[At-risk drinking screening by general practitioners: A survey of patients in primary care]. / Repérage de la consommation d'alcool à risque par les médecins généralistes : enquête auprès de patients en soins premiers.

BACKGROUND: The screening of patients who are at-risk drinkers, which means exceeding the thresholds defined by health authorities or associated with a specific situation (taking psychotropic drugs, having an organic pathology, driving a vehicle, drinking during pregnancy), represents a major issue in primary care. Few studies have offered perspective from the patients' standpoint. The main purpose of this study was to describe general practitioners at-risk drinking screening from their patients point of view. The secondary objective was to identify the factors associated with perception of satisfactory general practitioner knowledge about alcohol consumption. METHODS: A quantitative cross-sectional study was launched in 9 general practitioner offices over 6 months. Patients older than 18 were recruited to answer a questionnaire blinded from their general practitioner, indicating the level of their alcohol consumption and their perception regarding their general practitioner's screening methods. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: All in all, 445 patients were analyzed. Sixty-two at-risk drinkers were screened (13.9 %). Most of the patients declared they had not been interviewed about their alcohol consumption by their general practitioner either during initial consultations (86.1 %) or over time (83.3 %). Only 4.2 % of patients had previously initiated discussion about their consumption. Patients were not ashamed to talk about alcohol (99.2 %) and found their general practitioner to be competent on this topic (100 %). In multivariate analysis, independent factors associated with a good general practitioner knowledge about their patients' current consumption were the questions put forward by their general practitioner about alcohol consumption during their first visit (P<0.001) and during subsequent visits (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study showed a low general practitioner screening rate of their patients' at-risk drinking. Only a minority of patients, including at-risk drinkers, declared that their general practitioner was aware of their level of alcohol consumption. Screening could be improved by being systematized during initial consultations and regularly scheduled during subsequent visits, especially in at-risk situations.

Effects 4.5 years after an interactive GP educational seminar on antibiotic therapy for respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The few studies assessing long-term effects of educational interventions on antibiotic prescription have produced conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to assess the effects after 4.5 years of an interactive educational seminar designed for GPs and focused on antibiotic therapy in respiratory tract infections (RTIs). The seminar was expected to decrease antibiotic prescriptions for any diagnosis. METHODS: We conducted a randomized controlled parallel-group trial in a Paris suburb (France), with GPs as the randomization unit and prescriptions as the analysis unit. The intervention occurred in September 2004 and the final assessment in March 2009. Among 203 randomized GPs, 168 completed the study, 70 in the intervention group and 98 in the control group. Intervention GPs were randomized to attending only a 2-day interactive educational seminar on evidence-based guidelines about managing RTIs or also 1 day of problem-solving training. The primary outcome was the percentage of change in the proportion of prescriptions containing an antibiotic for any diagnosis in 2009 versus 2004. An intention-to-treat sensitivity analysis was performed using multiple imputation. RESULTS: After 4.5 years, absolute changes in the primary outcome measure were -1.1% (95% confidence interval: -2.2 to 0.0) in the intervention group and +1.4% (0.3-2.6) in the control group, yielding an adjusted between-group difference of -2.2% (-2.7 to -1.7; P < 0.001). Both intervention modalities had significant effects, and multiple imputation produced similar results. CONCLUSIONS: A single, standardized and interactive educational seminar targeting GPs significantly decreased antibiotic use for RTIs after 4.5 years.

Colorectal cancer screening: factors associated with colonoscopy after a positive faecal occult blood test.

BACKGROUND: Contextual socio-economic factors, health-care access, and general practitioner (GP) involvement may influence colonoscopy uptake and its timing after positive faecal occult blood testing (FOBT). Our objectives were to identify predictors of delayed or no colonoscopy and to assess the role for GPs in colonoscopy uptake. METHODS: We included all residents of a French district with positive FOBTs (n = 2369) during one of the two screening rounds (2007-2010). Multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to identify individual and area-level predictors of delayed colonoscopy, no colonoscopy, and no information on colonoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 998 (45.2%) individuals underwent early, 989 (44.8%) delayed, and 102 (4.6%) no colonoscopy; no information was available for 119 (5.4%) individuals. Delayed colonoscopy was independently associated with first FOBT (odds ratio, (OR)), 1.61; 95% confidence interval ((95% CI), 1.16-2.25); and no colonoscopy and no information with first FOBT (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.02-3.97), FOBT kit not received from the GP (OR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.67-3.14), and socio-economically deprived area (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.98-5.08). Colonoscopy uptake varied significantly across GPs (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: Socio-economic factors, GP-related factors, and history of previous FOBT influenced colonoscopy uptake after a positive FOBT. Interventions should target GPs and individuals performing their first screening FOBT and/or living in socio-economically deprived areas.

