[Clinical practice guideline for the management of acute pancreatitis in the social security of Peru (Essalud)]. / Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el seguro social del Perú (Essalud).

This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of acute pancreatitis in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud), to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud. A guideline development group (GEG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered relevant- primary studies were carried out in PubMed during 2022. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice, and the corresponding flow charts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. This CPG addressed 7 clinical questions on fluid therapy, start of enteral nutrition, analgesia, type of nutrition, antibiotic, and surgical treatment. Based on these questions, 8 recommendations (1 strong and 7 conditional), 13 BPCs, and 1 flowchart were formulated. This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud.

[Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management chronic infection of hepatitis viral C of the Peruvian Health Social Security (EsSalud)]. / Guía de práctica clínica para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección crónica por el virus de hepatitis C en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud).

INTRODUCTION: This article summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection of hepatitis viral C of the Peruvian Health Social Security (EsSalud). OBJECTIVE: To provide clinical recommendations based on evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection of hepatitis viral C in EsSalud. METHODS: A guideline development group (GDG) was established, including medical specialists and methodologists. The GDG formulated 4 clinical questions to be answered in this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and primary studies (when pertinent) were conducted in PubMed, and Central (Cochrane) during 2019. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions. The accuracy of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice and the treatment flowchart. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 151-IETSIESSALUD-2019. RESULTS: The present CPG addressed 4 clinical questions of four topics: screening, diagnosis, staging and treatment. Based on these questions, 13 recommendations (8 strong recommendations and 5 weak recommendations), 27 points of good clinical practice, and 1 flowchart were formulated. CONCLUSION: This paper summarizes the methodology and evidencebased conclusions from the CPG for for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection of hepatitis viral C of the EsSalud.

Characteristics and quality of clinical practice guidelines for depression in adults: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) should follow an adequate methodology using an evidence-based approach in order to provide reliable recommendations. However, little is known regarding the quality of CPGs for Depression, which precludes its adequate use by stakeholders and mental health professionals. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review to describe the characteristics and quality of CPGs for Depression in adults. METHODS: We searched CPGs for Depression in adults in eighteen databases. We included those that were published in English or Spanish between January 2014 and May 2018 and were based on systematic reviews of the evidence. Two independent authors extracted the characteristics, type and number of recommendations, and quality (using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-II [AGREE-II]) of each included CPG. RESULTS: We included eleven CPGs, of which 9/11 did not include the participation of patients in the development of the CPG, 4/11 CPGs had a score ≥ 70% in the overall evaluation of AGREE-II, and 3/11 CPGs had a score ≥ 70% in its third domain (rigor of development). In addition, only 5/11 CPGs shared their search strategy, while only 4/11 listed the selected studies they used to reach recommendations, and 7/11 CPGs did not clearly state which methodology they used to translate evidence into a recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Most of evaluated CPGs did not take into account the patient's viewpoints, achieved a low score in the rigor of development domain, and did not clearly state the process used to reach the recommendations. Stakeholders, CPCGs developers, and CPGs users should take this into account when choosing CPGs, and interpreting and putting into practice their issued recommendations.

Association between type of major duodenal papilla and difficult biliary cannulation at first endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in adults: a cross-sectional study with bootstrap method.

Background: The type of major duodenal papilla could be associated with difficult biliary cannulation at first endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in adults. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients undergoing ERCP for the first time by an expert endoscopist. We defined the type of papilla according to the endoscopic classification of Haraldsson in type 1-4. The outcome of interest was difficult biliary cannulation, defined according to the European Society of Gastroenterology. To assess the association of interest, we calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRc and PRa, respectively) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Poisson regression with robust variance models, employing bootstrap methods. For the adjusted model we included the variables age, sex, and indication for ERCP, according to an epidemiological approach. Results: We included 230 patients. The most frequent type of papilla was type 1 (43.5%), and 101 (43.9%) of the patients presented difficult biliary cannulation. The results were consistent between the crude and adjusted analyses. After adjusting for age, sex, and ERCP indication, the prevalence of difficult biliary cannulation was highest in patients with papilla type 3 (PRa 3.66, 95%CI 2.49-5.84), followed by patients with papilla type 4 (PRa 3.21, 95%CI 1.82-5.75), and patients with papilla type 2 (PRa 1.95, 95%CI 1.15-3.20) compared to patients with papilla type 1. Conclusion: In adults undergoing ERCP for the first time, patients with papilla type 3 had a greater prevalence of difficult biliary cannulation than patients with papilla type 1.

