Childbearing in adolescence: intergenerational dejà-vu? Evidence from a Brazilian birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy in adolescence tends to repeat over generations. This event has been little studied in middle and low-income societies undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition. To assess this association it is important to adjust for socioeconomic conditions at different points in lifetime. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the independent effect of adolescent childbearing in a generation on its recurrence in the subsequent generation, after adjusting for socioeconomic status at different points in life. METHODS: The study was conducted on a prospective cohort of singleton liveborn females from the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, evaluated in 1978/79, and their daughters assessed in 2002/04. A total of 1059 mother-daughter pairs were evaluated. The women who had their first childbirth before 20 years of age were considered to be adolescent mothers. The risk of childbearing in adolescence for the daughter was modeled as a function of the occurrence of teenage childbearing in her mother, after adjustment for socio-demographic variables in a Poisson regression model. RESULTS: The rate of childbearing during adolescence was 31.4% in 1978/79 and 17.1% in 2002/04. Among the daughters of the 1st generation adolescent mothers, this rate was 26.7%, as opposed to 12.7% among the daughters of non adolescent mothers. After adjustments the risk of adolescent childbearing for the 2nd generation was 35% higher for women whose mothers had been pregnant during adolescence - RR = 1.35 (95% CI 1.04-1.74). CONCLUSION: Adolescent childbearing in the 1st generation was a predictor of adolescent childbearing in the 2nd, regardless of socioeconomic factors determined at different points in lifetime.

Knowledge about human papillomavirus transmission and prevention among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess physicians' knowledge about human papillomavirus infection and its prevention. METHODS: Descriptive web-based survey with 15 objective questions targeted to physicians affiliated with the Regional Council of Medicine from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Participants were invited by e-mail and the Council social networks, between January and December 2019. RESULTS: The study sample had 623 participants, with a median age of 45 years, predominantly women (63%). The most frequent specialties were Obstetrics and Gynecology (21.1%), Pediatrics (11.2%), and Internists (10.5%). Concerning human papillomavirus knowledge, 27.9% of the participants were able to identify accurately all possible forms of transmission, and none of them could recognize all the risk factors of infection. Nevertheless, 95% recognized that asymptomatic infection could occur in both sexes. Regarding knowledge about clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and screening, only 46.5% were able to identify all human papillomavirus-related cancers, 42.6% were aware of the periodicity of Pap smears, and 39.4% indicated that serological test was not adequate for diagnosis. The recommended age group for human papillomavirus vaccination was recognized by 94% of the participants, as well as the need for a Pap smear and the use of condoms, even after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: There is good knowledge about prevention and screening for human papillomavirus infections; many gaps were identified regarding transmission, risk factors, and associated diseases among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state.

Prevalência de noctúria e fatores associados em mulheres atendidas em dois ambulatórios de uroginecologia no estado do Rio de Janeiro: um estudo transversal / Prevalence of nocturia and associated factors in women attending two urogynecology outpatient clinics in the state of Rio de Janeiro: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a prevalência e fatores relacionados à noctúria em mulheres que apresentam sintomas do trato urinário inferior. Métodos Inquérito observacional transversal, individuado, de base hospitalar, envolvendo mulheres atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em ambulatórios de uroginecologia em Niterói e Petrópolis, RJ, Brasil. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e hábitos de vida. Foram considerados dois desfechos de noctúria: uma ou mais micções e duas ou mais micções, o segundo devido ao maior impacto na qualidade de vida. As associações entre as variáveis investigadas e os desfechos foram avaliadas por modelo de regressão logística, e obtidas razões de chances brutas e ajustadas. Resultados Foram incluídas 132 participantes. A prevalência de noctúria foi 71,2% e, de duas ou mais micções, 56,8%. Houve associação de menor escolaridade (OR: 0,260 [0,106;0,637], p=0,003), incontinência urinária mista (OR: 2,533 [1,103;5,817], p=0,028) e três ou mais comorbidades (OR: 3,105 [1,340;7,196], p=0,008) com maior chance de noctúria. Menor escolaridade (OR: 0,324 [0,148;0,709], p=0,005), menor consumo de cafeína (OR: 0,995 [0,990;1,000], p=0,041) e síndrome da bexiga hiperativa (OR: 2,761 [1,189;6,409], p=0,018) mostraram-se associadas a uma maior chance de duas ou mais micções. Conclusões Na população atendida em serviços especializados, a prevalência de noctúria foi semelhante à da população em geral e à de serviços semelhantes, mas a prevalência de duas ou mais micções foi superior. Mostrou-se importante a busca ativa de noctúria em mulheres com comorbidades, em especial três ou mais, e a adequada compensação das mesmas no manejo do sintoma.

