Crystallization of bosonic quantum Hall states in a rotating quantum gas.

The dominance of interactions over kinetic energy lies at the heart of strongly correlated quantum matter, from fractional quantum Hall liquids1, to atoms in optical lattices2 and twisted bilayer graphene3. Crystalline phases often compete with correlated quantum liquids, and transitions between them occur when the energy cost of forming a density wave approaches zero. A prime example occurs for electrons in high-strength magnetic fields, where the instability of quantum Hall liquids towards a Wigner crystal4-9 is heralded by a roton-like softening of density modulations at the magnetic length7,10-12. Remarkably, interacting bosons in a gauge field are also expected to form analogous liquid and crystalline states13-21. However, combining interactions with strong synthetic magnetic fields has been a challenge for experiments on bosonic quantum gases18,21. Here we study the purely interaction-driven dynamics of a Landau gauge Bose-Einstein condensate22 in and near the lowest Landau level. We observe a spontaneous crystallization driven by condensation of magneto-rotons7,10, excitations visible as density modulations at the magnetic length. Increasing the cloud density smoothly connects this behaviour to a quantum version of the Kelvin-Helmholtz hydrodynamic instability, driven by the sheared internal flow profile of the rapidly rotating condensate. At long times the condensate self-organizes into a persistent array of droplets separated by vortex streets, which are stabilized by a balance of interactions and effective magnetic forces.

Providing clinicians with 'how to' knowledge for technology-based innovation: Introducing the SMS4dads texts.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Male partners are key supports for women in birth preparation and postnatally. Text-messaging can deliver timely information to expectant and new fathers to increase their support of the mother. However, technological innovations in healthcare often fail to be adopted. This study aims to assess the impact of disseminating a 'taster' set of SMS messages to increase clinicians' engagement with the intervention. METHODS: Example messages from SMS4dads were delivered to clinicians over a 3-week period and a link provided to an evaluation survey. Agreement to two closed questions was rated on a five-point Likert scale; the frequency of specific recalled messages was calculated for the first open-ended question. Responses to the remaining open-ended questions were analysed with a descriptive thematic approach. RESULTS: A total of 418 participants (female 61.5%) working in health organisations (80.4%), mostly in nursing (33.9%) or midwifery (19.6%) enrolled. Of the 77 (18.4%) participants who provided an evaluation, 96% agreed or strongly agreed that the Professional Taster gave them a better understanding of how to explain the program, and 88% agreed or strongly agreed that they are now more likely to tell parents about the program. Analysis of the remaining two open-ended questions revealed clinicians' concerns for fathers alongside their primary focus on maternal wellbeing. CONCLUSION: Providing 'how to' knowledge through receiving a sample of the intervention may increase clinicians' acceptance of technological innovation. SO WHAT?: Health-promoting digital interventions using text are increasing. Novel tested strategies for gaining buy-in from healthcare staff will be needed.

Developing a text message intervention for fathers with partners experiencing perinatal depression or anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Support from fathers to their partners is important to reduce distress in mothers during the perinatal period when conditions such as depression and anxiety can be common. The SMS4dads digital platform delivers text messages to fathers but has not previously addressed specific messages to fathers with partners who are experiencing perinatal depression and/or anxiety (PNDA). AIM: To develop messages, in collaboration with experienced parents and clinicians, that are suitable for fathers whose partner is experiencing PNDA. METHODS: Messages designed to enhance the quality of partner support for mothers experiencing PNDA were drafted by the SMS4dads team based on suggestions from mothers with lived experience of PNDA. Mothers and fathers with lived experience and expert clinicians rated the messages for importance and understanding. Clinicians additionally rated clinical relevance. Open response comments from parents and clinicians were collated for each message. Re-drafted messages were screened again and checked for literacy level. RESULTS: Forty-one draft messages received a total of 170 ratings from 24 parents and 164 ratings from 32 clinicians. Over three quarters of parents and clinicians agreed or strongly agreed that messages were understandable (parents 85.6%; clinicians 77.4%), important (parents 86.3%; clinicians 86.6%), and 85.5% of clinicians rated the messages as clinically relevant. Comments from clinicians (n = 99) and parents (n = 46) were reviewed and guided message development. Thirty re-drafted messages were screened and 16 edited based on a second round of ratings and comments from parents and clinicians. CONCLUSION: Messages for fathers whose partners are experiencing depression and anxiety can be developed and evaluated in collaboration with lived experience of parents and clinicians.