Effects of antituberculosis treatment on pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with genital tuberculosis: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of antituberculosis therapy on pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with genital tuberculosis. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: We searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL and EMBASE up to 15 January 2023. Additionally, we manually search the reference lists of included studies. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCT), non-RCTs (non-RCT) and cohort studies that evaluated the effects of antituberculosis treatment on pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with genital tuberculosis compared with not receiving antituberculosis treatment or receiving the treatment for a shorter period. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers extracted data. We used Cochrane Risk of Bias 1.0 and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies tools for risk of bias assessment and meta-analysis was not performed. We used Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: Two RCTs and one non-RCT were included. The antituberculosis regimens were based on isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for 6-12 months. In women without structural damage, very low certainty of evidence from one RCT showed that the antituberculosis treatment may have little to no effect on pregnancy, full-term pregnancy, abortion or intrauterine death and ectopic pregnancy, but the evidence is very uncertain. In women with structural damage, very low certainty of evidence from one non-RCT showed that the antituberculosis treatment may reduce the pregnancy rate (297 fewer per 1000, 95% CI -416 to -101), but the evidence is very uncertain. In addition, very low certainty of evidence from one RCT compared a 9-month vs 6-month antituberculosis treatment regimen showed similar effects between the schemes, but the evidence is very uncertain. Two RCTs reported that no adverse events of antituberculosis treatment were noted or were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The effect of antituberculosis treatment on pregnancy outcomes in infertile women with genital tuberculosis is very uncertain. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022273145.

Performance of the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate: a systematic review of Latin American studies.

BACKGROUND: The most-used equations for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations. However, it is unclear which of these shows better performance in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of two equations for estimated GFR (eGFR) in Latin American countries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis in Latin American countries. METHODS: We searched in three databases to identify studies that reported eGFR using both equations and compared them with measured GFR (mGFR) using exogenous filtration markers, among adults in Latin American countries. We performed meta-analyses on P30, bias (using mean difference [MD] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]), sensitivity and specificity; and evaluated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE methodology. RESULTS: We included 12 papers, and meta-analyzed six (five from Brazil and one from Mexico). Meta-analyses that compared CKD-EPI using creatinine measured with calibration traceable to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (CKD-EPI-Cr IDMS) and using MDRD-4 IDMS did not show differences in bias (MD: 0.55 ml/min/1.73m2; 95% CI: -3.34 to 4.43), P30 (MD: 4%; 95% CI: -2% to 11%), sensitivity (76% and 75%) and specificity (91% and 89%), with very low certainty of evidence for bias and P30, and low certainty of evidence for sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: We found that the performances of CKD-EPI-Cr IDMS and MDRD-4 IDMS did not differ significantly. However, since most of the meta-analyzed studies were from Brazil, the results cannot be extrapolated to other Latin American countries. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42019123434) - https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019123434.

Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick testing for albumin-to-creatinine ratio and albuminuria: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The accuracy of urine dipsticks to detect increased albuminuria is uncertain. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detecting albuminuria. METHODS: A systematic review of studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick testing for detecting albuminuria has been conducted (using as reference standard the albuminuria in a 24-hour sample or the albumin-to-creatinine ratio) in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The risk of bias of the included studies has been assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Whenever possible, we performed meta-analyses for sensitivity and specificity. The certainty of the evidence has also been assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies have been included in this review, having assessed all albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) as assessed standard. Each study used different dipstick types. The resulting pooled sensitivity and specificity for each cutoff point were as follows: for ACR >30 mg/g (13 studies): 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.87) and 0.88 (0.83-0.91); for ACR 30-300 mg/g (7 studies): 0.72 (0.68-0.77) and 0.82 (0.76-0.89); and for ACR >300 mg/g (7 studies): 0.84 (0.71-0.90) and 0.97 (0.95-0.99), respectively. An overall high risk of bias, an important heterogeneity in all pooled analysis, and a very low certainty of the evidence have been found. CONCLUSIONS: Pooled sensitivity and specificity of urine dipsticks have been calculated for different ACR cutoff points. However, the dipstick types differed across studies, and the certainty of the evidence was very low. Thus, further well-designed studies are needed to reach more confident estimates and to assess accuracy differences across dipstick types. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42019124637).

Acupuncture for major depressive disorder: A review of the recommendations stated at clinical practice guidelines.

