The influence of HAART on the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV-positive Individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate the impact of HAART versus no HAART and nucleoside free versus nucleoside containing HAART on the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. In addition a control group of HCV mono-infected patients undergoing anti-HCV therapy was evaluated. METHODS: Multicenter, partially randomized, controlled clinical trial. HIV-negative and -positive patients with chronic HCV infection were treated with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin (800 - 1200 mg/day) for 24 - 48 weeks in one of four treatment arms: HIV-negative (A), HIV-positive without HAART (B) and HIV-positive on HAART (C). Patients within arm C were randomized to receive open label either a nucleoside containing (C1) or a nucleoside free HAART (C2). RESULTS: 168 patients were available for analysis. By intent-to-treat analysis similar sustained virological response rates (SVR, negative HCV-RNA 24 weeks after the end of therapy) were observed comparing HIV-negative and -positive patients (54% vs. 54%, p = 1.000). Among HIV-positive patients SVR rates were similar between patients off and on HAART (57% vs. 52%, p = 0.708). Higher SVR rates were observed in patients on a nucleoside free HAART compared to patients on a nucleoside containing HAART, though confounding could not be ruled out and in the intent-to-treat analysis the difference was not statistically significant (64% vs. 46%, p = 0.209). CONCLUSIONS: Similar response rates for HCV therapy can be achieved in HIV-positive and -negative patients. Patients on nucleoside free HAART reached at least equal rates of sustained virological response compared to patients on standard HAART.

Switch from a ZDV/3TC-based regimen to a completely once daily (QD) regimen of emtricitabine/tenofovir DF fixed dose combination plus a third QD agent (SONETT).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy and safety of a treatment switch from a twice-daily (BID) regimen containing zidovudine (ZDV) and lamivudine (3TC) plus a third agent to a once daily (QD) regimen containing the fixed-dose combination of tenofovir DF/emtri?citabine (TDF/FTC, Truvada) plus a divergent third QD agent in HIV-1 infected patients. METHODS: Prospective, 48-week, non-randomised, single-group, open-label, study. Fifty-one patients on stable ZDV/3TC-containing HAART, with HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml and CD4+ T-cell count >50 cells/microl, were switched to TDF/FTC plus a third agent. Plasma HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell counts were assessed at baseline and weeks 4, 12, 24, 36 and 48 post-switch. RESULTS: During the 48-week study, 10 patients discontinued prematurely, including three due to adverse events (AEs). At week 48, plasma HIV-1 RNA was <50 copies/ml in 40 patients (78.4%). No patient experienced virological failure (defined as HIV-1 RNA > or =50 copies/ml at two consecutive post-baseline measurements) during the study. Immunologic control was maintained, with no significant changes in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell counts. A statistically significant improvement from baseline in haemoglobin level was observed at week 48 (median change 0.8 g/dl; p<0.001). There was also a statistically significant decrease in total cholesterol concentration at week 48 (-26.0 mg/dl; p = 0.001) in a subset of patients (n = 22) entering the study with elevated total cholesterol. Treatment was well tolerated and no treatment-related grade 3 or 4 AEs were seen. - CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study support switching from a ZDV/3TC-containing HAART regimen to a completely QD regimen of TDF/FTC plus a third agent. Virologic and immunologic control are maintained, with apparent benefits in haemoglobin.

Epidemiological composition, clinical and treatment characteristics of the patient cohort of the German Competence Network for HIV/AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: As its central basis for research, the Competence Network for HIV/AIDS (KompNet) established a nationwide cohort study on HIV-positive patients being in medical care in Germany. In this paper, we describe the epidemiological composition, and clinical as well as treatment characteristics of the KompNet cohort over time. METHODS: The KompNet cohort is an open, retrospective and prospective, multi-center, disease-specific and nationwide cohort study that started gathering data in June 2004. Semiannually, follow up visits of the patients are documented, covering a wide range of clinical and sociodemographic data. At enrollment and three years afterwards, an EDTA-sample is taken; a serum-sample is taken at every follow up. RESULTS: As of 20.10.2008, a total of 15,541 patients were enrolled by 44 documenting sites. In September 2007, the cohort size was reduced to ten outpatient clinics and fifteen private practitioners, covering a total of 9,410 patients. The documentation of these patients comprised 24,117 years of follow up-time since enrollment (mean: 2.6 years), 62,862 person years inclusive data documented retrospectively on course of HIV-infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART, mean: 6.7 years). Due to the short period of recruitment till now, rates of death (0.3%-0.8%) and losses to follow up (1.1%-5.5%) were low. 84.9% of patients were men. Main risk of transmission was sex between men (MSM: 62.9%). Mean age was 45 years. About two third of patients were classified as CDC-stage B or C. Therapy regimens of currently treated patients complied with recent guidelines. Trends of mean CD4 cell count/microl regarding the initial therapy and concerning the population under treatment reflected the developments and the changing standards of antiretroviral therapy over time. CONCLUSION: The KompNet cohort covers about a quarter of all patients estimated as being under treatment in Germany. Its composition can be accounted approximately representative for the situation of clinical care and treatment in the scope of HIV/AIDS in Germany. Therefore, it is an important instrument for measuring the course of HIV/AIDS, the reality of use of antiretroviral therapy and its clinical and psychosocial outcomes in Germany.