Testing the acceptability of stillbirth awareness messages in an SMS program for fathers.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: To raise expectant fathers' awareness of risk factors for stillbirth. METHODS: A set of brief text messages was developed addressing recognised risk factors for stillbirth: avoidance of maternal cigarette smoking, maternal going to sleep on side messaging, awareness of the importance of noticing and reporting changes in foetal movement and fathers' involvement in shared decision making for timing of birth. Eight messages were inserted into the SMS4dads pilot program being conducted by NSW Health. Feedback on the messages was requested. Participants rated the quality of the messages on a three-point Likert scale and provided comments. RESULTS: Overall, 2528 messages were sent to 626 fathers' mobile phones, 45% of fathers replied with 666 ratings and 115 comments evaluating the texts. The quantitative ratings indicated substantial overall approval of the messages. Within the coding category "Evaluation of Message Content," three themes described fathers' reactions and feelings about the smoking, movement, side sleeping and birth timing messages: "important-good information," "not appropriate/anxiety provoking" and "not relevant-obvious." Three themes reflecting the attributes of the messages within the "Service Quality" category were "need more information," "complements public health" and "child voice fit." CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that the messages are an acceptable way to provide information and suggested actions addressing stillbirth risk factors to fathers-to-be. SO WHAT?: Fathers' awareness of the risk factors for stillbirth can assist mothers to take appropriate actions for a healthy birth. Information on risk factors can be provided to fathers via a father-focused text messaging service.

Equipping fathers to support distressed mothers: What do mothers want fathers to know and do?

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Up to one in five new mothers experience depression or anxiety, and their partners are often the first line of social and practical support. However, many fathers are unprepared for their role as support person. The SMS4dads program (www.sms4dads.com) provides text-based support to new fathers but lacks specific messages addressing maternal mental distress. METHODS: A mixed methods process engaged mothers with lived experience of perinatal mental distress to identify message content for co-designing texts in SMS4dads. Participants completed surveys derived from research literature and parenting websites using the theoretical framework of support domains: emotional or affectionate support, informational support, tangible support and positive social interaction. Mothers also indicated the most appropriate timing of support: at the point of identifying the distress (emerging), with ongoing symptoms (persistent) or during recovery (easing). Free text comments from mothers were linked to survey topics to provide examples of wording suitable for text messages to fathers. RESULTS: Fifty-five mothers with lived experience completed the surveys. All support items were more often endorsed as helpful rather than not helpful by mothers. Emotional support was thought helpful in the early stages, tangible support was valued with ongoing symptoms and social interaction appreciated as symptoms eased. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers experiencing perinatal depression and anxiety require a range of supportive actions by their partners, including household tasks and baby-care, encouragement, listening and managing relationships with family and friends. SO WHAT?: Information provided by distressed mothers can provide guidance to professionals when designing information for fathers/partners. Digital delivery of this co-designed information to fathers across urban and rural areas may enhance the competence of fathers working to support mothers experiencing mental distress in the perinatal period.

Online mental health screening for rural fathers over the perinatal period.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of identifying distressed fathers in rural areas of NSW via a 'light touch' support program (SMS4dads). DESIGN: A retrospective observational study using self-reported distress and routinely captured help-seeking behaviour over a 14-month period (September 2020-December 2021) comparing rural and urban fathers. SETTING: Rural and urban Local Health Districts in NSW. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3261 expectant and new fathers enrolled in a text-based information and support service (SMS4dads). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Registrations, K10 score, program engagement, attrition, escalation and referral to online mental health services. RESULTS: Rural (13.3%) and urban (13.2%) enrolments were equivalent. Rural fathers had higher rates of distress than urban fathers (rural 19%; urban 16%) and were more likely to be smokers, consume alcohol at risky levels and report lower education levels. Rural fathers were more likely to exit the program early (HR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.08-1.62; p = 0.008); however, once adjusted for demographic factors aside from rurality, this increased likelihood was nonsignificant (HR = 1.10; 95% CI 0.88-1.38; p = 0.401). Although engagement with psychological support during the program was equivalent, a greater proportion of rural participants were escalated to online mental health support (7.7%) than urban participants (6.1%); however, this was nonsignificant (p = 0.222). CONCLUSION: Digital platforms offering text-based parenting information in a 'light touch' format may be an effective way to screen rural fathers for mental distress and connect them to online support.

