Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Complications after Insertion by Surgeons, Radiologists, or Nephrologists.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The Advancing American Kidney Health Initiative aims to increase rates of utilization of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the United States. One of the first steps to PD is successful catheter placement, which can be performed by surgeons, interventional radiologists, or nephrologists. We examined the association between operator subspecialty and risk of needing a follow-up procedure in the first 90 days after initial PD catheter implantation. Overall, we found that 15.5% of catheters required revision, removal, or a second catheter placement within 90 days. The odds of requiring a follow-up procedure was 36% higher for interventional radiologists and 86% higher for interventional nephrologists compared with general surgeons. Further research is needed to understand how to optimize the function of catheters across different operator types. BACKGROUND: The US government has implemented incentives to increase the use of PD. Successful placement of PD catheters is an important step to increasing PD utilization rates. Our objective was to compare initial outcomes after PD catheter placement by different types of operators. METHODS: We included PD-naïve patients insured by Medicare who had a PD catheter inserted between 2010 and 2019. We examined the association between specialty of the operator (general surgeon, vascular surgeon, interventional radiologist, or interventional nephrologist) and odds of needing a follow-up procedure, which we defined as catheter removal, replacement, or revision within 90 days of the initial procedure. Mixed logistic regression models clustered by operator were used to examine the association between operator type and outcomes. RESULTS: We included 46,973 patients treated by 5205 operators (71.1% general surgeons, 17.2% vascular surgeons, 9.7% interventional radiologists, 2.0% interventional nephrologists). 15.5% of patients required a follow-up procedure within 90 days of the initial insertion, of whom 2.9% had a second PD catheter implanted, 6.6% underwent PD catheter removal, and 5.9% had a PD catheter revision within 90 days of the initial insertion. In models adjusted for patient and operator characteristics, the odds of requiring a follow-up procedure within 90 days were highest for interventional nephrologists (HR, 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 2.22) and interventional radiologists (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.58) followed by vascular surgeons (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.14) compared with general surgeons. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of needing a follow-up procedure after initial PD catheter placement varied by operator specialty and was higher for interventionalists and lowest for general surgeons.

Abdominal lymphocele following multi-level anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) managed with a laparoscopic peritoneal window: case report and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: Lymphocele formation following anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is not common, but it can pose diagnostic and treatment challenges. The purpose of this case is to report for the first time the treatment of a postoperative lymphocele following a multi-level ALIF using a peritoneal window made through a minimally invasive laparoscopic approach. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 74-year-old male with a history of prostatectomy and pelvic radiation underwent a staged L3-S1 ALIF (left paramedian approach) and T10-pelvis posterior instrumented with L1-5 decompression/posterior column osteotomies for degenerative scoliosis and neurogenic claudication. Three weeks after surgery, swelling of the left abdomen and entire left leg was reported. Computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis demonstrated a large (19.2 × 12.0 × 15.4 cm) retroperitoneal fluid collection with compression of the left ureter and left common iliac vein. Fluid analysis (80% lymphocytes) was consistent with a lymphocele. Percutaneous drainage for 4 days was ineffective at clearing the lymphocele. For more definitive management, the patient underwent an uncomplicated laparoscopic creation of a peritoneal window to allow passive drainage of lymphatic fluid into the abdomen. Three years after surgery, he had no back or leg pain, had achieved spinal union, and had no abdominal swelling or left leg swelling. Advanced imaging also confirmed resolution of the lymphocele. CONCLUSIONS: In this case report, creation of a peritoneal window minimally invasively via a laparoscope allowing passive drainage of lymphatic fluid into the abdomen was safe and effective for management of an abdominal lymphocele following a multi-level ALIF.

Treatment of immunocompromised COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma.