Treatment during primary HIV infection does not lower viral set point but improves CD4 lymphocytes in an observational cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if early treatment of primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) reduces viral set point and/or increases CD4 lymphocytes. METHODS: Analysis of two prospective multi-centre PHI cohorts. HIV-1 RNA and CD4 lymphocytes in patients with transient treatment were compared to those in untreated patients. Time to CD4 lymphocyte decrease below 350/ microl after treatment stop or seroconversion was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox-PH-regression analyses. RESULTS: 156 cases of PHI were included, of which 100 had received transient HAART (median treatment time 9.5 months) and 56 remained untreated. Median viral load (563000 cop/ml vs 240000 cop/ml; p<0.001) and median CD4 lymphocyte (449/ microl vs. 613/ microl; p<0.01) differed significantly between treated and untreated patients. Median viral load was 38056 copies/ml in treated patients (12 months after treatment stop) and 52880 copies/ml in untreated patients (12 months after seroconversion; ns). Median CD4 lymphocyte change was +60/ microl vs. -86/ microl (p = 0.01). Median time until CD4 lymphocytes decreased to <350/ microl (including all patients with CD4 lymphocytes <500/ microl during seroconversion) was 20.7 months in treated patients after treatment stop and 8.3 months in untreated patents after seroconversion (p<0.01). Cox-PH analyses adjusting for baseline VL, CD4 lymphocytes, stage of early infection and symptoms confirmed these differences. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment during PHI did not lower viral set point. However, patients treated during seroconversion had an increase in CD4 lymphocytes, whereas untreated patients experienced a decrease in CD4 lymphocytes. Time until reaching CD4 lymphocytes <350/ microl was significantly shorter in untreated than in treated patients including patients with CD4 lymphocytes <500/ microl during seroconversion.

Efficacy and safety of twice daily first-line ritonavir/indinavir plus double nucleoside combination therapy in HIV-infected individuals. German Ritonavir/Indinavir Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the virological efficacy and safety of quadruple therapy with two nucleoside analogues and ritonavir (400 mg twice daily) plus indinavir (400 mg twice daily) combination in antiretroviral therapy-naive patients. DESIGN AND METHODS: An open-label, uncontrolled multicentre trial. Antiretroviral therapy-naive patients (n = 90) with high median baseline HIV RNA levels of 220,000 copies/ml (range, 36,000-2,943,000 copies/ml) and median CD4 cell count of 189 x 10(6)/l (range, 4-656 x 10(6)/l) were started on a twice daily regimen of either zidovudine/lamivudine (49%), stavudine/lamivudine (38%) or stavudine/didanosine (13%) plus ritonavir 400 mg twice daily and indinavir 400 mg twice daily combination therapy. CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA were determined at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. Statistical analysis was performed on treatment as well as intent-to-treat, where missing values were accounted for as failure. RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat analysis at week 24, the proportion of patients with HIV RNA of < 500 copies/ml, and < 80 copies/ml was 86.7% and 71.1%, respectively. In the on-treatment analysis at week 24, 80.0% of patients had undetectable viral load in the ultrasensitive assay (< 80 copies/ml; n = 80). The quadruple therapy was well tolerated except for mild diarrhoea, initial nausea and increased triglyceride levels. Treatment was stopped in seven (7.7%) patients because of adverse events and three (3.3%) were lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data suggest that the protease inhibitor combination ritonavir/indinavir plus double nucleoside therapy appears to be effective and safe in short-term treatment (up to 24 weeks).

Detection of melanoma micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node and in nonsentinel nodes by tyrosinase polymerase chain reaction.