Primary mental health prevention in partners of mothers with a major mental illness: SMS4Dads.

BACKGROUND: Mental health promotion and prevention with expecting and new fathers has historically been challenging. Approximately 10% of this population report experiencing depression in the post-partum period and 18% report experiencing anxiety. This population may be further at risk if their partner has a mental illness. OBJECTIVE: To assess if information provided by SMS may be a way to reach a vulnerable population of new fathers with partners who have a mental illness. METHOD: Twenty-three new and expecting fathers who have partners with a mental illness were engaged in a qualitative assessment of their experience with the SMS4Dads programme. RESULTS: This analysis showed that at risk new fathers appreciated the information received during the programme and reported acting on this, making changes in the way they interact with their children. CONCLUSION: The combination of timely, accurate and practical information delivered in a novel way, likely contributed to the reports of improved interactions within the family unit.

Expanding the international conversation with fathers' mental health: toward an era of inclusion in perinatal research and practice.

Paternal mental health is beginning to be recognized as an essential part of perinatal health. Historically, fathers were not recognized as being at risk for perinatal mental illnesses or relevant to maternal and infant health outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of paternal perinatal mental health, leading tools to assess paternal depression and anxiety, the impact of paternal mental health on mother and child health, and future directions for the field. An international team of paternal perinatal mental health experts summarized the key findings of the field. Fathers have an elevated risk of depression and anxiety disorders during the perinatal period that is associated with maternal depression and can impact their ability to support mothers. Paternal mental health is uniquely associated with child mental health and developmental outcomes starting from infancy and continuing through the child lifespan. Tailored screening approaches for paternal mental health are essential to support fathers early in the perinatal period, which would offset health risks for the family. Recommendations on paternal mental health are provided on four key areas to support father perinatal mental health: (1) intervention research, (2) clinical training, (3) national policy, and (4) the inclusion of fathers in the focus of the International Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health.

Supporting partners of mothers with severe mental illness through text - a feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE: During the perinatal period, partners of mothers with severe mental illness (SMI) play an important role in managing the new baby and supporting the mothers' wellbeing. Providing information via mobile phone on infant care, partner support and self-care may assist partners in their support role. METHOD: Partners (n = 23) of mothers with SMI were enrolled in a partner-focused SMS service sending brief texts 14 times per month for a maximum of 10 months. Partners (n = 16) were interviewed on exit and their responses analysed for acceptability and perceived usefulness of the texts. RESULTS: Partners remained with the programme and expressed high acceptability of the texts. Participants identified effects such as increased knowledge of and interaction with their baby; effective support for their partner; and reassurance that 'things were normal'. Few partners sought support for their own mental health. CONCLUSIONS: Texts supplied to mobile phones of partners of new mothers with SMI may increase partners' support. The texts in this study were acceptable to partners and were reported to enhance a partner's focus on the mother's needs, raise the partner's awareness of the infant's needs, and support the partner's confidence and competence in infant care.

Male callers to an Australian perinatal depression and anxiety help line-Understanding issues and concerns.