Immunosuppressed patients such as solid organ transplant and hematologic malignancy patients appear to be at increased risk for morbidity and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Convalescent plasma, a method of passive immunization that has been applied to prior viral pandemics, holds promise as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients may experience more benefit from convalescent plasma given underlying deficits in B and T cell immunity as well as contraindications to antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy. We describe our institutional experience with four immunosuppressed patients (two kidney transplant recipients, one lung transplant recipient, and one chronic myelogenous leukemia patient) treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma through the Expanded Access Program (NCT04338360). All patients clinically improved after administration (two fully recovered and two discharged to skilled nursing facilities) and none experienced a transfusion reaction. We also report the characteristics of convalescent plasma product from a local blood center including positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG and negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR in all samples tested. This preliminary evidence suggest that convalescent plasma may be safe among immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 and emphasizes the need for further data on the efficacy of convalescent plasma as either primary or adjunctive therapy for COVID-19.

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy with Autotransplantation: Safety, Efficacy and Long-Term Durability.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation is a viable option when renal preservation is required or ureteral reconstruction is impossible. In this study we report on our long-term experience with laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of data from all patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation since 2000 revealed data for 52 of 59 patients after study exclusions. Indications for laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation included ureteral stricture disease (41), renal malignancy (7), ptotic kidney (1), chronic flank pain (1), renal artery aneurysm (1) and renovascular hypertension (1). Followup included ultrasonography, nuclear renography and computerized tomography. Complications analyzed were Clavien-Dindo grade III or higher. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients (30 women, 57.6%) underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation at a median age of 48 years (range 12 to 76). At a median followup of 73.5 months 47 patients (90.3%) had long-term function of the autotransplanted renal unit including 3 of 4 (75%) solitary kidneys. There were 5 patients (9.7%) who experienced renal unit failure at a median of 15 months. Of these patients 3 required nephrectomy of autotransplant unit secondary to renal vein thrombosis (1 day), pseudoaneurysm (15 months) and chronic pain (48 months). Overall 4 patients had early complications and 8 had late complications. In the tumor group 4 patients had disease progression and all are alive. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation is an excellent long-term surgical option (greater than 90% success rate with longer than 6-year median followup) for complex ureteral and renal conditions that necessitate preservation of renal parenchyma. However, tumor progression is possible after ex vivo tumor excision. Therefore, careful patient selection and followup are mandatory. This report supports the safety, efficacy and durability of laparoscopic nephrectomy with autotransplantation in experienced hands.

Contemporary Management of Hepatic Cyst Disease: Techniques and Outcomes at a Tertiary Hepatobiliary Center.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic cyst disease is often asymptomatic, but treatment is warranted if patients experience symptoms. We describe our management approach to these patients and review the technical nuances of the laparoscopic approach. METHODS: Medical records were reviewed for operative management of hepatic cysts from 2012 to 2019 at a single, tertiary academic medical center. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (39 female) met the inclusion criteria with median age at presentation of 65 years. Fifty cases (94.3%) were performed laparoscopically. Fourteen patients carried diagnosis of polycystic liver disease. Dominant cyst diameter was median 129 mm and located within the right lobe (30), left lobe (17), caudate (2), or was bilobar (4). Pre-operative concern for biliary cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma existed for 7 patients. Operative techniques included fenestration (40), fenestration with decapitation (7), decapitation alone (3), and excision (2). Partial hepatectomy was performed in conjunction with fenestration/decapitation for 15 cases: right sided (7), left sided (7), and central (1). One formal left hepatectomy was performed in a polycystic liver disease patient. Final pathology yielded simple cyst (52) and one biliary cystadenoma. Post-operative complications included bile leak (2), perihepatic fluid collection (1), pleural effusion (1), and ascites (1). At median 7.1-month follow-up, complete resolution of symptoms occurred for 34/49 patients (69.4%) who had symptoms preoperatively. Reintervention for cyst recurrence occurred for 5 cases (9.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Outcomes for hepatic cyst disease are described with predominantly laparoscopic approach, approach with minimal morbidity, and excellent clinical results.