The aim of our study was to investigate the metastatic pathways of melanoma cells in sentinel and other regional lymph nodes. The term "sentinel lymph node" means that the first lymph node of the draining site of a primary tumor is never bypassed in malignant melanoma. In this case lymph node dissection would be necessary only when melanoma cells are detected in the sentinel node. Tyrosinase reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was applied to search for metastatic melanoma in the sentinel lymph node and in further lymph nodes of a complete lymph node basin in patients who underwent lymph node dissection. In 24 patients with malignant melanoma the draining site of the tumor was marked by lymphoscintigraphy and by intraoperative injection of patent blue V in the area around the primary tumor. The lymph nodes of the affected basin were excised and prepared for histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular biologic examinations. Regarding the sentinel lymph node, 10 of 24 patients showed morphologic evidence for metastases, three additional patients showed only tyrosinase transcripts. In 11 of these 13 cases we found one or more nonsentinel lymph nodes with morphologically detectable melanoma cells and/or tyrosinase mRNA. Interestingly, in seven of 24 patients a positive tyrosinase reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was received in nonsentinel lymph nodes, whereas the sentinel lymph node was negative, not only for all histologic examinations but also by tyrosinase reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In five of seven patients of the latter group, gp100 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was carried out, showing also gp100 mRNA in nonsentinel lymph nodes only. Our data indicate that the concept of the sentinel lymph node may miss micrometastases. Whether such micrometastases cause a recurrence or a metastasis of malignant melanoma, or can be destroyed by the immune system, remains to be clarified.

[Male circumcision is not associated with an increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction: results of the Cottbus 10,000-men survey]. / Die männliche Zirkumzision ist nicht mit einer höheren Prävalenz der erektilen Dysfunktion assoziiert: Ergebnisse der "Cottbuser 10.000-Männer-Fragebogenstudie"

BACKGROUND: There are conflicting data regarding the significance of the presence of the male prepuce or circumcision on erectile function and sexual satisfaction in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 10,000 men selected according to the age distribution of the city of Cottbus (Brandenburg, Germany) were provided with a questionnaire comprised of 35 items integrating the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-6) and further questions on sexual quality of life, comorbidities and previous surgical treatment. Of the men who completed the questionnaire 2,499 were living in a partnership and formed the study group for this survey. Based on the IIEF-6, two study endpoints (SEP) were defined (point values ≤ 25/SEP1 and ≤ 21/SEP2). By multivariable logistic regression analysis the independent influence of previous circumcision on both endpoints was assessed. Furthermore, a correlation between sexual satisfaction of men and circumcision was also analyzed. RESULTS: Of the study group167 men had undergone circumcision (6.7 %). Erectile dysfunction (ED) was present in 40.1 % of men based on SEP1 (minor to severe ED) and in 27.8 % based on SEP2 (moderate to severe ED). Based on SEP1 as well as SEP2 age, history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, chronic ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial obstructive disease, cirrhosis of the liver and history of pelvic surgery were found to have an independent influence on the presence of ED. A status after circumcision did not show an independent influence on either study endpoints (SEP1: OR 1.36, p=0.174; SEP2: OR 1.42, p=0.175). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between sexual satisfaction of men and a history of circumcision. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the present study which represents the largest survey worldwide on male ED using the IIEF as a validated instrument, it could not be confirmed that the prevalence of ED is increased in men following circumcision. Sexual satisfaction of men in this study was independent of the presence of the prepuce.

Visceral leishmaniasis in an HIV-infected patient: clinical features and response to treatment.

We report the case of 43-year-old homosexual patient with HIV infection and a history of travel to the Far East in whom visceral leishmaniasis was the first infectious complication. Symptoms were fever, malaise, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized lymphadenopathy, and oral thrush. Laboratory abnormalities included a slight elevation of liver enzymes, impairment of liver function tests, leukocytopenia, anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and markedly depressed CD4(+)-cell counts. Despite initially successful treatment with pentavalent antimony, a relapse of leishmaniasis occurred after 7 months. Eradication of the infection was not achieved. Treatment was continued as a palliative chronic suppressive treatment with fortnightly pentamidine infusions. The clinical course was complicated by legionella pneumonia and the development of rapidly progressing Kaposi's sarcoma. The case is presented in detail, and the influence of HIV infection on the course of leishmaniasis is discussed.

Successful treatment of Toxoplasma gondii myocarditis in an AIDS patient.

