [DM], overall- [OS], disease-free [DFS], colostomy-free survival [CFS] and late toxicity were analyzed. RESULTS: Overall, 101 patients were evaluated; median follow-up: 56.5 months; 49.5% male; 34.7% T3/4-category, and 35.6% N+. Median radiation dose was 63 Gy. The most common acute grade ≥3 toxicities were skin (41.6%) and hematological (30.7%). Five-year OS, DFS, CFS, LF, RF, DM rates were 83.4%, 75.7%, 74.7, 13.9%, 4.6% and 5% respectively. Five-year LF for patients with T1-2 and T3-4 disease were 0% and 39.2% respectively. All LF (n = 14, after 63 Gy, in tumors ≥5 cm) were in the high dose volume except one marginal to the high dose volume. All RF (n = 4) were within elective dose volume except one within the high dose volume. On multivariable analysis, T3/4-category predicted for poor DFS, CFS and OS. The overall late grade ≥3 toxicity was 36.2% (mainly anal [20%]). CONCLUSIONS: Individualized radiation dose selection using IG-IMRT resulted in good long term outcomes. However, central failures remain a problem for locally advanced tumors even with high dose radiation (63 Gy/7weeks).

Mapping genomic and transcriptomic alterations spatially in epithelial cells adjacent to human breast carcinoma.

Almost all genomic studies of breast cancer have focused on well-established tumours because it is technically challenging to study the earliest mutational events occurring in human breast epithelial cells. To address this we created a unique dataset of epithelial samples ductoscopically obtained from ducts leading to breast carcinomas and matched samples from ducts on the opposite side of the nipple. Here, we demonstrate that perturbations in mRNA abundance, with increasing proximity to tumour, cannot be explained by copy number aberrations. Rather, we find a possibility of field cancerization surrounding the primary tumour by constructing a classifier that evaluates where epithelial samples were obtained relative to a tumour (cross-validated micro-averaged AUC = 0.74). We implement a spectral co-clustering algorithm to define biclusters. Relating to over-represented bicluster pathways, we further validate two genes with tissue microarrays and in vitro experiments. We highlight evidence suggesting that bicluster perturbation occurs early in tumour development.

Should research be part of advance care planning?

Advance care planning is a process to help people to formulate and communicate their preferences regarding future care during critical illness. Reviews of the advance care planning process in its current form have been disappointing. Improvements in care at the end of life and palliative care are necessary for the provision of modern medical care. Medical research has led to many improvements at the physiological and technological levels. It is only by applying the same rigour of scientific study and research ethics that improvements in the advance care planning process can be made.

Management of local recurrence of breast cancer.

This article reviews the management of isolated recurrences after primary treatment of breast cancer. These recurrences may occur within the breast after breast-conserving surgery, on the chest wall after mastectomy, or in the axilla. While often a marker of concurrent or future metastatic disease, local management with curative intent is advocated if the recurrence is isolated at presentation. Systemic therapy at this time (readjuvant) may well have benefit and should be more thoroughly investigated. Changes in breast cancer management, including sentinel lymph node biopsy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and partial breast irradiation, may change the implications and management of isolated local breast, chest wall and axillary recurrences.