Anti-inflammatory latex proteins of the medicinal plant Calotropis procera: a promising alternative for oral mucositis treatment.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Oral mucositis (OM) is an intense inflammatory reaction progressing to tissue damage and ulceration. The medicinal uses of Calotropis procera are supported by anti-inflammatory capacity. PII-IAA, a highly homogenous cocktail of laticifer proteins (LP) prepared from the latex of C. procera, with recognized pharmacological properties was tested to treat OM. MATERIALS AND SUBJECTS: Male Golden Sirius hamsters were used in all treatments. TREATMENT: The latex protein samples were injected i.p. (5 mg/Kg) 24 h before mucositis induction (mechanical trauma) and 24 h later. METHODS: Histology, cytokine measurements [ELISA], and macroscopic evaluation [scores] were performed. RESULTS: PII-IAA eliminated OM, accompanied by total disappearance of myeloperoxidase activity and release of IL-1b, as well as reduced TNF-a. Oxidative stress was relieved by PII-IAA treatment, as revealed by MDA and GSH measurements. PII-IAA also reduced the expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and Iba-1, two important markers of inflammation, indicating modulatory effects. Histological analyses of the cheek epithelium revealed greater deposition of type I collagen fibers in animals given PII-IAA compared with the control group. This performance was only reached when LPPII was treated with iodoacetamide (IAA), an irreversible inhibitor of proteolytic activity of cysteine proteases. The endogenous proteolytic activity of LPPII induced adverse effects in animals. Candidate proteins involved in the phytomodulatory activity are proposed. CONCLUSIONS: Therapy was successful in treating OM with the laticifer protein fraction, containing peptidases and osmotin, from Calotropis procera. The effective candidate from the latex proteins for therapeutic use is PII-IAA.

Risk factors for the development of phlebitis: an integrative review of literature. / Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da flebite: revisão integrativa da literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the scientific evidence published in literature regarding the risk factors for the development of phlebitis. METHOD: Integrative literature review with the inclusion of 14 original articles found in the LILACS, Scielo and Pubmed bases from January 2004 to April 2015, analyzed by levels of evidence and frequency, associated factors, degree and treatment of phlebitis. RESULTS: The frequency / incidence / minimum rate of phlebitis was 3% and the maximum was 59.1%. Most articles (57.14%) reported an association of phlebitis with risk factors, including the dwell time, puncture site and / or anatomical region, hospitalization period, number of accesses, reason for removal, sex, antibiotics, intermittent maintenance and emergency insertion. CONCLUSIONS: The need for standardizing the quantification of this event and a weak connection between the risk factors associated with phlebitis were identified. Further studies need to be developed in order to grant a real understanding of this disease in the daily routines of a hospital.

Side-Effects of Irinotecan (CPT-11), the Clinically Used Drug for Colon Cancer Therapy, Are Eliminated in Experimental Animals Treated with Latex Proteins from Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae).

Intestinal mucositis (IM) is the critical side effect of irinotecan (CPT-11), which is the front-line drug used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of latex proteins (LP) from Calotropis procera to prevent IM and diarrhea in animals. Swiss mice were treated daily with saline or LP (1, 5, or 50 mg/kg, i.v.) 24 h prior to CTP-11 (75 mg/kg/4 days, i.p) and for additional 6 days. Animal survival, body weight variation, and diarrhea were registered. After animal sacrifice (day 7 post first injection of CPT-11), intestinal samples were collected to study morphology and inflammatory parameters. Animals given LP exhibited improved parameters (survival, body weight, and absence of diarrhea) as compared with the CPT-11 control. The severity of IM observed in animals given CPT-11 was reduced in animals treated with LP. Treatment with LP also prevented the reduction in the villus/crypt ratio promoted by CPT-11. The rise in MPO activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines, over-contractility of the smooth muscle, and diarrhea were all abrogated in LP-treated mice. Markedly reduced immunostaining intensity for COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1ß, iNOS, and NF-κB was observed in the intestinal tissue of animals treated with LP. The side-effects of CPT-11 were eliminated by LP treatment in experimental animals and improved clinical parameters characteristic of IM All known biochemical pathogenesis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Incidence of phlebitis and post-infusion phlebitis in hospitalised adults. / Incidência de flebite e flebite pós-infusional em adultos hospitalizados.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the incidence of phlebitis during and after the use of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIC), and analyse the association of this complication with risk factors. METHODS: cohort study with 165 adult patients admitted to a university hospital in Porto Alegre, totalling 447 accesses, from December 2014 to February 2015. Data were collected on a daily basis and analysed by means of descriptive and analytical statistics. RESULTS: The incidence of phlebitis during PIC was 7.15% and the incidence of post-infusion phlebitis was 22.9%. Phlebitis during catheter use was associated with the use of Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. The grade of post-infusion phlebitis was associated with age and use of Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid, Tramadol Hydrochloride, and Amphotericin. CONCLUSION: The incidence of post-infusion phlebitis proved to be an important indicator to analyse the quality of the healthcare setting.