There is increasing recognition of the issues facing men in the perinatal period. Vulnerability factors and issues in the partner relationship contribute to mental health risk and can impact the quality of the father-infant relationship. Yet, there is limited understanding of fathers' help-seeking when they or their partner are experiencing mental health issues in the context of caring for a new baby. The present study examines fathers' contacts with the Perinatal Anxiety and Depression Australia (PANDA) National Helpline. The study reviewed contacts from fathers and their identified needs for assistance, relationship issues, and support needs; 70% of male callers (N = 129) reported concerns about the mother's mental health, and 57% were concerned about relationship breakdown. Significant numbers of men raised issues about their own mental health (43%) and many were concerned about the impact of maternal mental state on the relationship with the infant. When compared to community data, there were elevated rates of concerns about depression and anxiety. Men also described difficulties with the fathering role and with regulating their own feelings of guilt and frustration. These findings highlight the needs of men for support when a mother experiences perinatal problems and also the risk for distress in fathers.

Hay un incremento en el reconocimiento de los asuntos que enfrentan los hombres en el período perinatal.  Los factores de vulnerabilidad y asuntos en la relación con la pareja contribuyen al riesgo de salud mental y pueden tener impacto en la calidad de la relación papá-infante.  Aun así, hay una comprensión limitada acerca de la búsqueda de ayuda por parte de los papás cuando ellos o sus parejas están experimentando asuntos de salud mental en el contexto de cuidar a un nuevo bebé.  El presente estudio examina el contacto de los papás con la línea de ayuda nacional Ansiedad y Depresión Perinatal Australia (PANDA). El estudio revisó contactos de papás y sus identificadas necesidades para la asistencia, asuntos de la relación y necesidades de apoyo: 70% de los varones que llamaron (N = 129) reportaron preocupaciones acerca de la salud mental de la madre y 57% estaban preocupados acerca del rompimiento de la relación.  Un significativo número de hombres presentaron asuntos acerca de su propia salud mental (43%) y muchos estaban preocupados sobre el impacto del estado mental materno en la relación con el infante. Cuando se compara con la información comunitaria, hubo puntajes elevados de preocupaciones acerca de la depresión y la ansiedad. Los hombres también describieron dificultades con el papel de ser padres y con la forma de regular sus propios sentimientos de culpa y frustración.  Estos resultados subrayan las necesidades de los hombres de apoyo cuando una madre experimenta un problema perinatal y también el riesgo de angustia en los papás.

Les problèmes auxquels font face les hommes durant la période périnatale sont de plus en plus reconnus. Des facteurs et des problèmes de vulnérabilité dans la relation au partenaire contribuent au risque de santé mentale et peuvent avoir un impact sur la qualité de la relation père-enfant. Cependant on n'a que des connaissances limitées de l'appel à l'aide des pères lorsqu'ils font ou lorsque leur partenaire fait l'expérience de problèmes de santé mentale dans le contexte du soin à un nouveau-né. Cette étude a examiné les contacts des pères avec la ligne téléphonique nationale australienne pour l'anxiété et la dépression périnatales, abrégée PANDA selon l'anglais. Cette étude a passé en revue les contacts de pères et leurs besoins identifiés d'assistance et de soutien pour des problèmes liés à une relation: 70% des hommes ayant téléphoné (N = 129) ont fait état d'inquiétude à propos de la santé mentale de la mère et 57% étaient inquiets de la désintégration de la relation. Un nombre important d'hommes ont parlé de leur propre santé mentale (43%) et beaucoup d'entre eux étaient inquiets à propos de l'impact de l'état mental maternel sur la relation avec le nourrisson. Comparé aux données communautaires, on a trouvé des niveau élevés d'inquiétude sur la dépression et l'anxiété. Ces hommes ont aussi décrit des difficultés avec le rôle de père et avec la régulation de leurs propres sentiments de culpabilité et de frustration. Ces résultats mettent en évidence les besoins qu'ont les hommes de soutien quand une mère fait l'expérience d'un problème périnatal, et aussi le risque de détresse chez les pères.

Therapist competence in case conceptualization and outcome in CBT for depression.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between therapist competence in case conceptualization and outcome in psychotherapy. Method: Twenty-eight adults received Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression. The Conceptualization Rating Scale (CRS) was used to systematically evaluate therapist competence in case conceptualization using ratings from 225 DVD recordings of live therapy in real time across the first ten sessions of treatment. Results: Multilevel modelling (MLM) analysis revealed that after controlling for time and other pertinent therapy influencing variables, therapist competence in case conceptualization explained 40% of within patient variance and 19% of between patient variance associated with significant and positive change on the BDI-II. Conclusions: This study provided evidence that increased therapist competence in using case conceptualization in CBT is associated with greater reductions in depressive symptomology. The implications for supervision, training, and practice are discussed.