[A French questionnaire to assess quality of life of the aphasic patient: the SIP-65]. / Un outil francophone de mesure de la qualité de vie de l'aphasique: le SIP-65.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and demonstrate validity and reliability of a aphasic-adapted version of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP-136), a generic widespread questionnaire used to measure quality of life (QoL). DESIGN: Survey, outpatient oral interviews. POPULATION: Aphasic people from 20 to 80 years old, with a time from stroke or trauma of more than 12 months, living at home for more than six months, able to understand the questions with a Z-score profile at Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination above average for oral comprehension. METHOD: 1. Developments of the short version of the SIP-136, from a first sample of aphasic people; 35 patients were included with a mean time from stroke or trauma of 17 months. This first step consisted in excluding the least relevant items and/or subscales, rewriting some items to make them easier to understand, studying redundancy by multiple components analysis (MCA) and deleting some redundant items. 2. Validity compared with initial SIP-136 and reliability (inter-rater and test-retest) from a second sample of 55 aphasic people (mean time from stroke or trauma = 23 months). RESULTS: - 1. The first step of development led to a short version with eight subscales and 65 items (SIP-65) exploring physical, psychological and social components of QoL; it took about 16 min to fill it, less than half of the time necessary for the SIP-136. 2. Linear correlation of the responses between SIP-65 and SIP-136 was good: r = 0.97; p < 10(-6). SIP-65 demonstrated a good test-retest (r = 0.97; p < 10(-6)) and inter-rater (r = 0.92; p < 10(-6)) reliability. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: SIP-65, a short version of SIP-136, is feasible and clinically sound and must be recommended to assess health-related functional status of French aphasic people.

Clinical inertia: viewpoints of general practitioners and diabetologists.

Large clinical studies have enabled best practice guidelines to be issued. Intended to serve practitioners in their daily practice, the guidelines are also excellent tools for assessing physician performance. It was therefore demonstrated that despite the observation of insufficient glycaemic control, physicians did not systematically increase drug treatments. As a result, they have been accused of clinical inertia! In this journal, we first try to reveal what is behind this concept and to differentiate true inertia from pseudo inertia. Secondly, we consider how general practitioners and diabetologists, through their respective positions, can develop a synergy that is able to fight against inertia but that can especially, improve the glycaemic control of our patients.

[On the mode of action of difenoxine (R15403). Part 1: Studies on isolated intestinal smooth muscle (author's transl)]. / Uber die Wirkungsweise von Difenoxin (R 15403). Teil 1: Versuche an der isolierten glatten Darmmuskulatur

1-(3-Cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonicotinic acid hydrochloride (difenoxine, R 15 403) in vitro acts directly on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. It inhibits spontaneous contractions, it antagonizes the histamin-induced contractions and partially inhibits acetylcholine. Compared with pethidine difenoxine appears 50 times more powerful.

[On the mode of action of difenoxin (R 15 403). Part 2: Studies on the perfused isolated colonic loop of the rat (author's transl)]. / Uber die Wirkungsweise von Difenoxin (R 15 403). Teil 2: Versuche an der isolierten perfundierten Kolonschlinge der Ratte

The effect of 1-(3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl)-4-phenyl-isonipecotinic acid hydrochloride (difenoxin, R 15 403), a new antidiarrhoic agent, was studied in vivo in rats with an isolated colonic loop. Difenoxin had no effect on transport or absorption of fluid during perfusion experiments. When given i.p. it inhibited the motility of the coecum but not that of the colon. Difenoxin has apparently no effect on normal rat colon, although an effect may have been masked by the wide variation of parameters measured under identical conditions.