Abstract Objective To identify the prevalence and factors related to nocturia in women presenting lower urinary tract symptoms. Methods Observational cross-sectional survey, individualized, hospital-based, involving women attended by the Unified Health System in urogynecology outpatient clinics in Niterói and Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil. Sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data were collected. Two outcomes of nocturia were considered: one or more nocturnal voids and two or more nocturnal voids, the latter due to its greater impact on quality of life. Associations between the investigated variables and the outcomes were assessed by logistic regression models, and crude and adjusted odds ratios were obtained. Results A total of 132 participants were included. The prevalence of nocturia was 71.2%, and of two or more voids, 56.8%. Lower education level OR 0,260 (0,106; 0,637), mixed urinary incontinence OR 2,533 (1,103; 5,817), and three or more comorbidities OR 3,105 (1,340; 7,196) were associated with a higher chance of nocturia. Lower education level OR 0,324 (0,148; 0,709), lower caffeine consumption OR 0,995 (0,990; 1,000), and overactive bladder syndrome OR 2,761 (1,189; 6,409) were associated with a higher chance of two or more voids. Conclusions In the population attending specialized services, the prevalence of nocturia was similar to that of the general population and to that of similar services, but the prevalence of two or more voids was higher. Active screening for nocturia in women with comorbidities, especially three or more, and their adequate management, proved to be important in addressing the symptom.

Knowledge about human papillomavirus transmission and prevention among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess physicians' knowledge about human papillomavirus infection and its prevention. METHODS: Descriptive web-based survey with 15 objective questions targeted to physicians affiliated with the Regional Council of Medicine from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Participants were invited by e-mail and the Council social networks, between January and December 2019. RESULTS: The study sample had 623 participants, with a median age of 45 years, predominantly women (63%). The most frequent specialties were Obstetrics and Gynecology (21.1%), Pediatrics (11.2%), and Internists (10.5%). Concerning human papillomavirus knowledge, 27.9% of the participants were able to identify accurately all possible forms of transmission, and none of them could recognize all the risk factors of infection. Nevertheless, 95% recognized that asymptomatic infection could occur in both sexes. Regarding knowledge about clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and screening, only 46.5% were able to identify all human papillomavirus-related cancers, 42.6% were aware of the periodicity of Pap smears, and 39.4% indicated that serological test was not adequate for diagnosis. The recommended age group for human papillomavirus vaccination was recognized by 94% of the participants, as well as the need for a Pap smear and the use of condoms, even after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: There is good knowledge about prevention and screening for human papillomavirus infections; many gaps were identified regarding transmission, risk factors, and associated diseases among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state.

[Effect of the type of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of patients in the public healthcare system in Southeastern Brazil]. / Impacto do tipo de incontinência urinária sobre a qualidade de vida de usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Sudeste do Brasil.

PURPOSE: To identify the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on quality of life (QoL), to compare the scores of QoL domains in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), overactive bladder (OAB) and mixed incontinence (MUI) and to establish the association between the clinical type of UI and the impact on QoL. METHODS: Data of 181 incontinent women attended at a public hospital were collected regarding age, body mass index (BMI) and co-morbidities. King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) was applied and patients were classified into two groups according to the self-assessment of incontinence impact. KHQ scores were compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Depending on their urinary symptoms, women were divided into SUI, OAB and MUI groups and their scores in the KHQ domains were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. The odds ratio (OR) of a woman reporting a worse effect of UI on QoL was estimated using the binary logistic model. The control variables were: age, BMI and number of co-morbidities. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between the two groups of self-assessment of UI impact for all KHQ domains. The MUI group showed worse scores than the SUI group for all domains, and OAB group, for limitation of physical and daily activities. There was a significant difference between the odds of the women in the SUI and MUI groups reporting worse effects of UI on QoL (OR=2.9; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: As reported at other reference services, MUI was the most commom type, and urinary loss had a moderate/major impact on QoL, affecting mainly role limitations domain. The adjusted analysis showed that women with MUI had almost three times greater odds of reporting worse impact on QoL than women with SUI.

Urinary tract infection and indwelling urinary catheters: prospective study in gynecological surgery with antibiotic prophylaxis.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections, and the use of indwelling urinary catheters is a predisposing factor for their development. The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of pre and postoperative bacteriuria, identify the microorganisms involved, count the colony-forming units, determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile and compare the results from pre and postoperative urinalyses among women undergoing gynecological surgery with implantation of a urinary catheter. DESIGN AND SETTING: Non-controlled prospective observational single-cohort epidemiological study carried out at a university hospital. METHODS: Urine samples were collected before and 24 hours after catheterization for urinalysis, culturing and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Pre and postoperative urinalyses were compared using Wilcoxon and McNemar non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Fifty-one women participated in the study. Escherichia coligrew in six preoperative samples (11.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae in one (1.9%), but bacterial growth did not occur in any postoperative sample. Urinalysis showed lower number of pus cells in the postoperative urine samples (P < 0.05). There were no differences in red blood cell counts or in the nitrite and leukocyte esterase tests, between the samples. CONCLUSION: Bacteriuria was found in 13.7% of the preoperative samples. Gram-negative bacteria sensitive to most antibiotics were identified. In the postoperative samples, no bacterial growth was observed. Urinalysis only showed significant reduction of leukocyturia in the postoperative period.