Factors influencing physical functional status in intensive care unit survivors two years after discharge.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that in patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU), physical functional status (PFS) improves over time, but does not return to the same level as before ICU admission. The goal of this study was to assess physical functional status two years after discharge from an ICU and to determine factors influencing physical status in this population. METHODS: The study reviewed all patients admitted to two non-trauma ICUs during a one-year period and included patients with age ≥ 18 yrs, ICU stay ≥ 24 h, and who were alive 24 months after ICU discharge. To assess PFS, Karnofsky Performance Status Scale scores and Lawton-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scores at ICU admission (K-ICU and L-ICU) were compared to the scores at the end of 24 months (K-24mo and L-24mo). Data at 24 months were obtained through telephone interviews. RESULTS: A total of 1,216 patients were eligible for the study. Twenty-four months after ICU discharge, 499 (41.6%) were alive, agreed to answer the interview, and had all hospital data available. PFS (K-ICU: 86.6 ± 13.8 vs. K-24mo: 77.1 ± 19.6, p < 0.001) and IADL (L-ICU: 27.0 ± 11.7 vs. L-24mo: 22.5 ± 11.5, p < 0.001) declined in patients with medical and unplanned surgical admissions. Most strikingly, the level of dependency increased in neurological patients (K-ICU: 86 ± 12 vs. K-24mo: 64 ± 21, relative risk [RR] 2.6, 95% CI, 1.8-3.6, p < 0.001) and trauma patients (K-ICU: 99 ± 2 vs. K-24mo: 83 ± 21, RR 2.7, 95% CI, 1.6-4.6, p < 0.001). The largest reduction in the ability to perform ADL occurred in neurological patients (L-ICU: 27 ± 7 vs. L-24mo: 15 ± 12, RR 3.3, 95% CI, 2.3-4.6 p < 0.001), trauma patients (L-ICU: 32 ± 0 vs. L-24mo: 25 ± 11, RR 2.8, 95% CI, 1.5-5.1, p < 0.001), patients aged ≥ 65 years (RR 1.4, 95% CI, 1.07-1.86, p = 0.01) and those who received mechanical ventilation for ≥ 8 days (RR 1.48, 95% CI, 1.02-2.15, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-four months after ICU discharge, PFS was significantly poorer in patients with neurological injury, trauma, age ≥ 65 tears, and mechanical ventilation ≥ 8 days. Future studies should focus on the relationship between PFS and health-related quality of life in this population.

Depressive symptoms and receipt of pensions: a cross-sectional analysis of the ELSI-Brazil study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate association between depressive symptoms and receipt of retirement pensions or other pensions in the Brazilian population aged 50 years or older. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with participants from the baseline (2015-2016) of the Longitudinal Study of the Health of Elderly Brazilians. Depressive symptoms were measured by the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Among the total 8,469 participants, 33.9% (95%CI 32.8;34.9) reported depressive symptoms and 52.8% (95%CI 51.8;53.9) of the participants received a retirement or other pension. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was lower among participants receiving a retirement or other pension (PR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.73;0.86). Association remained significant after adjustments for sociodemographic and health indicators (PR = 0.84; 95%CI 0.76;0.92). CONCLUSION: Participants who receive retirement or other pensions are less likely to report depressive symptoms. MAIN RESULTS: Prevalence of depressive symptoms was 33.9% in the population studied and, after adjusted analysis, it remained statistically lower among participants who received retirement or other pensions. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: Prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in individuals who do not receive retirement or other pensions, which demands attention from health services in caring for this public in vulnerable situations regarding social security. PERSPECTIVES: Carrying out longitudinal studies capable of assessing the temporality of association between receiving retirement or other pensions and the mental health of the elderly, thus contributing to better knowledge about the social determinants of mental health.

The II Brazilian Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 Joint Guidelines of the Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia.

OBJECTIVE: To update the recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. METHODS: Experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. RESULTS: Twenty-one recommendations were generated, including strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen and conditional recommendations for the use of tocilizumab and baricitinib for patients on supplemental oxygen or on noninvasive ventilation and anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolism. Due to suspension of use authorization, it was not possible to make recommendations regarding the use of casirivimab + imdevimab. Strong recommendations against the use of azithromycin in patients without suspected bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, and lopinavir + ritonavir and conditional recommendations against the use of ivermectin and remdesivir were made. CONCLUSION: New recommendations for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were generated, such as those for tocilizumab and baricitinib. Corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are still recommended, the latter with conditional recommendation. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and to promote resource economy.

Administration of meloxicam to improve the welfare of mice in research: a systematic review (2000 - 2020).