BACKGROUND: The use of acupuncture to treat depression is not uncommon. However, recommendations regarding acupuncture issued by clinical practice guidelines (CPG) vary widely. OBJECTIVE: To describe the recommendations regarding acupuncture in CPGs for depression in adults, and to assess the methodology used to reach them. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review of CPGs for depression management in adults, which performed systematic reviews (SRs) to answer their review questions, were published between January 2014 and May 2018, and assessed the use of acupuncture as a review question. We limited out search to articles published in English/Spanish. We assessed the SRs quality using the "A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews-2" (AMSTAR-2), and described how the recommendation regarding acupuncture was reached. FINDINGS: We found five CPGs that fulfilled our inclusion criteria: three from the US, one from Canada, and one from China. Four CPGs fulfilled between two and three items of AMSTAR-2, and one CPG fulfilled seven items. The methodology used to formulate the recommendations varied between CPGs. Regarding acupuncture use recommendations: three CPGs did not issue any recommendation (although one mentions that it should not be used), whilst two were in favor. DISCUSSIONS: The lack of a clearly stated review question presented in the majority of CPGs prevents the reader from understanding what the CPG developing group was trying to answer. Moreover, the arguments presented to support a decision are usually not detailed enough. Therefore, the assessment of the recommendations was extremely difficult. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Given that the formulation of recommendations is not always reliable, clinicians should carefully read and assess the recommendations presented in CPGs before implementing them.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el seguro social del Perú (Essalud)

El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Su objetivo es proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 7 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2022. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y flujogramas correspondientes. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. La presente GPC abordó 7 preguntas clínicas sobre fluidoterapia, momento de inicio de nutrición enteral, analgesia, tipo de nutrición, tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 8 recomendaciones (1 fuerte y 7 condicionales), 13 BPC, y 1 flujograma. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencia de la GPC para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud.

This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of acute pancreatitis in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud), to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud. A guideline development group (GEG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered relevant-primary studies were carried out in PubMed during 2022. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice, and the corresponding ow charts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. This CPG addressed 7 clinical questions on buid therapy, start of enteral nutrition, analgesia, type of nutrition, antibiotic, and surgical treatment. Based on these questions, 8 recommendations (1 strong and 7 conditional), 13 BPCs, and 1 flowchart were formulated. This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud.

[Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management chronic infection of hepatitis viral C of the Peruvian Health Social Security (EsSalud)]

This article summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection of hepatitis viral C of the Peruvian Health Social Security (EsSalud). To provide clinical recommendations based on evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection of hepatitis viral C in EsSalud. A guideline development group (GDG) was established, including medical specialists and methodologists. The GDG formulated 4 clinical questions to be answered in this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and primary studies (when pertinent) were conducted in PubMed, and Central (Cochrane) during 2019. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions. The accuracy of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice and the treatment flowchart. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 151-IETSIESSALUD-2019. The present CPG addressed 4 clinical questions of four topics: screening, diagnosis, staging and treatment. Based on these questions, 13 recommendations (8 strong recommendations and 5 weak recommendations), 27 points of good clinical practice, and 1 flowchart were formulated. This paper summarizes the methodology and evidencebased conclusions from the CPG for for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection of hepatitis viral C of the EsSalud.

Performance of the CKD-EPI and MDRD equations for estimating glomerular filtration rate: a systematic review of Latin American studies

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The most-used equations for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations. However, it is unclear which of these shows better performance in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of two equations for estimated GFR (eGFR) in Latin American countries. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review and meta-analysis in Latin American countries. METHODS: We searched in three databases to identify studies that reported eGFR using both equations and compared them with measured GFR (mGFR) using exogenous filtration markers, among adults in Latin American countries. We performed meta-analyses on P30, bias (using mean difference [MD] and 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]), sensitivity and specificity; and evaluated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE methodology. RESULTS: We included 12 papers, and meta-analyzed six (five from Brazil and one from Mexico). Meta-analyses that compared CKD-EPI using creatinine measured with calibration traceable to isotope dilution mass spectrometry (CKD-EPI-Cr IDMS) and using MDRD-4 IDMS did not show differences in bias (MD: 0.55 ml/min/1.73m2; 95% CI: -3.34 to 4.43), P30 (MD: 4%; 95% CI: -2% to 11%), sensitivity (76% and 75%) and specificity (91% and 89%), with very low certainty of evidence for bias and P30, and low certainty of evidence for sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSION: We found that the performances of CKD-EPI-Cr IDMS and MDRD-4 IDMS did not differ significantly. However, since most of the meta-analyzed studies were from Brazil, the results cannot be extrapolated to other Latin American countries. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42019123434) - https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019123434.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento inicial de cáncer de próstata localizado y localmente avanzado en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for screening, diagnosis and initial treatment of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el tamizaje, diagnóstico, y tratamiento inicial del cáncer de próstata localizado y localmente avanzado en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el tamizaje, diagnóstico, y tratamiento inicial de adultos con cáncer de próstata localizado y localmente avanzado en EsSalud. Material y Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos, el cual formuló preguntas clínicas. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y ­cuando fue considerado pertinente­ estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2020 y 2021. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. Se evaluó la certeza de evidencia usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones. La GPC fue revisada por expertos externos antes de su aprobación. Resultados: La GPC abordó 06 preguntas clínicas, divididas en 03 temas: tamizaje, diagnóstico, y tratamiento inicial. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 08 recomendaciones (04 fuertes y 04 condicionales), 10 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y 04 flujogramas. Conclusión: Se emitieron recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con esta patología.