Qualidade de vida em pacientes com incontinência urinária diagnosticada por estudo urodinâmico / Quality of life in patients with urinary incontinence diagnosed using urodynamics

Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto da incontinência urinária feminina sobre a qualidade de vida (QV), levando em consideração o resultado do estudo urodinâmico. A incontinência urinária é queixa frequente em mulheres, afetando negativamente a QV. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, retrospectivo, em banco de dados contendo informações sociodemográficas, clínicas e do estudo urodinâmico e os escores de QV da versão brasileira do King's Health Questionnaire de pacientes atendidas em hospital universitário. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença no impacto dos diferentes diagnósticos urodinâmicos, inclusive exames normais, sobre os domínios percepção geral de saúde e impacto da incontinência. Conclusão: Comparada com a incontinência de esforço e exames normais, a incontinência mista mostrou piores escores nos domínios limitações físicas e limitações das atividades diárias. Já a hiperatividade do detrusor esteve associada a piores escores de limitações das atividades diárias e sono, comparada com a incontinência de esforço, e de limitações físicas, comparada com exames normais.(AU)

Objective: This study aimed to assess the impact of female urinary incontinence on quality of life, according to urodynamic diagnosis. Urinary incontinence is a frequent complaint among women and affects the quality of life negatively. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study using a database containing sociodemographic and clinical information, the results from urodynamics and the scores of the Brazilian version of the King's Health Questionnaire of patients attended at a university hospital was performed. Results: There was no difference in the impact of urodynamics diagnosis, including normal exams, in the scores of the general health perception and incontinence impact domains. Conclusion: When compared to normal exams and urinary stress incontinence, mixed incontinence showed lower scores in the role limitations and physical limitations domains. Detrusor overactivity was associated with lower scores in the sleep and role limitations domains, in comparison with urinary stress incontinence, and in the physical limitation domain, compared to normal exams.(AU)

Incontinência dupla: fatores associados e impacto sobre a qualidade de vida em mulheres atendidas em serviço de referência / Double incontinence: associated factors and impact on the quality of life of women attended at a health referral service

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em uma população feminina com incontinência urinária, a prevalência de incontinência dupla, seus fatores associados e seu impacto sobre a qualidade de vida. MÉTIDO: Estudo transversal em mulheres com incontinência urinária ou dupla (incontinência urinária e fecal) atendidas em um hospital terciário do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram colhidas informações sociodemográficas e clínicas, e a qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio de questionários validados. A associação entre as variáveis e os tipos de disfunção (incontinência urinária e dupla) e com a pior percepção geral de saúde foi determinada pelos testes de Mann-Whitney, qui-quadrado e Fisher. RESULTADOS: A amostra do estudo foi composta por 227 mulheres, das quais 120 (52,9%) eram idosas. A prevalência de incontinência dupla foi de 14,1%, e os fatores a ela associados foram maior número de comorbidades (p-valor=0,04), polifarmácia (p-valor=0,04) e presença de retocele (p-valor=0,02). Mostraram associação com pior percepção geral de saúde o IMC (quanto maior, pior; p-valor=0,02) e maior número de comorbidades (p-valor=0,05), mas não a incontinência dupla (p-valor=0,36). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de incontinência dupla foi diferente da encontrada em estudos realizados em cenários semelhantes. A população estudada apresenta baixos escores de percepção geral de saúde, mas a incontinência dupla não esteve associada a tais escores. A presença de múltiplas comorbidades está associada tanto à presença de incontinência dupla quanto à pior percepção geral de saúde. AU

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, associated factors, and impact on quality of life of double incontinence in a group of women with urinary incontinence. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed, including female patients with urinary or double incontinence (urinary and fecal incontinence) treated at a tertiary hospital from the public healthcare system. Information about sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was collected, and quality of life was assessed using validated questionnaires. The Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Fisher tests were used to evaluate the association between the variables and the types of dysfunction (urinary or double incontinence) and a worse general health perception. RESULTS: Of 227 incontinent women included in the study, 120 (52,9%) were older individuals. The prevalence of double incontinence was 14.1% (32 patients). Double incontinence was associated with a higher number of comorbidities (p-value=0.04), polypharmacy (p-value=0.04), and rectocele (p-valor=0.02). Higher BMI (p-value=0.02) and number of comorbidities (p-value=0.05), but not double incontinence (p-value=0.36), were associated with low general health perception scores. CONCLUSION: the prevalence of double incontinence was different from other studies conducted in similar scenarios. The group of women included in the study presented low general health perception scores, but this was not associated with the presence of double incontinence. A higher number of comorbidities was associated with both double incontinence and a lower general health perception. AU

Prevalência de incontinências anal e dupla em idosas e impacto na qualidade de vida / Prevalence of anal and double incontinence in elderly women and impact on their quality of life

