ABSTRACT
Two novel series of spirocyclic piperidine analogs appended to a pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine core were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HCV activity. A series of piperidine ketals afforded dispiro 6p which showed excellent in vitro anti-HCV activities (EC50 of 1.5nM and 1.2nM against genotype 1a and 1b replicons, respectively). A series of piperidine oxazolidinones afforded 27c which showed EC50's of 10.9nM and 6.1nM against 1a and 1b replicons, respectively. Both compounds 6p and 27c bound directly to non-structural NS4B protein in vitro (IC50's=10.2 and 30.4nM, respectively) and exhibited reduced potency in replicons containing resistance mutations encoding changes in the NS4B protein.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Hepacivirus/physiology , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/pharmacology , Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism , Virus Replication/drug effects , Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis , Drug Design , Hepacivirus/drug effects , Hepacivirus/metabolism , Humans , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
Optimization of the amino acid residue of a series of anthranilimide-based glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors is described leading to the identification of serine and threonine ether analogs. t-Butylthreonine analog 20 displayed potent in vitro inhibition of GPa, low potential for P450 inhibition, and excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
Subject(s)
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/antagonists & inhibitors , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glycogen Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Imides/chemistry , Serine/chemistry , Threonine/chemistry , ortho-Aminobenzoates/chemistry , Animals , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 , Drug Design , Glycine/chemistry , Glycogen Phosphorylase/metabolism , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Liver/enzymology , Models, Chemical , RatsABSTRACT
Key binding interactions of the anthranilimide based glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) inhibitor 2 from X-ray crystallography studies are described. This series of compounds bind to the AMP site of GP. Using the binding information the core and the phenyl urea moieties were optimized. This work culminated in the identification of compounds with single nanomolar potency as well as in vivo efficacy in a diabetic model.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glycogen Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemical synthesis , ortho-Aminobenzoates/chemical synthesis , ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology , Animals , Blood Glucose/analysis , Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Crystallography, X-Ray , Disease Models, Animal , Hypoglycemic Agents/blood , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Mice , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Structure-Activity Relationship , Urea/pharmacology , ortho-Aminobenzoates/blood , ortho-Aminobenzoates/chemistryABSTRACT
Optimization of the amino acid residue within a series of anthranilimide-based glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors is described. These studies culminated in the identification of anthranilimides 16 and 22 which displayed potent in vitro inhibition of GPa in addition to reduced inhibition of CYP2C9 and excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
Subject(s)
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/antagonists & inhibitors , Carboxylic Acids/chemistry , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Glycogen Phosphorylase/antagonists & inhibitors , Imides/pharmacology , ortho-Aminobenzoates/pharmacology , Animals , Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 , Dogs , Drug Design , Glycine/chemistry , Glycogen Phosphorylase/metabolism , Humans , Imides/chemistry , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Liver/enzymology , Molecular Conformation , Rats , ortho-Aminobenzoates/chemistryABSTRACT
Genetic manipulation studies in mice at both the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) as well as the MCH peptide levels have implicated MCHR1 as a key player in energy homeostasis. The phenotype exhibited by these studies, that is, increased metabolic rate, resistance to high fat diet, and subsequent weight loss, has spurred considerable efforts to develop antagonists of MCHR1. In continuation of efforts directed toward this goal, the present work capitalizes on the putative binding mode of an MCH antagonist, resulting in the identification of several novel chemotypes that are potent and selective MCHR1 antagonists. In addition, the favorable pharmacokinetics of representative examples has allowed for the evaluation of an MCHR1 antagonist in a high fat diet-induced obese rodent model of obesity. The tolerability of the right-hand side of the template for diverse chemotypes accompanied by favorable effects on weight loss enhances the attractiveness of this template in the pursuit toward development of effective anti-obesity agents.