Boiling a Unitary Fermi Liquid.

We study the thermal evolution of a highly spin-imbalanced, homogeneous Fermi gas with unitarity limited interactions, from a Fermi liquid of polarons at low temperatures to a classical Boltzmann gas at high temperatures. Radio-frequency spectroscopy gives access to the energy, lifetime, and short-range correlations of Fermi polarons at low temperatures T. In this regime, we observe a characteristic T^{2} dependence of the spectral width, corresponding to the quasiparticle decay rate expected for a Fermi liquid. At high T, the spectral width decreases again towards the scattering rate of the classical, unitary Boltzmann gas, ∝T^{-1/2}. In the transition region between the quantum degenerate and classical regime, the spectral width attains its maximum, on the scale of the Fermi energy, indicating the breakdown of a quasiparticle description. Density measurements in a harmonic trap directly reveal the majority dressing cloud surrounding the minority spins and yield the compressibility along with the effective mass of Fermi polarons.

Spectral Response and Contact of the Unitary Fermi Gas.

We measure radio frequency (rf) spectra of the homogeneous unitary Fermi gas at temperatures ranging from the Boltzmann regime through quantum degeneracy and across the superfluid transition. For all temperatures, a single spectral peak is observed. Its position smoothly evolves from the bare atomic resonance in the Boltzmann regime to a frequency corresponding to nearly one Fermi energy at the lowest temperatures. At high temperatures, the peak width reflects the scattering rate of the atoms, while at low temperatures, the width is set by the size of fermion pairs. Above the superfluid transition, and approaching the quantum critical regime, the width increases linearly with temperature, indicating non-Fermi-liquid behavior. From the wings of the rf spectra, we obtain the contact, quantifying the strength of short-range pair correlations. We find that the contact rapidly increases as the gas is cooled below the superfluid transition.

Supporting men through their transition to fatherhood with messages delivered to their smartphones: a feasibility study of SMS4dads.

BACKGROUND: The transition to parenthood can be a challenging time, in which both mothers and fathers experience increased risk of distress and depression. Mothers are more likely than fathers to engage with services and have their mental health monitored and attended to during the perinatal period. The present study aimed to explore whether smartphone technology could be used to address fathers' needs across their transition to fatherhood. METHODS: A corpus of messages, including linked information and mood tracking software, was designed to support and enhance paternal relationships with their babies, their partners and themselves across the perinatal period. Messages were sent to project participants (N = 520) from 12-weeks' gestation to 24-weeks after birth. RESULTS: Of those fathers enrolled (N = 520), 21.5% scored >13 on K6 and completion rate (85%) was similar between these and other fathers. Most fathers (63.1%) clicked at least one link and responses were received for 20.5% of mood tracker questions. The probability of reporting worse mood scores decreased over time. Fathers completing post study surveys (N = 101) reported that messages helped them in their experience of becoming a new dad (92.8%), as well as helping them develop a strong relationship with their new child (54.9%), and in their relationship with their partner (79%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study has demonstrated that it is both feasible and acceptable to support new fathers with SMS4dads, a relationship-focused messaging system designed to be delivered to smartphones across fathers' transition to parenthood.

Stayin' on Track: the feasibility of developing Internet and mobile phone-based resources to support young Aboriginal fathers.

Young Aboriginal fathers face social and emotional challenges in the transition to fatherhood, yet culturally appropriate support mechanisms are lacking. Peer mentoring to develop online- and mobile phone-based resources and support may be a viable approach to successfully engage these young men. This feasibility study engaged two trusted Aboriginal mentors and researchers to partner with one regional and two rural Aboriginal communities in New South Wales, Australia. Early in the research process, 20 young Aboriginal fathers were recruited as co-investigators. These fathers were integral in the development of web-based resources and testing of mobile phone-based text messaging and mood-tracking programs tailored to provide fathering and mental health support. Overwhelmingly positive feedback from evaluations reinforced community pride in and ownership of the outcomes. The young men's involvement was instrumental in not only developing culturally appropriate support, but also in building their capacity as role models for other fathers in the community. The positive results from this feasibility study support the adoption of participatory approaches in the development of resources for Aboriginal communities.