Introdução: A prevalência das incontinências anal e urinária que são mais comuns em mulheres, aumenta com a idade. Tais disfunções podem ser encontradas isoladamente ou em associação (incontinência dupla) e podem provocar grande impacto na qualidade de vida. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência das incontinências anal e dupla e o impacto dessas condições sobre a qualidade de vida de mulheres idosas da comunidade. Casuística e Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo, realizado em mulheres com mais de 60 anos que buscaram a unidade básica de saúde para vacinação. Para a triagem de incontinência urinária e anal, foram utilizadas versões brasileiras dos questionários International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form e do Índice de Incontinência Anal. Mulheres que apresentaram escores diferentes de zero em ambos questionários receberam diagnóstico de incontinência dupla. A avaliação do impacto da incontinência anal na qualidade de vida foi feita por meio do questionário Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Questionnaire. As variáveis foram estudadas de maneira descritiva, por meio do cálculo de frequências absolutas e relativas e, no caso da variável idade e dos escores de qualidade de vida, por meio do cálculo da média e desvio-padrão. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 66 mulheres, com média de idade de 69,6±7,2 anos. A prevalência de incontinência anal foi de 28,8% (n=19), e a prevalência de incontinência dupla foi de 18,1% (n=12). Pacientes com incontinência anal isolada e dupla apresentaram impacto negativo na qualidade de vida, conforme indicado pelos escores dos domínios avaliados. Conclusão: A prevalência de incontinência anal foi mais elevada do que a prevalência de incontinência fecal isolada ou de incontinência anal encontrada em outras populações. O mesmo foi observado em relação à prevalência de incontinência dupla. Houve impacto negativo de ambas as condições em todos os domínios de qualidade de vida avaliados.

Introduction: The prevalence of anal and urinary incontinence is more frequent in women, and it increases with age. Such dysfunctions may be found alone or in combination (double incontinence), and they may have a major impact on quality of life. Objectives: Evaluate the prevalence of anal and double incontinence, as well as the impact these conditions cause on the quality of life of elderly women residents in a community. Patients and Methods: We carried out an observational descriptive study involving women aged 60 and over who sought the Primary Health Care Unit for vaccination. For the urinary and anal incontinence screening, Brazilian versions of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form and the Anal Incontinence Index were used.Women who presented scores different from zero in bothquestionnaires were diagnosed with double incontinence. Theevaluation on the impact of anal incontinence on quality of lifewas done through the Brazilian version of Fecal IncontinenceQuality of Life Questionnaire. We used descriptive statistics tocalculate relative and absolute frequencies. Age and Qualityof life domain scores were expressed using mean and standarddeviation. Results: Sixty-six women were included in thestudy. Mean age was 69.6±7.2 years. The prevalence of AnalIncontinence was 28.8% (n=19) and the prevalence of doubleincontinence was 18.1% (n=12). Patients with isolated anddouble anal incontinence had a negative impact on qualityof life, as indicated by the scores of the domains evaluated.Conclusions: The prevalence of anal incontinence was higherthan the prevalence of isolated fecal incontinence or analincontinence found in studies carried out in other populations.The same results were observed for the prevalence of doubleincontinence. We identified negative impact of both conditionson all domains of quality of life

Qualidade de vida de mulheres com infecções recorrentes do trato urinário em atendimento ambulatorial / Quality of life in women with recurrent urinary tract infections in an outpatient care

Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de mulheres com infecções recorrentes do trato urinário em atendimento ambulatorial, utilizando dois instrumentos, e verificar concordância entre eles. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres com infecções recorrentes do trato urinário, confirmados pela cultura de urina, utilizando WHOQOL-bref e King´s Health Questionaire (KHQ). Resultados: Participaram 30 mulheres com idade entre 20 e 87 anos. De acordo com o WHOQOL-bref, seis (20,0%) mulheres referiam qualidade de vida ruim ou muito ruim e 17 (56,7%) estavam insatisfeitas ou muito insatisfeitas com a saúde. Houve boa consistência do instrumento WHOQOL-bref para qualidade de vida geral, satisfação com a saúde e domínio físico; o KHQ apresentou consistência satisfatória para todos os domínios, exceto Medidas de Gravidade. O KHQ mostrou maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida nos domínios: Impacto da Incontinência, Relações Pessoais e Emoções. Houve correlação significativa entre WHOQOL-bref e KHQ, em todos os domínios. Conclusão: As mulheres apresentaram maior comprometimento da qualidade de vida nos domínios: Impacto da Incontinência, Relacionamentos Pessoais e Emoções para KHQ; Físico para WHOQOL-bref. Houve correlação significativa entre os domínios do King´s Health Questionaire e WHOQOL-bref, demonstrando que ambos são úteis para avaliação da qualidade de vida nessa população. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate quality of life of women with recurrent urinary tract infections in ambulatory care, using two instruments, and verify consistency between them. Methods: Crosssectional study on women with recurrent urinary tract infections, confirmed by a urine culture, using WHOQOL-bref and King's Health Questionaire (KHQ). Results: Participated 30 women aged between 20 and 87 years. According to the WHOQOL-bref, six (20.0%) women reported quality of life bad or very bad and 17 (56.7%) were dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with health. There was good consistency of WHOQOL-bref instrument for the overall quality of life, satisfaction with health and the physical domain; KHQ presented satisfactory consistency for all fields except Severity Measures. The largest commitment of KHQ showed quality of life in the fields: Impact of Incontinence, Personal Relationships and Emotions. There was no significant correlation between the WHOQOL-bref and KHQ in all areas. Conclusion: Women showed greater impairment of the quality of life in the domains: Impact of Incontinence, Personal Relationships and Emotions to the KHQ; and Physical to WHOQOL-bref. There was no significant correlation between the areas of King's Health Questionaire and WHOQOL-bref, demonstrating that both are useful for the assessment of quality of life in this population. (AU)