Although laboratory animals experience pain as a necessary component of the objectives of experimental protocols, the level of pain should be minimized through use of an adequate analgesic regimen. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam may be beneficial in alleviating post-operative pain in mice, although no regimen has been demonstrated as universally efficacious owing to differences in experimental protocols, strain, sex, and incomplete descriptions of methodology in the literature. The aim of this systematic literature review was to identify potential applications of meloxicam for pain management in experimental mice and to evaluate the general quality of study design. Searches of MEDLINE, Scopus and CAB Direct databases elicited 94 articles published between January 2000 and April 2020 that focused on the analgesic efficacy of meloxicam in the management of momentary or persistent pain in mice. The extracted data showed that most articles were deficient in descriptions of housing, husbandry, group size calculation and humane endpoint criteria, while few described adverse effects of the drug. A wide range of dosages of meloxicam was identified with analgesic efficiencies that varied considerably according to the different models or procedures studied. It was impossible to correlate the extracted data into a single meta-analysis because of the differences in experimental protocols and strains employed, the low representation of female mice in the studies, and incomplete descriptions of the methodology applied. We conclude that meloxicam has potential application for pain management in mice but that the dosage must be adjusted carefully according to the experimental procedures. Moreover, authors must take more care in designing their studies and in describing the methodology employed.

Brazilian Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19: Joint guideline of Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia. / Diretrizes Brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19: Diretriz conjunta da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia.

OBJECTIVE: Several therapies are being used or proposed for COVID-19, and many lack appropriate evaluations of their effectiveness and safety. The purpose of this document is to develop recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. METHODS: A group of 27 experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. RESULTS: Sixteen recommendations were generated. They include strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen, the use of anticoagulants at prophylactic doses to prevent thromboembolism and the nonuse of antibiotics in patients without suspected bacterial infection. It was not possible to make a recommendation regarding the use of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 using oxygen due to uncertainties regarding the availability of and access to the drug. Strong recommendations against the use of hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, lopinavir + ritonavir and antibiotics in patients without suspected bacterial infection and also conditional recommendations against the use of casirivimab + imdevimab, ivermectin and rendesivir were made. CONCLUSION: To date, few therapies have proven effective in the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and only corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are recommended. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and promote economical resource use.

OBJETIVOS: Há diversas terapias sendo utilizadas ou propostas para a COVID-19, muitas carecendo de apropriada avaliação de efetividade e segurança. O propósito deste documento é elaborar recomendações para subsidiar decisões sobre o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Um grupo de 27 membros, formado por especialistas, representantes do Ministério da Saúde e metodologistas, integra essa diretriz. Foi utilizado o método de elaboração de diretrizes rápidas, tomando por base a adoção e/ou a adaptação de recomendações a partir de diretrizes internacionais existentes (GRADE ADOLOPMENT), apoiadas pela plataforma e-COVID-19 RecMap. A qualidade das evidências e a elaboração das recomendações seguiram o método GRADE. RESULTADOS: Foram geradas 16 recomendações. Entre elas, estão recomendações fortes para o uso de corticosteroides em pacientes em uso de oxigênio suplementar, para o uso de anticoagulantes em doses de profilaxia para tromboembolismo e para não uso de antibacterianos nos pacientes sem suspeita de infecção bacteriana. Não foi possível fazer uma recomendação quanto à utilização do tocilizumabe em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 em uso de oxigênio, pelas incertezas na disponibilidade e de acesso ao medicamento. Foi feita recomendação para não usar azitromicina, casirivimabe + imdevimabe, cloroquina, colchicina, hidroxicloroquina, ivermectina, lopinavir/ ritonavir, plasma convalescente e rendesivir. CONCLUSÃO: Até o momento, poucas terapias se provaram efetivas no tratamento do paciente hospitalizado com COVID-19, sendo recomendados apenas corticosteroides e profilaxia para tromboembolismo. Diversos medicamentos foram considerados ineficazes, devendo ser descartados, de forma a oferecer o melhor tratamento pelos princípios da medicina baseada em evidências e promover economia de recursos não eficazes.

Emergency medicine in Brazil: historical perspective, current status, and future challenges.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medicine (EM) in Brazil has achieved critical steps toward its development in the last decades including its official recognition as a specialty in 2016. In this article, we worked in collaboration with the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE) to describe three main aspects of EM in Brazil: (1) brief historical perspective; (2) current status; and (3) future challenges. MAIN TEXT: In Brazil, the first EM residency program was created in 1996. Only 20 years later, the specialty was officially recognized by national regulatory bodies. Prior to recognition, there were only 2 residency programs. Since then, 52 new programs were initiated. Brazil has now 54 residency programs in 16 of the 27 federative units. As of December 2020, 192 physicians have been board certified as emergency physicians in Brazil. The shortage of formal EM-trained physicians is still significant and at this point it is not feasible to have all Brazilian emergency care units and EDs staffed only with formally trained emergency physicians. Three future challenges were identified including the recognition of EM specialists in the house of Medicine, the need of creating a reliable training curriculum despite highly heterogeneous emergency care practice across the country, and the importance of fostering the development of academic EM as a way to build a strong research agenda and therefore increase the knowledge about the epidemiology and organization of emergency care. CONCLUSION: Although EM in Brazil has accomplished key steps toward its development, there are several obstacles before it becomes a solid medical specialty. Its continuous development will depend on special attention to key challenges involving recognition, reliability, and research.

[Vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections of women who have sex with women]. / Vulnerabilidade de mulheres que fazem sexo com mulheres às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis.

The scope of this study was to assess the degree of vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections of women who have sex with women. It involved a cross-sectional study of 150 women between 2015 and 2017. A structured questionnaire was applied, and a gynecological examination was performed to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and papillomavirus. Blood tests were conducted to detect HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis. The outcome variable was sexual infection and the independent variables comprised the vulnerability level in the individual, social and programmatic dimensions. Data analyses were performed through logistic regression. The results showed a high prevalence of infections (47.3%) and only variables of individual vulnerability were associated with the outcome. The incidence of infection was four times higher among women who had had prior infections. The fact of never having had a blood test tripled the chance of having sexually transmitted infections. The fact of also having sexual intercourse with men in the previous 12-month-period increased the risk of the outcome by a factor of approximately nine. The conclusion drawn is that these women are vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections due to their individual vulnerability.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as dimensões da vulnerabilidade de mulheres que fazem sexo com mulheres associadas às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Estudo transversal com 150 mulheres, entre 2015-2017. Aplicou-se questionário estruturado, realizou-se exame ginecológico para diagnóstico de Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, papiloma vírus humano e coleta de sangue periférico para detecção de HIV, hepatite B e sífilis. A variável desfecho foi a ocorrência de infecção sexual e as variáveis independentes compõem o referencial da vulnerabilidade, nas dimensões individual, social e programática. Análise de dados foi realizada por modelo de regressão logística. Os resultados mostraram alta prevalência das infecções (47,3%) e apenas variáveis relacionadas à vulnerabilidade individual se associaram de forma independente ao desfecho: chance de infecção foi quatro vezes maior entre mulheres com antecedente de infecção; nunca ter realizado exame sorológico aumentou a chance em quase três vezes e ter tido relação sexual com homem nos últimos 12 meses aumentou em quase nove vezes a chance do desfecho. Concluiu-se que essas mulheres são vulneráveis às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em decorrência da vulnerabilidade individual.

Position Statement: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected COVID-19 - 2020. / Posicionamento para Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar de Pacientes com Diagnóstico ou Suspeita de COVID-19 ­ 2020.

Care for patients with cardiac arrest in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has several unique aspects that warrant particular attention. This joint position statement by the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (AMIB), and Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), all official societies representing the corresponding medical specialties affiliated with the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), provides recommendations to guide health care workers in the current context of limited robust evidence, aiming to maximize the protection of staff and patients alike. It is essential that full aerosol precautions, which include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, be followed during resuscitation. It is also imperative that potential causes of cardiac arrest of particular interest in this patient population, especially hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias associated with QT prolongation, and myocarditis, be considered and addressed. An advanced invasive airway device should be placed early. Use of HEPA filters at the bag-valve interface is mandatory. Management of cardiac arrest occurring during mechanical ventilation or during prone positioning demands particular ventilator settings and rescuer positioning for chest compressions which deviate from standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Apart from these logistical issues, care should otherwise follow national and international protocols and guidelines, namely the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and 2019 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines and the 2019 Update to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guideline.

Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

The care for patients suffering from cardiopulmonary arrest in a context of a COVID-19 pandemic has particularities that should be highlighted. The following recommendations from the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine (AMIB) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), associations and societies official representatives of specialties affiliated to the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), aim to guide the various assistant teams, in a context of little solid evidence, maximizing the protection of teams and patients. It is essential to wear full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for aerosols during the care of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and it is imperative to consider and treat the potential causes in these patients, especially hypoxia and arrhythmias caused by changes in the QT interval or myocarditis. The installation of an advanced invasive airway must be obtained early and the use of High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) filters at the interface with the valve bag is mandatory; situations of occurrence of CPR during mechanical ventilation and in a prone position demand peculiarities that are different from the conventional CPR pattern. Faced with the care of a patient diagnosed or suspected of COVID-19, the care follows the national and international protocols and guidelines 2015 ILCOR (International Alliance of Resuscitation Committees), AHA 2019 Guidelines (American Heart Association) and the Update of the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Care Directive of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology 2019.