Central nervous system disease due to Toxoplasma gondii is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cardiac toxoplasmosis, however, has been described in only a limited number of cases. In a 45-year-old patient with symptoms suggestive of myocarditis, Toxoplasma gondii was detected in myocardial tissue obtained by biopsy. After the institution of appropriate antiprotozoal therapy, the patient recovered. This patient is believed to be the first patient to survive biopsy-proven myocarditis caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Cardiac toxoplasmosis should be ruled out in HIV-infected patients presenting with high fever and/or cardiorespiratory symptoms and exhibiting serologic evidence of prior exposure to Toxoplasma gondii as determined by a positive IgG EIA, especially if the CD4+ count is low and no systemic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis has been administered. A high index of clinical suspicion and, if necessary, invasive diagnostic tests, including myocardial biopsies, are most important in making the correct diagnosis.

[Double infection of the lung with Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus neoformans in an AIDS patient]. / Doppelinfektion der Lunge durch Pneumocystis carinii und Cryptococcus neoformans bei einem AIDS-Patienten.

A 25-year old HIV-1-positive hemophiliac was admitted with fever, cough, exertional dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain. Chest x-ray showed diffuse bilateral infiltrates with a left sided nodular consolidation. Pneumocystis-carinii-pneumonia was suspected and diagnosed by broncho-alveolar lavage. With therapy the diffuse infiltrates improved, but the nodule and the symptoms failed to resolve. A fine-needle aspiration of the nodule revealed concurrent cryptococcosis. Treatment with fluconazole resulted in complete resolution of symptoms. Details of the case are presented and clinical implications are discussed.

Rotavirus antigen detection in patients with HIV infection and diarrhea.

A wide variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens can cause severe diarrhea in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The role of enteric viruses, especially rotaviruses, in HIV-related diarrhea is still unclear. One hundred and six stool samples from 66 HIV-infected patients with otherwise unexplained diarrhea and 35 samples from 35 patients with advanced HIV infection but without diarrhea were tested for the presence of rotavirus antigen. Rotavirus was detected in 13 samples from 9 patients with diarrhea and in none of the samples from patients without diarrhea. Two patients had recurrence of rotavirus infection more than 6 months after the first episode. Rotavirus was associated with prolonged diarrhea, often accompanied by abdominal cramping. Symptoms were readily controlled with anti-diarrheal and pain-relieving measures. Illness was self-limited and did not require hospitalization. A seasonal variation, typical of infantile rotavirus infection, was not observed in this setting. While rotavirus infection has been infrequently detected in American HIV-infected patients, the prevalence in Australia and Europe appears to be considerably higher.

A novel variety of atypical Pneumocystis carinii infection after long-term prophylactic pentamidine inhalation in an AIDS patient: large lower lobe pneumocystoma.

Atypical pulmonary manifestations of Pneumocystis carinii infection and fair numbers of extrapulmonary and disseminated infections have lately been documented in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated prophylactically with inhalative pentamidine. We report the case of a 32-year-old homosexual patient who was assessed for complaints of night sweats, weight loss, and progressive malaise. The patient denied any respiratory tract symptoms such as cough, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, or shortness of breath. Chest X-ray revealed two large round noncavitating lesions in the lower lobe of the right lung. Pneumocystomas were diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration. A 3-week course of intravenous high-dose cotrimoxazole resulted in amelioration of symptoms but no change in the radiographic appearance of the pulmonary lesions. Four months later the patient is alive and stable and is being treated with pentamidine inhalation of 300 mg per 2 weeks and two tablets of pyrimethamine sulfadoxine per week.

Risk factors for severe disease due to Toxoplasma gondii in HIV-positive patients.

The objective of this study was to assess the risk of toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive subjects as a basis for primary prophylaxis. A retrospective chart review of 400 consecutive patients was carried out and clinical and laboratory markers at first presentation and follow-up data on the occurrence of toxoplasmosis were recorded. Independent variables were identified, laboratory parameters were stratified, and estimates for the risk of toxoplasmosis and the impact of different variables on its occurrence were made using conventional statistical methods. An increased risk of toxoplasmosis was strongly associated with a positive Toxoplasma gondii IgG EIA in conjunction with a CD4+ cell cont below 0.15/nl (the estimated risk of toxoplasmosis was 20% and 35% after 12 and 24 months, respectively) or a history of one or more opportunistic infections (the estimated risk was 12% and 30% after 12 and 24 months, respectively). Toxoplasma gondii-seropositive patients with CD4+ cell counts below 0.15/nl and those with antecedent opportunistic infections are most likely to develop toxoplasmosis and thus might benefit from primary prophylaxis. The risk of disease probably outweighs the risk of medication in these subjects. Prospective clinical trials are needed to define the optimal choice of drugs.