Diabetes and vaginal surgery are associated with mixed urinary incontinence in patients treated in a tertiary unit of Rio de Janeiro public healthcare system

Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) is prevalent in women, and the frequency of its clinical subtypes varies according to the population studied and the choice of diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of the most common subtypes ­ stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) ­ and their correlation with demographic, clinical and reproductive factors of patients seen at the university hospital of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a referral service of a tertiary care center. A retrospective analysis of records of 770 women referred to the urogynecologic outpatient clinic was performed. The clinical diagnosis of UI subtype was established in accordance with international standardization. Women presenting with SUI and MUI were compared in terms of age, reproductive history, comorbidities, medications used and gynecological surgeries. The effect of independent variables was assessed through multiple regression analyses. Results: The frequency of the clinical diagnosis of MUI and SUI was, respectively, 54.6% and 31.8%. Factors associated with MUI when compared with SUI were diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, OR = 1.75; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI = 1.08; 2.85) and perineoplasty (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.18; 2.72). Age showed a borderline significance (p = 0.05). Conclusions: The distribution of UI subtypes was different from the distribution found in populational studies, which shows the specific aspects of women referred for specialized care. MUI was the most common subtype and was associated with previous vaginal surgery and diabetes mellitus when compared with SUI (AU)

Influence on prognosis and prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome and to determine the correlation of stress hyperglycemia with death, heart failure and/or left ventricular systolic dysfunction during the intrahospital phase. METHODS: A prospective initial cohort study of hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome with or without ST segment elevation. The groups were compared to demonstrate the correlation between stress hyperglycemia and cardiovascular events. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and student's t-test were used to compare the groups with and without stress hyperglycemia. The variables with p<0.20 in the univariate analysis were submitted to logistic regression. RESULTS: In total, 363 patients with an average age of 12.45 ± 62.06 were studied. There was a predominance of males (64.2%). In total, 96 patients (26.4%) presented with stress hyperglycemia. There were no differences between the groups with or without stress hyperglycemia. The area under the ROC curve was 0.67 for the relationship between stress hyperglycemia and the composite outcome heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or death at the end of the hospital admission. The ROC curve proved that stress hyperglycemia was the predictor of the composite outcome (death, heart failure and/or ventricular dysfunction). The multivariate analysis did not indicate age, stress hyperglycemia or admission heart rate as risk factors. CONCLUSION: Stress hyperglycemia was common in the studied sample. In the univariate analysis, the presence of stress hyperglycemia was associated with such events as death, heart failure and/or intrahospital ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Impacto do tipo de incontinência urinária sobre a qualidade de vida de usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde no Sudeste do Brasil / Effect of the type of urinary incontinence on the quality of life of patients in the public healthcare system in Southeastern Brazil

Identificar o impacto da incontinência urinária (IU) sobre a qualidade de vida (QV), comparar os escores dos domínios de QV em mulheres com incontinência de esforço (IUE), bexiga hiperativa (BH) e incontinência mista (IUM) e estabelecer a associação entre o tipo clínico de IU e o impacto sobre a QV.

Urinary tract infection and indwelling urinary catheters: prospective study in gynecological surgery with antibiotic prophylaxis / Infecção do trato urinário e cateter vesical de demora: um estudo prospectivo em cirurgia ginecológica com antibioticoprofilaxia