A atenção ao paciente vítima de parada cardiorrespiratória em um contexto de pandemia de COVID-19 possui particularidades que devem ser ressaltadas. As seguintes recomendações da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência (ABRAMEDE), Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB) e Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA), associações e sociedades representantes oficiais de especialidades afiliadas a Associação Medica Brasileira (AMB), têm por objetivo orientar as diversas equipes assistentes, em um contexto de poucas evidências sólidas, maximizando a proteção das equipes e dos pacientes.É fundamental a paramentação completa com Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) para aerossóis durante o atendimento de Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR), e imperativo que se considerem e tratem os potenciais causas nesses pacientes, principalmente hipóxia e arritmias causadas por alterações no intervalo QT ou miocardites. A instalação de via aérea invasiva avançada deve ser obtida precocemente e o uso de filtros High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) na interface com a bolsa-válvula é obrigatório; situações de ocorrência de PCR durante a ventilação mecânica e em posição pronada demandam peculiaridades distintas do padrão convencional de PCR. Frente ao atendimento de um paciente com diagnóstico ou suspeito de COVID-19, o atendimento segue em acordo com os protocolos e diretrizes nacionais e internacionais 2015 ILCOR (Aliança Internacional dos Comitês de Ressuscitação), Diretrizes AHA 2019 (American Heart Association) e a Atualização da Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia 2019.

Protective Effect of Cashew Gum (Anacardium occidentale L.) on 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis.

Intestinal mucositis is a common complication associated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent used for cancer treatment. Cashew gum (CG) has been reported as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of CG extracted from the exudate of Anacardium occidentale L. on experimental intestinal mucositis induced by 5-FU. Swiss mice were randomly divided into seven groups: Saline, 5-FU, CG 30, CG 60, CG 90, Celecoxib (CLX), and CLX + CG 90 groups. The weight of mice was measured daily. After treatment, the animals were euthanized and segments of the small intestine were collected to evaluate histopathological alterations (morphometric analysis), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione (GSH), and immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). 5-FU induced intense weight loss and reduction in villus height compared to the saline group. CG 90 prevented 5-FU-induced histopathological changes and decreased oxidative stress through decrease of MDA levels and increase of GSH concentration. CG attenuated inflammatory process by decreasing MPO activity, intestinal mastocytosis, and COX-2 expression. Our findings suggest that CG at a concentration of 90 mg/kg reverses the effects of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.

Depressive symptoms and receipt of pensions: a cross-sectional analysis of the ELSI-Brazil study / Síntomas depresivos y recibimiento de pensiones: un análisis transversal de ELSI-Brasil / Sintomas depressivos e recebimento de aposentadorias ou pensões: uma análise transversal do ELSI-Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate association between depressive symptoms and receipt of retirement pensions or other pensions in the Brazilian population aged 50 years or older. Method This was a cross-sectional study with participants from the baseline (2015-2016) of the Longitudinal Study of the Health of Elderly Brazilians. Depressive symptoms were measured by the eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained by Poisson regression. Results Among the total 8,469 participants, 33.9% (95%CI 32.8;34.9) reported depressive symptoms and 52.8% (95%CI 51.8;53.9) of the participants received a retirement or other pension. Prevalence of depressive symptoms was lower among participants receiving a retirement or other pension (PR = 0.79; 95%CI 0.73;0.86). Association remained significant after adjustments for sociodemographic and health indicators (PR = 0.84; 95%CI 0.76;0.92). Conclusion Participants who receive retirement or other pensions are less likely to report depressive symptoms.

RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar la asociación entre los síntomas depresivos y la percepción de jubilaciones o pensiones en la población brasileña de 50 años o más. Método Estudio transversal con participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de la Salud del Anciano Brasileño (2015-2016). Los síntomas depresivos se midieron mediante la escala The eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression. Las razones de prevalencia (RP) se obtuvieron por regresión de Poisson. Resultados La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue del 33,9% (IC95% 32,8;34,9) y 52,8% (IC95% 51,8;53,9) de los participantes recibían jubilación o pensión. La prevalencia de síntomas depresivos fue menor entre los participantes que recibían jubilación o pensión (PR = 0,79; IC95% 0,73;0,86). La asociación siguió siendo significativa tras ajustarse por indicadores sociodemográficos y de salud (PR = 0,84; IC95% 0,76;0,92). Conclusión Los participantes que reciben una jubilación o pensión tienen menos probabilidades de manifestar síntomas depresivos.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar a associação entre recebimento de aposentadorias ou pensões e sintomas depressivos na população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. Método Estudo transversal com participantes da linha de base (2015-2016) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros. Sintomas depressivos foram aferidos pela escala The eight-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression. Razões de prevalência (RP) foram obtidas pela regressão de Poisson. Resultados Dos 8.469 participantes, 33,9% (IC95% 32,8;34,9) relataram sintomas depressivos e 52,8% (IC95% 51,8;53,9) recebiam aposentadoria ou pensão. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi menor entre os participantes que recebiam aposentadoria ou pensão (RP = 0,79; IC95% 0,73;0,86). A associação permaneceu significativa após ajustes por indicadores sociodemográficos e de saúde (RP = 0,84; IC95% 0,76;0,92). Conclusão Participantes que recebiam aposentadoria ou pensão são menos propensos a relatarem sintomas depressivos.

Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and factors associated among women who have sex with women.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and factors associated among women who have sex with women. METHOD: cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study with 150 women. The vaginal microbiota profile was analyzed by microscopic examination of vaginal swabs according to the Gram method. Endocervical samples were collected with cytobrush for the investigation of endocervicitis by Chlamydia trachomatis. The polymerase chain reaction was used to diagnosis Human Papillomavirus infection. Socio-demographic data, sexual behavior and clinical history were obtained through an interview. Logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors independently associated with bacterial vaginosis. RESULTS: among the 150 participants, 71 (47.3%) presented some alteration in the vaginal microbiota, 54 (36.0%) bacterial vaginosis and 12 (8.0%) Flora II. The variable independently associated with bacterial vaginosis was the use of sexual accessories [2.37(1.13-4.97), p=0.022]. CONCLUSION: the high prevalence of bacterial vaginosis among women who have sex with women indicates the need for screening this population and association between use of sexual accessories and this disease suggests the possibility of transmission of sexual fluids between the partners during the sexual act, which demonstrates the need for educational actions on sexual and reproductive health.

The II Brazilian Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 Joint Guidelines of the Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia / II Diretrizes Brasileiras para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 Diretriz conjunta da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência, Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira, Associação Médica Brasileira, Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e Cirurgia Vascular, Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia

ABSTRACT Objective: To update the recommendations to support decisions regarding the pharmacological treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Brazil. Methods: Experts, including representatives of the Ministry of Health and methodologists, created this guideline. The method used for the rapid development of guidelines was based on the adoption and/or adaptation of existing international guidelines (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) and supported by the e-COVID-19 RecMap platform. The quality of the evidence and the preparation of the recommendations followed the GRADE method. Results: Twenty-one recommendations were generated, including strong recommendations for the use of corticosteroids in patients using supplemental oxygen and conditional recommendations for the use of tocilizumab and baricitinib for patients on supplemental oxygen or on noninvasive ventilation and anticoagulants to prevent thromboembolism. Due to suspension of use authorization, it was not possible to make recommendations regarding the use of casirivimab + imdevimab. Strong recommendations against the use of azithromycin in patients without suspected bacterial infection, hydroxychloroquine, convalescent plasma, colchicine, and lopinavir + ritonavir and conditional recommendations against the use of ivermectin and remdesivir were made. Conclusion: New recommendations for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were generated, such as those for tocilizumab and baricitinib. Corticosteroids and prophylaxis for thromboembolism are still recommended, the latter with conditional recommendation. Several drugs were considered ineffective and should not be used to provide the best treatment according to the principles of evidence-based medicine and to promote resource economy.

RESUMO Objetivo: Atualizar as recomendações para embasar as decisões para o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos: A elaboração desta diretriz foi feita por especialistas, incluindo representantes do Ministério da Saúde e metodologistas. O método utilizado para o desenvolvimento rápido de diretrizes baseou-se na adoção e/ou adaptação de diretrizes internacionais existentes (GRADE ADOLOPMENT) e contou com o apoio da plataforma e-COVID-19 RecMap. A qualidade das evidências e a elaboração das recomendações seguiram o método GRADE. Resultados: Chegaram-se a 21 recomendações, incluindo recomendações fortes quanto ao uso de corticosteroides em pacientes em uso de oxigênio suplementar e recomendações condicionais para o uso de tocilizumabe e baricitinibe, em pacientes com oxigênio suplementar ou ventilação não invasiva, e de anticoagulantes, para prevenção de tromboembolismo. Devido à suspensão da autorização de uso, não foi possível fazer recomendações para o tratamento com casirivimabe + imdevimabe. Foram feitas recomendações fortes contra o uso de azitromicina em pacientes sem suspeita de infecção bacteriana, hidroxicloroquina, plasma convalescente, colchicina e lopinavir + ritonavir, além de recomendações condicionais contra o uso de ivermectina e rendesivir. Conclusão: Foram criadas novas recomendações para o tratamento de pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, como as recomendações de tocilizumabe e baricitinibe. Ainda são recomendados corticosteroides e profilaxia contra tromboembolismo, esta em caráter condicional. Vários medicamentos foram considerados ineficazes e não devem ser usados, no intuito de proporcionar o melhor tratamento segundo os princípios da medicina baseada em evidências e promover a economia de recursos.