Left lobe adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: small grafts and hemiportocaval shunts in the prevention of small-for-size syndrome.

Adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (AA-LDLT) has better outcomes when a graft weight to recipient weight ratio (GW/RW) > 0.8 is selected. A smaller GW/RW may result in small-for-size syndrome (SFSS). Portal inflow modulation seems to effectively prevent SFSS. Donor right hepatectomy is associated with greater morbidity and mortality than left hepatectomy. In an attempt to shift the risk away from the donor, we postulated that left lobe grafts with a GW/RW < 0.8 could be safely used with the construction of a hemiportocaval shunt (HPCS). We combined data from 2 centers and selected suitable left lobe living donor/recipient pairs. Since January 2005, 21 patients underwent AA-LDLT with left lobe grafts. Sixteen patients underwent the creation of an HPCS between the right portal vein and the inferior vena cava. The portocaval gradient (portal pressure - central venous pressure) was measured before the unclamping of the shunt and 10 minutes after unclamping. The median actual graft weight was 413 g (range = 350-670 g), and the median GW/RW was 0.67 (range = 0.5-1.0). The portocaval gradient was reduced from a median of 18 to 5 mmHg. Patient survival and graft survival at 1 year were 87% and 81%, respectively. SFSS developed in 1 patient, who required retransplantation. Two patients died at 3 and 10 months from a bile leak and fungal sepsis, respectively. The median recipient bilirubin level and INR were 1.7 mg/dL and 1.1, respectively, at 4 weeks post-transplant. One donor had a bile leak (cut surface). This is the first US series of small left lobe AA-LDLT demonstrating that the transplantation of small grafts with modulation of the portal inflow by the creation of an HPCS may prevent the development of SFSS while at the same time providing adequate liver volume. As it matures, this technique has the potential for widespread application and could positively effect donor safety, the donor pool, and waiting list times.

Prostate cancer screening and treatment in the transplant population: current status and recommendations.

PURPOSE: We reviewed the current status of and recommendations for prostate cancer screening and treatment in the solid organ transplant population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a MEDLINE search to identify published data regarding prostate cancer screening, risk, treatment and outcomes in the solid organ transplant population. The literature was reviewed and summarized. RESULTS: Most data regarding outcomes of prostate cancer treatment in the transplant population are limited to case reports and small series, and primarily involve renal insufficiency. It does not appear that the development or natural history of prostate cancer is significantly affected by organ failure or subsequent transplantation. Thus, prostate specific antigen testing and screening protocols can be extrapolated from the general population. However, the balance of comorbid diseases and estimated limitations in life expectancy must be carefully considered, and emphasis should be placed on risk assessment. Prostatectomy appears to be feasible with outcomes comparable to those in the non-transplant population, while data regarding the use of radiation therapy are limited. CONCLUSIONS: The expansion of organ transplant criteria, including older donors and recipients, combined with improved allograft survival has enhanced the relevance of prostate cancer screening and treatment in this group. Greater awareness of the issues surrounding prostate cancer incidence, detection and natural history should promote improved data collection, screening and treatment of prostate cancer in the transplant population.