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections, and the use of indwelling urinary catheters is a predisposing factor for their development. The aims of this study were to estimate the frequency of pre and postoperative bacteriuria, identify the microorganisms involved, count the colony-forming units, determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile and compare the results from pre and postoperative urinalyses among women undergoing gynecological surgery with implantation of a urinary catheter. DESIGN AND SETTING: Non-controlled prospective observational single-cohort epidemiological study carried out at a university hospital. METHODS: Urine samples were collected before and 24 hours after catheterization for urinalysis, culturing and antibiotic sensitivity testing. Pre and postoperative urinalyses were compared using Wilcoxon and McNemar non-parametric tests. RESULTS: Fifty-one women participated in the study. Escherichia coligrew in six preoperative samples (11.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae in one (1.9%), but bacterial growth did not occur in any postoperative sample. Urinalysis showed lower number of pus cells in the postoperative urine samples (P < 0.05). There were no differences in red blood cell counts or in the nitrite and leukocyte esterase tests, between the samples. CONCLUSION: Bacteriuria was found in 13.7% of the preoperative samples. Gram-negative bacteria sensitive to most antibiotics were identified. In the postoperative samples, no bacterial growth was observed. Urinalysis only showed significant reduction of leukocyturia in the postoperative period.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: As infecções urinárias são a causa mais comum de infecções hospitalares, e o uso de cateteres de demora é fator predisponente para o seu desenvolvimento. Os objetivos deste estudo foram estimar a frequência de bacteriúria pré e pós-operatória, identificar os germes encontrados, a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias e o perfil de sensibilidade aos antibióticos, além de comparar os resultados dos exames de urina pré- e pós-operatórios em mulheres submetidas a cirurgias ginecológicas com cateterismo vesical. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo epidemiológico, observacional, de coorte única, prospectivo, não controlado, realizado em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Amostras de urina foram colhidas antes da cateterização e após 24 horas para urinálise, cultura e antibiograma. Os resultados da urinálise no pré- e pós-operatório foram comparados utilizando-se os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon e McNemar. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 51 mulheres. Houve crescimento de Escherichia coli em seis amostras pré-operatórias (11,8%) e deKlebsiella pneumoniae em uma (1,9%), mas não houve crescimento bacteriano em nenhuma amostra pós-operatória. A urinálise mostrou menor quantidade de piócitos na amostra de urina pós-cirúrgica (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença quanto ao número de hemácias e às reações para nitrito e leucocitesterase, entre as amostras. CONCLUSÃO: Houve bacteriúria em 13,7% das amostras pré-operatórias, sendo identificadas bactérias Gram-negativas sensíveis à maioria dos antibióticos. Não foi observado crescimento bacteriano nas amostras pós-operatórias. A urinálise mostrou somente redução significativa da leucocitúria no pós-operatório.

AGT*M235T polymorphism in acute ischemic cardiac dysfunction: the gisca project.

BACKGROUND: AGT*M235T polymorphism has been associated with high serum angiotensinogen (AGT) levels, systemic hypertension and cardiac dysfunction (CD). OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis of AGT*M235T polymorphism being associated with the risk of developing cardiac dysfunction (heart failure or asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction) after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during hospitalization. METHODS: A total of 363 patients (mean age of 62 ± 12 years), of whom 233 (64%) were men and 130 (36%) were women, all from the same cohort and hospitalized for ACS, were studied. Clinical and genetic data from the 117 (32.2%) patients who developed cardiac dysfunction (case group) were compared to those of the 246 (67.8%) who did not develop this condition (control group). The AGT*M235T polymorphism was determined by sequence analysis and was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the distribution of genotypes among women, with a predominance of the *235MM genotype in the control group (p = 0.001) and of the *235T allele in the case group. In the logistic regression models, the diagnosis of anterior wall myocardial infarction at admission was related to an increased risk of CD in both genders, whereas unstable angina at admission.; absence of the *235T allele; blood glucose <100 mg/dl; use of betablocker; serum creatinine level < 1.5 mg/dl;heart rate range > 60 and < 90 bpm; and current cigarette smoking were related to a lower risk of CD. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the absence of the AGT *235T allele contributes to a reduced risk of cardiac dysfunction after acute coronary syndrome.

Incontinência urinária e noctúria: prevalência e impacto sobre qualidade de vida em idosas numa Unidade Básica de Saúde / Urinary incontinence and nocturia: prevalence and impact on quality of life in elderly women in a Primary Health Care Unit

Objetivos: estimar a prevalência de incontinência urinária e de seus subtipos (incontinência urinária de esforço, bexiga hiperativa e incontinência mista), a prevalência do sintoma de noctúria, e avaliar o impacto dessas condições sobre a qualidade de vida na população de idosas atendida para vacinação numa Unidade Básica de Saúde de Niterói-RJ. Métodos: estudo observacional descritivo, com utilização das versões brasileiras do International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form e do King's Health Questionnaire, respectivamente, para triagem de mulheres com incontinência urinária e para avaliar o impacto da incontinência urinária e da noctúria sobre a qualidade de vida. Participaram do estudo 66 mulheres. Resultados: a média das idades foi de 69,6±7,2 anos. Com o International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form, a prevalência de incontinência urinária foi de 42,4%, sendo que 42,9% das idosas incontinentes referiram que a perda interferia nas suas atividades diárias. A prevalência de incontinência urinária de esforço, bexiga hiperativa e incontinência mista foi de 15,2%, 12,1% e 10,6%, respectivamente. Dentre as mulheres incontinentes, 20 aceitaram responder ao King's Health Questionnaire, tinham incontinência mista 11 delas (55%) e 16 apresentavam noctúria (80%). Houve comprometimento da qualidade de vida em todos os domínios. Conclusão: a prevalência de incontinência urinária foi elevada na população estudada. Com a utilização do questionário de triagem, a incontinência urinária de esforço foi o subtipo mais comum, ao passo que a utilização do questionário de avaliação de qualidade de vida mostrou ...

