ABSTRACT
We successfully introduced two-photon-sensitive photolabile groups ([7-(diethylamino)coumarin-4-yl]methyl and p-dialkylaminonitrobiphenyl) into DNA strands and demonstrated their suitability for three-dimensional photorelease. To visualize the uncaging, we used a fluorescence readout based on double-strand displacement in a hydrogel and in neurons. Orthogonal two-photon uncaging of the two cages is possible, thus enabling complex scenarios of three-dimensional control of hybridization with light.
Subject(s)
Color , DNA/chemistry , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , PhotonsABSTRACT
Spatial and temporal control over chemical and biological processes plays a key role in life and material sciences. Here we synthesized a two-photon-activatable glutathione (GSH) to trigger the interaction with glutathione S-transferase (GST) by light at superior spatiotemporal resolution. The compound shows fast and well-confined photoconversion into the bioactive GSH, which is free to interact with GST-tagged proteins. The GSH/GST interaction can be phototriggered, changing its affinity over several orders of magnitude into the nanomolar range. Multiplexed three-dimensional (3D) protein networks are simultaneously generated in situ through two-photon fs-pulsed laser-scanning excitation. The two-photon activation facilitates the three-dimensional assembly of protein structures in real time at hitherto unseen resolution in time and space, thus opening up new applications far beyond the presented examples.
Subject(s)
Glutathione Transferase/metabolism , Electron Transport , Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer , Glutathione/chemistry , Glutathione/metabolism , Light , Photons , Protein Interaction Domains and MotifsABSTRACT
Based on nitrodibenzofuran (NDBF) a new photocage with higher two-photon action cross section and red-shifted absorption was developed. Due to calculations, a dimethylamino functionality (DMA) was added at ring position 7. The uncaging of nucleobases after two-photon excitation (2PE) could be visualized via double-strand displacement in a hydrogel. With this assay we achieved three-dimensional photorelease of DMA-NDBF-protected DNA orthogonal to NDBF-protected strands. While being an excellent 2P-cage, DMA-NDBF is surprisingly stable under visible-light one-photon excitation (1PE). This case of excitation-specific photochemistry enhances the scope of orthogonal photoregulation.
ABSTRACT
We synthesized a two-photon-sensitive photocleavable linker based on the 7-diethylaminocoumarin structure and introduced it successfully into DNA strands. First, we demonstrated the inducibility of strand scissions upon irradiation at 365 nm. To verify and visualize the two-photon activity, we used a fluorescence assay based on a DNA strand displacement immobilized in a hydrogel. Additionally, we investigated its use in a new class of DNA decoys that are able to catch and release nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by using light as an external trigger signal. In cell culture we were able to show the regulation of NF-κB-controlled transcription of green fluorescent protein.
Subject(s)
DNA Breaks , DNA/radiation effects , Oligonucleotides/chemistry , Oligonucleotides/radiation effects , Photons , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Coumarins/chemistry , DNA/chemistry , Drug Delivery Systems , Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay , Humans , Molecular Structure , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry , NF-kappaB-Inducing KinaseABSTRACT
A new one- and two-photon activatable fluorophore based on ATTO565 was developed using a photolabile linker that simultaneously acts as a quencher. It is especially interesting for protein and peptide applications because it can be incorporated by standard peptide chemistry. The application of the new fluorogenic construct in super-resolution microscopy of antibody conjugates is shown.
Subject(s)
Amino Acids/chemistry , Fluorescence , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Photons , Fluorescent Dyes/chemical synthesis , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Nitrodibenzofuran (NDBF) groups are used as photolabile "caging" groups to temporarily mask the Watson-Crick interaction of dA and dC residues. They show improved masking capabilities and are photodeprotected 12 times more efficiently than 1-(o-nitrophenyl)-ethyl (NPE) caging groups in these positions. Furthermore, NDBF groups can be removed wavelength-selectively in the presence of NPE groups. This will allow more complex (un)caging strategies of oligonucleotides--beyond the usual irreversible triggering.