Antiviral and immunological effects of escalating low doses of zidovudine in HIV-positive patients.

Twenty-eight patients with different stages of HIV infection who had not undergone antiretroviral pretreatment were treated with an escalating dose regimen of zidovudine (4 weeks 2 x 50 mg, 4 weeks 2 x 100 mg, 4 weeks 2 x 250 mg). CD4+ cell counts and p24 antigen levels were monitored every four weeks. Twenty-one patients were evaluable. p24 antigen levels showed a significant decrease after four weeks (p < 0.01, Sign test, Wilcoxon matched pairs test) that was sustained until week 12 without a further significant decrease. CD4+ cell counts increased significantly within the first four weeks (p < 0.01, Sign test, Wilcoxon matched pairs test). This increase was sustained until week 12 but no further significant increase was noted. Mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume values increased significantly after week 4 and continued to rise until week 12. These results demonstrate antiretroviral activity of a very low zidovudine dose, however low doses should not be used for treatment unless the clinical efficacy is shown to be equivalent to that of standard doses.

TRIZAL study: switching from successful HAART to Trizivir (abacavir-lamivudine-zidovudine combination tablet): 48 weeks efficacy, safety and adherence results.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the antiviral efficacy, safety, and adherence in subjects who switched to Trizivir following long-term HIV-1 RNA suppression. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, open-label, multicentre, 48-week comparative study in subjects who have received two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor or an nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or three nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for at least 6 months, with a history of undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA since initiation of therapy and plasma viral load of < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL at screening. METHODS: Subjects were randomized 1:1 to continue their current treatment or to switch to a simplified treatment with Trizivir administered twice daily. Assessments included plasma HIV-1 RNA, lymphocyte counts, clinical laboratory evaluations, adverse events, and adherence to treatment (obtained via subject self-report). Treatment failure was defined as a plasma viral load of >/= 400 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL on two consecutive occasions or premature discontinuation of randomized treatment. RESULTS: At week 48, the proportion of treatment failures in Trizivir arm (23/106, 22%) was noninferior to that observed in continued arm (23/103, 22%) with a treatment difference stratified by prior ART of 1.2%[-10.1; 12.5]. Incidence of adverse events was similar in both treatment groups. The incidence of possible hypersensitivity reaction in the Trizivir trade mark arm was 10%. Significant reductions in cholesterol and triglyceride plasma levels were observed in the Trizivir arm (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: Switching to Trizivir offers a potent and simplified regimen with equivalent efficacy and significant improvement in lipid abnormalities compared to continued triple therapy.

Long-term efficacy and safety of ritonavir/indinavir at 400/400 mg twice a day in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as first line antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term antiretroviral efficacy and tolerability of dual protease inhibitor (PI) therapy with indinavir (IDV)/ritonavir (RTV) at 400/400 mg twice a day (BID) in combination with two nucleoside reverse trancriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). DESIGN AND METHODS: In an open-label, uncontrolled multicentre clinical trial, antiretroviral therapy naive patients (n = 93) with a high median baseline HIV-1 RNA level of 210 000 copies/mL (range 17 000-2 943 000) and a median CD4 cell count of 195 copies/microL (range 4-656 copies/microL) were started on a regimen of either zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC) (49%), stavudine (d4T)/3TC (38%) or d4T/didanosine (ddI) (14%) plus RTV and IDV, each at 400 mg BID. CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA were determined at 4-week intervals for a duration of 72 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed on treatment as well as by intent to treat, where missing values were counted as failures. RESULTS: HIV RNA levels below the limit of detection were achieved in 59.5% (< 80 copies/mL) and 63% (< 500 copies/mL) of patients according to the intent to treat analysis at week 72. In the on treatment analysis, the proportion of patients reaching an undetectable viral load was 94.5% (< 80 copies/mL) and 100% (< 500 copies/mL), respectively. Apart from diarrhoea and nausea, serum lipid abnormalities were identified as the most prominent adverse reaction. No cases of nephrotoxicity occurred during the entire observation period of 72 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that quadruple therapy with RTV/IDV and two NRTIs induces potent, durable and safe HIV suppression and might be particularly beneficial as a first line therapy for patients with a high baseline viral load.