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence and its subtypes stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder and mixed urinary incontinence, the prevalence of nocturia, and the impact of these conditions on quality of life in an elderly female population attended for vaccination in a Primary Health Care Unit in Niterói city, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: In an observational descriptive study, the Brazilian versions of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form and of the King's Health Questionnaire were used respectively to do the screening of women with urinary incontinence and to evaluate the impact of urinary incontinence and nocturia on quality of life. Sixty-six women took part in the survey. Results: The average age was 69.6±7.2 years. According to the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form, the prevalence of IU was 42.4%, and 42.9% of elderly incontinent women reported impact of incontinence on their daily activities. The prevalence of stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder and mixed urinary incontinence was, respectively, 15.2%, 12.1% and 10.6%. Twenty incontinent women agreed to answer the King's Health Questionnaire. Eleven of them (55%) reported complaints of mixed incontinence, and sixteen women (80%) presented nocturia. It was observed impact in quality of life in all domains. Conclusion: It was observed high prevalence of urinary incontinence in the studied population. According to the screening questionnaire, the most prevalent subtype of incontinence was stress urinary incontinence, whilst the use of the quality of life questionnaire showed higher prevalence of mixed incontinence. The frequency of nocturia could be estimated only for those women who answered to the King's Health Questionnaire. There was impact on all domains of quality of life. .

Severity of angiographic coronary obstruction and the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of the association between the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and coronary disease; however, there are controversies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the number of coronary vessels with significant obstruction defined by angiography, the APOE polymorphism and clinical variables. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study with 207 patients (138 men), with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in the city of Niteroi, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who underwent coronary angiography and genotype determination for the APOE *2*3*4 polymorphism by the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS: The frequency of the alleles was APOE *2 - 6.8%, *3 - 82.5%, *4 - 10.7%. Regarding the number of affected vessels, 27% of patients presented monoarterial obstruction, 33.8% biarterial and 39.1% triarterial and/or left coronary trunk. The degree of multivascular lesion did not correlate with the presence of the *4 allele (p= 0.78), but with age > 55 years (p=0.025), being an ex-smoker (p=0.004) and dyslipidemia (p=0.05) at the multivariate analysis and also with previous coronary artery disease (CAD) (p=0.05), diabetes (p=0.038) and metabolic syndrome (p=0.021) at the univariate analysis. The prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) was elevated regarding similar studies, with progressive increases in the prevalence of SAH (p=0.59) and diabetes (p=0.06), according to the number of affected vessels. CONCLUSION: The APOE polymorphism was not associated with the number of coronary vessels with significant obstruction at any age range. On the other hand, age > 55 years, being an ex-smoker and dyslipidemia associated with the multivascular lesion.

Treatment of a cohort of patients with acute myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation.

BACKGROUND: Although thrombolysis and primary CTA are well-established procedures, they are not administered in a large proportion of the patients with STEMI who arrive to the emergency rooms. OBJECTIVE: Describe initial and final the results in a cohort of STEMI patients METHODS: The study included, from hospital admission to the discharge, 158 patients diagnosed with STEMI, from a total of 351 patients with ACS admitted to hospitals in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil, between 2004 and 2006. RESULTS: Of the 158 patients with STEMI, 67.7% arrived to the hospital within 180 minutes, 81.3% within 360 minutes, and 8.4% after twelve hours from the symptoms. Cinecoronariographic studies (148) were performed (93,7%). Lesions of over 70% were observed in 266 artery territories. The initial treatment was CTA in 41 (26%), thrombolytics in 50 (32%), 80% of success. Clinical treatment in 67 (42%). Approximately 35% of the patients should have undergone thrombolysis, but they didn't. During the final treatment, 93 CTAs were performed: 89 with angiographic success (95.7%), bleeding 2 (2.2%), subacute occlusion 2 (2.2%), trunk dissection 1 (1.1%), pseudoaneurism 1 (1.1%). No deaths during angioplasty; during evolution, there were two deaths (2.1%). Twelve patients underwent myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), while 53 underwent clinical treatment, with 11 deaths (20.7%). Global lethality was 9.5%, considering the three types of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Patients were suitable for reperfusion, but one third of them did not have the procedure. Two deaths during evolution. The most predominant treatment was CTA, with low morbidity. Low global lethality.

