ABSTRACT
To assess potential effects of human DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] exposure, we evaluated the reproductive history of 2,033 workers in the antimalaria campaign of Mexico. Data on occupational exposure to DDT and reproductive outcomes were gathered through a questionnaire, and workers provided information about 9,187 pregnancies. We estimated paternal exposure to DDT before each pregnancy using three approaches: a) a dichotomous indicator for pregnancies before and after exposure began, b) a qualitative index of four exposure categories, and c) an estimation of the DDT metabolite DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] accumulated in fat. To assess associations, we used logistic regression models that accounted for correlated observations and adjusted for parents' age at each child's birth, exposure to other pesticides, exposure to chemical substances in other employment, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The odds ratio for birth defects comparing pregnancies after and before the first exposure was 3.77 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.19-9.52]. Compared with the lowest quartile of estimated DDE in fat, the ORs were 2.48 (95% CI, 0.75-8.11), 4.15 (95% CI, 1.38-12.46), and 3.76 (95% CI, 1.23-11.44) for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, equivalent to p,p -DDE in fat of 50, 82, and 298 microg/g fat, respectively. No significant association was found for spontaneous abortion or sex ratio. We found an increased risk of birth defects associated with high occupational exposure to DDT in this group of workers. The significance of this association at lower exposure levels found in the general population remains uncertain.
Subject(s)
DDT/toxicity , Insecticides/toxicity , Malaria/prevention & control , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Paternal Exposure/adverse effects , Reproduction/drug effects , Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology , Adipose Tissue/metabolism , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , DDT/metabolism , Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/metabolism , Female , Humans , Insecticides/metabolism , Male , Mexico , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Objetivo. Analizar la utilización de las unidades de atención primaria a la salud (UAPS) por pacientes febriles en áreas de transmisión de paludismo, en diferentes condiciones de organización de los servicios de salud. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en septiembre de 1993, en 32 localidades de los estados de Tabasco (con servicios de salud descetralizados) y Campeche ( no descentralizados). Se efectuó un análisis descriptivo y se identificaron variables predictoras de utilización de las UAPS mediante una regresión logística. Resultados. Se entrevistaron 817 febriles, de los cuales 55 por ciento se atendieron en casa; 16.4 por ciento utilizaron UAPS y 17 por ciento fueron atendidos por colaboradores voluntarios, sin diferencias entre ambos estados. Los febriles de localidades con UAPS las utilizaron 11 veces más (IC 95 por ciento 7.0-18.2) que aquéllos sin UAPS; los graves 2.8 veces más (IC 95 por ciento 1.7-4.6) que los leves-moderados y los <13 años (IC 95 por ciento 1.3-2.9) 1.9 veces más que los ò13 años. Sólo 2 por ciento de los febriles fueron casos de paludismo. Conclusiones. No hubo diferencias en la utilización de UAPS entre estado descentralizado y no descentralizado. Debe revalorarse la fiebre como indicador único para detección de paludismo
Objective. To analyze primary health care service (PHCS) utilization by febrile patients in a malarial area of Mexico. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out in September, 1993, in 32 communities of Tabasco (decentralized health services) and Campeche (non-decentralized) states. Predictors of utilization were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. Results. 817 febrile patients were interviewed, 55% of all febrile patients received care at home (SELF), 16.5% by PHCS and 17% by volunteer collaborators, with no significant differences in health services utilization between states. Febrile patients living in communities where PHCS was available used these facilities 11 times more than those without PHCS (C.I. 95%: 7.0-18.2%). Severely febrile patients used PHCS 2.8 times more than mild-moderate cases (C.I. 95%: 1.7-4.6%). Febrile patients under 13 years of age used PHCS 1.9 times more than older patients. Two per cent of febrile patients consisted of malaria cases. Conclusions. There was no difference between decentralized and non-decentralized health services regarding the utilization of PHCS. Fever symptoms must be evaluated as a single screening indicator of malarial disease.