Duty hours and incidents in flight among commercial airline pilots.

INTRODUCTION: Working long duty hours has often been associated with increased risk of incidents and accidents in transport industries. Despite this, information regarding the intermediate relationship between duty hours and incident risk is limited. This study aimed to test a work hours/incident model to identify the interplay of factors contributing to incidents within the aviation industry. METHODS: Nine hundred and fifty-four European-registered commercial airline pilots completed a 30-item survey investigating self-report attitudes and experiences of fatigue. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model. RESULTS: The fit indices indicated this to be a good fit model (χ(2) = 11.066, df = 5, p = 0.05; Comparative Fit Index = 0.991; Normed Fit Index = 0.984; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.962; Root Mean Square of Approximation = 0.036). Highly significant relationships were identified between duty hours and sleep disturbance (r = 0.18, p < 0.001), sleep disturbance and fatigue in the cockpit (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), and fatigue in the cockpit and microsleeps in the cockpit (r = 0.43, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: A critical pathway from duty hours through to self-reported incidents in flight was identified. Further investigation employing both objective and subjective measures of sleep and fatigue is needed.

QTL analysis of root morphology, flowering time, and yield reveals trade-offs in response to drought in Brassica napus.

Drought escape and dehydration avoidance represent alternative strategies for drought adaptation in annual crops. The mechanisms underlying these two strategies are reported to have a negative correlation, suggesting a trade-off. We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of flowering time and root mass, traits representing each strategy, in Brassica napus to understand if a trade-off exists and what the genetic basis might be. Our field experiment used a genotyped population of doubled haploid lines and included both irrigated and rainfed treatments, allowing analysis of plasticity in each trait. We found strong genetic correlations among all traits, suggesting a trade-off among traits may exist. Summing across traits and treatments we found 20 QTLs, but many of these co-localized to two major QTLs, providing evidence that the trade-off is genetically constrained. To understand the mechanistic relationship between root mass, flowering time, and QTLs, we analysed the data by conditioning upon correlated traits. Our results suggest a causal model where such QTLs affect root mass directly as well as through their impacts on flowering time. Additionally, we used draft Brassica genomes to identify orthologues of well characterized Arabidopsis thaliana flowering time genes as candidate genes. This research provides valuable clues to breeding for drought adaptation as it is the first to analyse the inheritance of the root system in B. napus in relation to drought.

Connecting Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless and BEC Phase Transitions by Tuning Interactions in a Trapped Gas.

We study the critical point for the emergence of coherence in a harmonically trapped two-dimensional Bose gas with tunable interactions. Over a wide range of interaction strengths we find excellent agreement with the classical-field predictions for the critical point of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) superfluid transition. This allows us to quantitatively show, without any free parameters, that the interaction-driven BKT transition smoothly converges onto the purely quantum-statistical Bose-Einstein condensation transition in the limit of vanishing interactions.

Pessimism and Homework in CBT for Depression.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the moderating effects of attributional style on the relationship between client-rated benefits of homework completion and depression throughout a course of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). METHOD: A total of 28 clients, aged 20 to 65 years, experiencing their first major depressive episode completed up to 20 sessions of CBT plus a follow-up session at 2 months. Clients, therapists, and independent observers completed the measures. Multilevel modeling was used for a within-person longitudinal analysis of data. RESULTS: Pessimism slightly moderated the relationship between quantity-quality of homework completion and depression severity over time. Decreases in depression severity were largely independent of level of homework completion. CONCLUSION: While CBT is effective in reducing depression, pessimistic attributional style can affect the perception that clients bring to the quantity and quality of homework completion. Clinicians could thus focus on dealing with pessimistic style for treatment and homework to moderate the severity of depression.