Prevalência e influência da hiperglicemia de estresse no prognóstico em uma coorte de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda / Influence on prognosis and prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar a prevalência da hiperglicemia de estresse em coorte de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda e a correlação com óbito, insuficiência cardíaca e/ou disfunção ventricular esquerda sistólica, na fase intra-hospitalar. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectiva inicial constituída por pacientes internados com síndrome coronariana aguda, com ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Foram comparados os grupos para demonstrar a correlação entre hiperglicemia de estresse e eventos cardiovasculares. Na comparação entre os grupos com e sem hiperglicemia de estresse, foram usados o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher, e o teste t de student. As variáveis com valor de p<0,20 na análise univariada foram submetidas à regressão logística variáveis. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 363 pacientes com média etária de 62,06±12,45 anos, com predomínio do gênero masculino (64,2%). O total de 96 pacientes (26,4%) apresentou hiperglicemia de estresse. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos com ou sem hiperglicemia de estresse. A área sobre a curva ROC foi de 0,67 para relação entre a hiperglicemia de estresse e o desfecho composto insuficiência cardíaca, disfunção sistólica de ventrículo esquerdo ou óbito ao fim da internação. A curva ROC mostrou ser a hiperglicemia de estresse fator preditivo do desfecho composto (óbito, insuficiência cardíaca e/ou disfunção ventricular). A análise multivariada não apontou fator de risco a idade, hiperglicemia de estresse ou frequência cardíaca de admissão. CONCLUSÃO: A hiperglicemia de estresse na amostra estudada foi frequente. Sua presença associou-se, na análise univariada, com eventos como óbito, insuficiência cardíaca e/ou disfunção ventricular na fase intra-hospitalar, em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the prevalence of stress hyperglycemia in a cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome and to determine the correlation of stress hyperglycemia with death, heart failure and/or left ventricular systolic dysfunction during the intrahospital phase. METHODS: A prospective initial cohort study of hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndrome with or without ST segment elevation. The groups were compared to demonstrate the correlation between stress hyperglycemia and cardiovascular events. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and student's t-test were used to compare the groups with and without stress hyperglycemia. The variables with p<0.20 in the univariate analysis were submitted to logistic regression. RESULTS: In total, 363 patients with an average age of 12.45 ± 62.06 were studied. There was a predominance of males (64.2%). In total, 96 patients (26.4%) presented with stress hyperglycemia. There were no differences between the groups with or without stress hyperglycemia. The area under the ROC curve was 0.67 for the relationship between stress hyperglycemia and the composite outcome heart failure, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or death at the end of the hospital admission. The ROC curve proved that stress hyperglycemia was the predictor of the composite outcome (death, heart failure and/or ventricular dysfunction). The multivariate analysis did not indicate age, stress hyperglycemia or admission heart rate as risk factors. CONCLUSION: Stress hyperglycemia was common in the studied sample. In the univariate analysis, the presence of stress hyperglycemia was associated with such events as death, heart failure and/or intrahospital ventricular dysfunction in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Insuficiência cardíaca e depressão: uma associação com desfechos negativos / Depression and heart failure: an association with negative outcomes / Insuficiencia cardíaca y depresión: una asociación con resultados negativos

Este trabalho trata da relação entre depressão e doença cardiovascular (DCV), a qual tem relevância na piora clínica de pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), bem como no aumento da taxa de hospitalizações e morbimortalidade. A depressão é mais prevalente em pacientes com IC que na população em geral, devido a hipóteses sobre o aumento da estimulação neuro-hormonal e das citocinas, mesmo em presença de menor comprometimento cardíaco. Os desfechos clínicos negativos oriundos desta associação levam ao ônus público e social. Esta revisão abordará os mecanismos psicossociais e fisiopatológicos determinantes desta associação, bem como o tratamento, o diagnóstico e prevenção da depressão em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Espera-se suscitar reflexões sobre o cuidado clínico dos portadores de IC, considerando seus estressores psicossociais de adaptação para melhor monitoramento, logo, detecção precoce desta associação.

This paper deals with the relationship between depression and cardiovascular disease, which has relevance to clinical worsening in patients with heart failure (HF), as well as increased rate of hospitalizations and mortality. Depression is more prevalent in patients with HF in the general population, due to assumptions about the increased neurohormonal stimulation and cytokines, even in the presence of minor cardiac involvement. Outcomes from this negative association lead to public and social burden. This review will discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms and psychosocial determinants of this association, as well as treatment, diagnosis and prevention of depression in patients with heart failure. Expected to generate reflections on the clinical care of patients with HF, considering its adaptation to psychosocial stressors better monitoring, so early detection of this association.

El presente trabajo trata sobre la relación entre depresión y enfermedad cardiovascular, la cual tiene relevancia en el empeoramiento clínico de pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, así como en el aumento de la tasa de hospitalización y mortalidad. La depresión tiene mayor prevalencia en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca que en la población general, debido a las diversas hipótesis sobre el aumento de la estimulación neurohormonal y de las citoquinas, incluso en presencia de compromiso cardíaco menor. Los resultados clínicos de esta asociación negativa suponen una carga pública y social. En esta revisión se abordarán los mecanismos psicosociales y los determinantes fisiopatológicos de esta asociación, así como el diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención de la depresión en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca. Se espera generar algunas reflexiones sobre la atención clínica de los pacientes portadores de insuficiencia cardíaca, considerando los factores de estrés psicosociales de adaptación para un mejor seguimiento, y por ende, la detección precoz de esta asociación.