Subject(s)
Anti-Obesity Agents/chemical synthesis , Pyrimidines/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Somatostatin/antagonists & inhibitors , Thiophenes/chemical synthesis , Animals , Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacokinetics , Anti-Obesity Agents/pharmacology , Binding Sites , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Mice , Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Rats , Receptors, Somatostatin/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiophenes/pharmacokinetics , Thiophenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Opioid analgesics with both micro and delta opioid receptor activation represent a new approach to the treatment of severe pain with an improved safety profile. Compounds with this profile may exhibit strong analgesic properties due to micro agonism, with a reduced side effect profile resulting from delta agonism. Replacing the p-diethylamide of the known potent delta opioid receptor selective agonist BW373U86 with a m-diethylamide resulted in a compound with agonist activity at both the micro and delta opioid receptors. Modifying the amide to an N-methyl-N-phenylamide increased agonist potency at both receptors. A series of 3-(alphaR)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-alkyl-N-arylbenzamides have been made to explore the structure-activity relationship (SAR) around the N-methyl-N-phenylamide. Several potent agonists of both the micro and delta opioid receptors have been identified, including (+)-3-((alphaR)-alpha-((2S,5R)-4-allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)-N-methylbenzamide (23), which has EC50 values of 0.67 and 1.1 nM at the micro (guinea pig ileum assay) and delta (mouse vas deferens assay) opioid receptors, respectively.
Subject(s)
Benzamides/chemical synthesis , Piperazines/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists , Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists , Animals , Benzamides/chemistry , Benzamides/pharmacology , Guinea Pigs , Ileum/drug effects , Ileum/physiology , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Mice , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Muscle, Smooth/physiology , Piperazines/chemistry , Piperazines/pharmacology , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Vas Deferens/drug effects , Vas Deferens/physiologyABSTRACT
A new series of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors based on an imidazole-amide biarylether scaffold has been identified and shown to possess potent antiviral activity against HIV-1, including the NNRTI-resistant Y188L mutated virus. X-ray crystallography of inhibitors bound to reverse transcriptase, including a structure of the Y188L RT protein, was used extensively to help identify and optimize the key hydrogen-bonding motif. This led directly to the design of compound 43 that exhibits remarkable antiviral activity (EC50<1 nM) against a wide range of NNRTI-resistant viruses and a favorable pharmacokinetic profile across multiple species.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , HIV Reverse Transcriptase/antagonists & inhibitors , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/chemistry , Crystallography, X-Ray , HIV-1/drug effects , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Models, Molecular , Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines which directly bind to HCV Non-Structural Protein 4B (NS4B) is described. This series demonstrates potent in vitro inhibition of HCV replication (EC50 < 10 nM), direct binding to purified NS4B protein (IC50 < 20 nM), and an HCV resistance pattern associated with NS4B (H94N/R, V105L/M, F98L) that are unique among reported HCV clinical assets, suggestive of the potential for additive or synergistic combination with other small molecule inhibitors of HCV replication.
ABSTRACT
A set of novel heterocyclic pyrimidyl hydrazones has been synthesized as inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) with the most active exhibiting low nanomolar activity. Quantum mechanical calculations indicate that of the conformational factors that could determine binding affinity, the planarity of the phenyl ring in relation to the central core and the conformation of the hydrazone chain may be the most influential.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Heterocyclic Compounds/chemical synthesis , Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology , Hydrazines/chemical synthesis , Hydrazines/pharmacology , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Models, Chemical , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
The first report on the identification and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of GPR40 agonists based on a 3-(4-{[N-alkyl]amino}phenyl)propanoic acid template is described. Structural modifications to the original screening hit yielded compounds with a 100-fold increase in potency at the human GPR40 receptor and pEC(50)s in the low nanomolar range. The carboxylic acid moiety is not critical for activity but typically elicits an agonistic response higher than those observed with carboxamide replacements. These compounds may prove useful in unraveling the therapeutic potential of this receptor for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
Subject(s)
Alkanes/chemical synthesis , Alkanes/pharmacology , Propionates/chemical synthesis , Propionates/pharmacology , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists , Animals , CHO Cells , Cricetinae , Humans , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Optimization of a series of constrained melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH R1) antagonists has provided compounds with potent and selective MCH R1 activity. Details of the optimization process are provided and the use of one of the compounds in an animal model of diet-induced obesity is presented.