Early Postoperative Pain and its Predictors in the Adult to Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about how well postoperative pain is managed in living liver donors, despite pain severity being the strongest predictor of persistent pain with long-lasting disability. METHODS: We conducted a prospective multicenter study of 172 living liver donors. Self-reported outcomes for pain severity, activity interference, affective (emotional) reactions, adverse effects to treatment, and perceptions of care were collected using the American Pain Society Patient Outcomes Questionnaire-Revised. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to identify demographic and psychosocial predictors of subscale scores. RESULTS: Donors were young (36.8 ± 10.6) and healthy. Of 12 expert society analgesic recommendations for postoperative pain management, 49% received care conforming to 3 guidelines, and only 9% to 4 or 5. More than half reported adverse effects to analgesic treatment for moderate to severe pain that interfered with functional activity; however, emotional distress to pain was unexpectedly minimal. Female donors had higher affective (ß = 0.88, P = 0.005) and adverse effects scores (ß = 1.33, P < 0.001). Donors with 2 or more medical concerns before surgery averaged 1 unit higher pain severity, functional interference, adverse effects, and affective reaction subscale scores (ß range 1.06-1.55, all P < 0.05). Receiving information about pain treatment options increased perception of care subscale scores (ß = 1.24, P = 0.001), whereas depressive symptoms before donation were associated with lower scores (ß = -1.58, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Donors have a distinct profile of pain reporting that is highly influenced by psychological characteristics. Interventions to improve pain control should consider modifying donor behavioral characteristics in addition to optimizing pain care protocols.

Ten-year retrospective analysis of incisional herniorrhaphy following renal transplantation.

HYPOTHESIS: Repair of incisional hernias in renal transplant recipients is compromised because of immunosuppressive therapy. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: University tertiary care institution. PATIENTS: Forty-two recipients of renal transplants or combined renal-pancreas transplants who underwent incisional herniorrhaphy were included in our study. INTERVENTION: Incisional herniorrhaphy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative complications and recurrence of incisional hernia. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (mean age, 49.6 years) underwent incisional herniorrhaphy (mean area, 99.9 cm(2)) following renal transplantation (26 cadaveric donor renal, 12 combined renal-pancreas, and 4 living related donor renal) from January 1, 1995, to December 31, 2005. Using various techniques, hernia repairs were performed on average 36.4 months following transplantation. Diabetes mellitus was a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease (16 patients), followed by polycystic kidney disease (6 patients), focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (3 patients), hypertension (2 patients), Alport syndrome (2 patients), and IgA nephropathy (2 patients), with 11 patients having lupus or glomerulonephritis. Four patients developed cellulitis, 2 patients required mesh removal, and 1 patient was admitted for abscess drainage and intravenous antibiotics. Fourteen patients had recurrence of incisional hernias, with 3 patients experiencing 2 recurrences and 1 patient experiencing 4 recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the largest series of incisional herniorrhaphies performed among patients following renal transplantation. Although smoking history, the presence of diabetes, and immunosuppressive therapy were not associated with the initial development of an incisional hernia, they were associated with complications. Component separation performed by transplant and plastic and reconstructive surgeons should be considered in the setting of recurrent hernias and large defects.

Open incisional hernia repair at an academic tertiary care medical center.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the postoperative complication rates of a large consecutive series of patients who underwent open incisional ventral hernia repair. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review of an accumulated database. SETTING: University tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: All patients who underwent open incisional ventral hernia repair from March 1, 2003, through February 28, 2008. INTERVENTION: Open incisional ventral hernia repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative complications, including hernia recurrences. RESULTS: A total of 507 cases (465 patients; female to male ratio, 1.1:1) met our criteria; median follow-up was 40 months. In 23.5% of the cases, repair had been attempted previously, and 16.4% had previously undergone organ transplant. The postoperative complication rate was 38.1%. Hernias recurred in 18.9% of cases. Perioperative mortality was 1.0%. Patients undergoing transplant were more likely than those not undergoing transplant to have a hernia recurrence (16.3% vs 32.5%; P < .001) and were equally likely to have a postoperative complication (36.9% vs 44.6%; P = .19). Patients who underwent repair of a recurrent incisional hernia were as likely to have a hernia recurrence as those who underwent initial repair (21.0% vs 18.3%; P = .52) but more likely to have an overall complication (47.9% vs 35.1%; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: In this series of incisional hernia repairs at a tertiary care center, the overall recurrence rate of 18.9% is comparable to that of other published series. Ours is the largest published series of recurrent hernias that shows a recurrence rate comparable to that for initial repairs. This outcome may be the result of greater use of more complex repair techniques.