(Im)Possibilidades Comunicativas de uma Criança com Surdocegueira Congênita no Contexto de uma Instituição Especializada / Communicative (Im)Possibilities of a Child with Congenital Deafblindness in the Context of a Specialized Institution

RESUMO: O presente artigo aborda a temática da comunicação em crianças com surdocegueira congênita. Fundamentado nas proposições teórico-metodológicas da perspectiva histórico-cultural do desenvolvimento humano, o estudo considera as dimensões sociais e semióticas como fundantes para o processo de desenvolvimento dos indivíduos. O estudo empírico foi realizado em uma instituição especializada no atendimento educacional de pessoas com surdocegueira e teve por objetivo compreender as (im) possibilidades de comunicação de uma criança com surdocegueira congênita a partir da dinâmica das relações sociais vivenciadas por ela no contexto das práticas educativas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio de um estudo de caso, tomando como lócus de observação e de intervenção os atendimentos educacionais realizados pela pedagoga da instituição, em parceria com a pesquisadora participante. Para registro, optou-se por videogravação e diário de campo. Todo o material audiovisual foi transcrito para análise e os dados organizados em três eixos: 1- Corpos biológicos e corpos signos; 2- O jogo de significados e sentidos; 3- O domínio do espaço como fonte de mobilização de funções psíquicas superiores. Em consonância com a perspectiva histórico-cultural, decidiu-se pela análise microgenética dos dados. Os resultados indicam que, quando são consideradas as especificidades da comunicação, o aluno com surdocegueira congênita pode participar e atribuir sentidos ao contexto educacional. O uso de diferentes sistemas de comunicação, quando alicerçado na mediação social, amplia as possibilidades de interação social. Ademais, diante de condições de acesso ao entorno, a criança tem mais oportunidades de planejar ações e comunicar seus desejos e suas intenções.

ABSTRACT: This article addresses the theme of communication in children with congenital deafblindness. Based on the theoretical-methodological propositions from the historical-cultural perspective of human development, this study considers the social and semiotic dimensions as foundations for the development process of individuals. Te empirical study was carried out in an institution specialized in the educational care of people with deafblindness and aimed to understand the communication (im) possibilities of a child with congenital deafblindness based on the dynamics of social relationships experienced in the context of educational practices. This is a qualitative research carried out through a case study, taking as an observation and intervention locus the educational assistance provided by the institution's pedagogue along with the participating researcher. For record purposes, we opted for video recording and feld diary. All audiovisual material has been transcribed for analysis and the data organized into three axes: 1- Biological bodies and sign bodies; 2- The game of meanings and senses; 3- The domain of space as a source for mobilizing higher psychic functions. In line with the historical-cultural perspective, the microgenetic analysis of the data was decided upon. The results indicate that, when the communication specificities are considered, the student with congenital deafblindness can participate and attribute meanings to the educational context. The use of diverse communication systems, when based on social mediation, expands the possibilities of social interaction. In addition, given conditions of access to the environment, children have more opportunities to plan actions and communicate their desires and intentions.

Comportamento Suicida e Políticas Públicas: Estudo Comparativo entre as Atitudes dos Profissionais da Atenção Básica / Suicidal Behavior and Public Policies: Comparative Study between the Attitudes of Primary Care Professionals / Comportamiento Suicida y Políticas Públicas: Estudio Comparativo entre Actitudes de los Profesionales en Atención Primaria

O comportamento suicida é um tema cada vez mais presente nos serviços de Saúde e Assistência Social. Dado sua complexidade, buscou-se investigar as atitudes dos profissionais que atuam na Atenção Básica das políticas de Saúde (n=44) e de Assistência Social (n=36) em relação ao comportamento suicida, uma vez que estas são determinantes para o cuidado. Utilizou-se o Questionário de atitudes em relação ao comportamento suicida (QUACS) e um questionário sociodemográfico. Havia a hipótese que a política pública e a formação profissional seriam variáveis que trariam diferenças entre as atitudes encontradas. Profissionais da Saúde apresentaram atitudes mais positivas em relação ao paciente e maior percepção da sua capacidade profissional. Profissionais da Assistência Social indicaram atitudes menos moralistas em relação ao direito ao suicídio. As variáveis política pública, sexo, formação profissional e religião foram significativas para os fatores da escala, validando a hipótese inicial. Há necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais sobre a temática, uma vez que diferentes atitudes podem indicar fragilidades que interferem na conduta dos profissionais e na oferta de cuidado. Além disso, é preciso fomentar o debate sobre a articulação entre as duas políticas públicas, a fim de garantir a integralidade e construir o trabalho em rede.

Suicidal behavior is an increasingly present theme in Health and Social Care services. Given its complexity, this study investigated the attitudes of primary care professionals working in Health (n = 44) and Social Assistance (n = 36) policies in relation to suicidal behavior, since these are determinants of care. The Suicidal Behavior Attitude Questionnaire (SBAQ) and a sociodemographic questionnaire has been used. There was the hypothesis that public policy and professional training would be variables that would bring about differences between the attitudes founded. Health professionals showed more positive attitudes towards the patient who shows suicidal behavior and greater perception of their professional capacity. Social Assistance professionals indicated less moralistic attitudes towards the right to suicide. Public policy, sex, professional training and religion were significant variables for the scale factors, validating the initial hypothesis. There is a need for training professionals on the subject, since different attitudes can indicate weaknesses that interfere in the conduct of professionals and in the provision of care. In addition, it is necessary to foster the debate on the articulation between the two public policies, in order to guarantee integrality and build networking.