Subject(s)
Pyrimidinones/chemistry , Pyrimidinones/pharmacology , Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Mice , Mice, Inbred AKR , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Pyrimidinones/chemical synthesis , Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistryABSTRACT
This communication describes the discovery and synthesis of a series of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-5-arylpyrazoles as potent K(ATP) channel agonists. The most potent compound reported is ca. 100-fold more potent than diazoxide and exhibits selectivity for the SUR1 K(ATP) channel subtype. The 4-nitro substitutent on the pyrazole ring was required for activity, and limited SAR suggests that the de-protonated pyrazole maybe the active species.
Subject(s)
Cell Membrane/chemistry , Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/agonists , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Animals , Diazoxide/chemistry , Diazoxide/pharmacology , Humans , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Molecular Structure , Oocytes/drug effects , Oocytes/metabolism , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Structure-Activity Relationship , Xenopus laevis/metabolismABSTRACT
A novel series of [1-(1H-benzimidazol-7-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl] arylhydrazones was synthesized and shown to potently inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). In light of detailed structure-activity relationships and structural knowledge of the GSK-3 binding pocket, a benzimidazole substituent was incorporated onto the pyrazolopyrimidine core resulting in improved potency over previous analogs. More importantly, these derivatives show low nanomolar efficacy for stimulating glycogen synthesis in vitro and therefore may be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Hydrazones/pharmacology , Animals , Cell Line , Dogs , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Hydrazones/chemistry , Models, MolecularABSTRACT
A series of 7-substituted-3-cyclobutylamino-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives has been synthesized and evaluated as K(ATP) channel agonists using the inside-out excised patch clamp technique. The most active compounds were approximately 20-fold more potent than diazoxide in opening K(ATP) channels. A linear relationship exists between the potency of the compound and the sigma value of the 7-substituent with electron-withdrawing groups exhibiting higher activity. These compounds may be useful in modulating insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells and in diseases associated with hyperinsulinemia.
Subject(s)
Benzothiadiazines/chemical synthesis , Benzothiadiazines/pharmacology , Potassium Channels/agonists , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters , Electrons , Electrophysiology , Humans , Insulin/metabolism , KATP Channels , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying , Protons , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
A series of [1-aryl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]arylhydrazones were discovered as novel inhibitors glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). Based on initial modeling a detailed SAR was constructed. Modification of the interior binding aryl ring (Ar(1)) determined this to be a tight binding region with little room for modification. As predicted from the model, a large variety of modifications could be incorporated into the hydrazone aryl ring. This work led to GSK-3 inhibitors in the low nano-molar range.
Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Pyrazoles/chemistry , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Models, Molecular , Pyrimidines/chemistryABSTRACT
Se realiza un estudio higiénico-epidemiológico de 2 brotes de intoxicaciones alimentaria relacionadas con la ingestión de jurel (Caranx fallax), capturado en la costa centro sur del país, con un total de 26 personas enfermas. Los métodos utilizados para el diagnóstico de los brotes incluyeron: examen clínico, análisis de laboratorio para determinar la actividad de la colinesterasa sanguínea, encuestas epidemiológicas, bioensayo de toxicidad de las muestras de pescado en gatos de corta edad e inspecciones sanitarias en los lugares donde se elaboraron y consumieron los alimentos; se concluye que el jurel de la costa sur tenía relación causal con los 2 brotes estudiados, que por sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas eran compatibles con la ciguatera
Subject(s)
Fishes , Foodborne Diseases , Sanitary Surveys, Water SupplyABSTRACT
Se realiza un estudio higiénico-epidemiológico de 2 brotes de intoxicaciones alimentaria relacionadas con la ingestión de jurel (Caranx fallax), capturado en la costa centro sur del país, con un total de 26 personas enfermas. Los métodos utilizados para el diagnóstico de los brotes incluyeron: examen clínico, análisis de laboratorio para determinar la actividad de la colinesterasa sanguínea, encuestas epidemiológicas, bioensayo de toxicidad de las muestras de pescado en gatos de corta edad e inspecciones sanitarias en los lugares donde se elaboraron y consumieron los alimentos; se concluye que el jurel de la costa sur tenía relación causal con los 2 brotes estudiados, que por sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas eran compatibles con la ciguatera