La conducta suicida es un tema cada vez más presente en Salut y Servicios Sociales. Dada su complejidad se investigó las actitudes de los profesionales que trabajan en la Atención Primaria de las políticas de Salud (n = 44) y Asistencia Social (n = 36) en relación con el comportamiento suicida, ya que son factores determinantes para la atención. Se utilizó el cuestionario de actitudes sobre el comportamiento suicida (QUACS) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se planteó la hipótesis de que las políticas públicas y la formación profesional varían, provocando diferencias entre las actitudes encontradas. Los profesionales de la salud mostraron actitudes más positivas en relación con el paciente y una mayor percepción de su capacidad profesional. Los profesionales de asistencia social indicaron actitudes menos moralistas hacia el derecho al suicídio. Las variables sexo, formación profesional y religión fueron significativas, validando la hipótesis inicial. Hay necesidad de formación de los profesionales sobre el tema, ya que diferentes actitudes pueden indicar debilidades que interfieren con la prestación de cuidados por parte de dos profesionales. Además, es necesario promover o debatir la articulación entre las dos políticas públicas, a fin de garantizar la integralidad y la construcción o desempeño en red.

A cidade e a infância: possibilidades da saúde mental na atenção básica / The city and the childhood: mental health care possibilities in primary care / La ciudad y la infancia: posibilidades de salud mental en atención primaria

Este estudo se configura como um relato de experiência sobre o encontro entre infância e Atenção Primária à Saúde, a partir do trabalho em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família do município de Porto Alegre, por meio do núcleo profissional da psicologia. Essa vivência faz parte do percurso formativo do Programa Atenção Básica da Residência Integrada em Saúde da Escola de Saúde Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A partir do encontro com as demandas relativas à saúde mental de crianças nesse contexto, que frequentemente se apresentavam como questões individuais, comportamentais, e carregavam expectativa de correção, buscou-se problematizar as lógicas de cuidado em tensionamento nesse cenário, considerando a realidade do cotidiano de trabalho. Sobretudo, buscou-se problematizar as possibilidades de acompanhamento de crianças, para além do encaminhamento, na atenção primária em saúde. Para tal, apresentamos concepções ampliadas com relação à infância, considerando que esse período não trata apenas de um corpo orgânico em desenvolvimento, mas também de um sujeito em constituição. Assim, como possibilidade de intervenção com as crianças na Atenção Básica, utilizou-se um dispositivo grupal que se mostrou uma potente estratégia de acolhimento e de envolvimento da equipe na escuta das questões da infância na Unidade de Saúde.(AU)

This study is a report about the intersection of childhood and Primary Health Care based experience, in a Family Health Unit in the municipality of Porto Alegre, based on the Psychology professional center. This experience is part of the educational path at the Primary Care Program of the Integrated Health Residency from the Public Health School of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. From the Mental Health demands of children in this context, which often presented themselves as individual, behavioral issues, and carried an expectation of being corrected, we sought to problematize the logics of care in tension in this scenario, considering the reality of the everyday job. Above all, we aimed to problematize the possibilities of follow up on the children, beyond the referral, in Primary Care. To this end, we presented expanded conceptions regarding childhood, considering that, this period is not just about a developing organic body, but also a subject in constitution. Thus, as a possibility of intervention with children in Primary Care, the use of group device proved to be a powerful strategy for welcoming and involving the team in listening to childhood issues in the Health Unit.(AU)

Este estudio es un reporte de experiencia sobre el encuentro entre la infancia y la Atención Primaria de Salud, a partir del trabajo en una Unidad de Salud Familiar en la ciudad de Porto Alegre, a través del núcleo profesional de Psicología. Esta experiencia es parte del curso de especialización del Programa de Atención Primaria de la Residencia Integrada en Salud de la Escuela de Salud Pública del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul (ESP / RS). A partir del encuentro con las demandas relacionadas con la Salud Mental de los niños en este contexto, que a menudo se presentaron como problemas de comportamiento individuales y tenían la expectativa de corrección, buscamos problematizar la lógica de la atención en tensión en este contexto, considerando la realidad de la vida cotidiana de trabajo. Sobre todo, buscamos problematizar las posibilidades de acompañar a los niños, además de la derivación, en Atención Primaria de Salud. Con este fin, presentamos conceptos ampliados en relación con la infancia, considerando que este período no es solo un cuerpo orgánico en desarrollo, pero también de un sujeto en constitución. Así, como una posibilidad de intervención con niños en Atención Primaria, se utilizó un dispositivo grupal, que resultó ser una potente estrategia para acoger e involucrar al equipo en la escucha de los problemas de la infancia en la Unidad de Salud.(AU)