Background:This article summarizes the clinical practice guide (CPG) for the screening, diagnosis, and initial treatment of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). To provide evidence-Objective:based clinical recommendations for the screening, diagnosis, and initial treatment of adults with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer in EsSalud. Methods: Aguideline developmentgroup(GDG)wasformed,whichincluded specialist physicians and methodologists, who formulated clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews were conducted and - when deemed relevant - primary studies in PubMed during 2020 and 2021. Evidence was selected to answer each of the proposed clinical questions. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate recommendations. The CPG was reviewed by external experts before its approval. The CPG Results: addressed 06 clinical questions, divided into 03 topics: screening, diagnosis, and initial treatment. Based on these questions, 08 recommendations were formulated (04 strong and 04 conditional), 10 points of good clinical practice, and 04 flow charts. Conclusion: Evidence-based recommendations were issued for the management of patients with this pathology

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo quirúrgico de la obesidad en adultos en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for the surgical management of obese adults in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo quirúrgico de la obesidad en adultos en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo quirúrgico de la obesidad en adultos en EsSalud. Material y Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 7 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y ­cuando fue considerado pertinente­ estudios primarios en Medline y CENTRAL durante el 2019. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas. El flujograma fue diseñado en la fase final o última reunión en base a las recomendaciones formuladas previamente. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 115 ­ IETSI ­ ESSALUD ­ 2020. Resultados: La presente GPC abordó 7 preguntas clínicas, divididas en a temas de manejo quirúrgico de pacientes con obesidad. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 6 recomendaciones (3 fuertes y 3 condicionales), 18 BPC, y 2 flujogramas. Conclusión: El presente artículo resume la metodología, las recomendaciones basadas en evidencias, y los puntos de buena práctica clínica de la GPC para manejo quirúrgico de la obesidad en adultos en EsSalud.

Introduction: This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the surgical management of obesity in adults in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the surgical management of obesity in adults in EsSalud. Material and Methods: A guideline development group (GEG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered relevant- primary studies were performed in Medline and CENTRAL during 2019. Evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice. The flowchart was designed in the final phase or last meeting based on the previously formulated recommendations. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 115 - IETSI - ESSALUD - 2020. Results: The present CPG addressed 7 clinical questions, divided into topics of surgical management of patients with obesity. Based on these questions, 6 recommendations (3 strong and 3 conditional), 18 GCP, and 2 flowcharts were formulated. Conclusion: This article summarizes the methodology, evidence-based recommendations, and good clinical practice points of the CPG for the surgical management of obesity in adults in EsSalud.

Guía de Práctica Clínica para el manejo de pacientes con Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for the management of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

RESUMEN El presente artículo resume recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para la evaluación y el manejo de pacientes con Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA) en EsSalud. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 8 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en PubMed y CENTRAL durante el 2019. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y el flujograma de evaluación y manejo. La presente GPC abordó 8 preguntas clínicas, divididas en cuatro temas: diagnóstico, medidas generales, manejo quimioterápico de LLA, y trasplante. En base a dichas preguntas se formuló 5 recomendaciones (3 recomendaciones fuertes y 2 recomendaciones condicionales), 20 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y 3 flujogramas.

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the evidence-based clinical recommendations for the assessment and management of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). A guide writing team (GWT) was convened, which included specialized physicians and methodologists. The GWT asked 8 clinical questions to be responded by the Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). Detailed searches of systematic reviews and - when it was considered as pertinent - primary studied featured in PubMed and CENTRAL during 2019 were performed. Evidence for responding each of the proposed clinical questions was selected. Certainty of the evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In scheduled workshops, the GWT used the GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and propose recommendations, the points for good clinical practice, and the assessment and management flowcharts. This CPG worked on 8 clinical questions, which were divided in 4 topics: diagnosis, general measures, chemotherapy management for ALL, and transplantation. On the basis of these questions, 5 recommendations were formulated (3 strong recommendations and 2 conditional recommendations), 20 points for good clinical practice, and 3 flow charts.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento farmacológico inicial de nefritis lúpica en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for the initial pharmacological treatment of lupus nephritis in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

Introducción: El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el tratamiento farmacológico inicial nefritis lúpica en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo: Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para tratamiento farmacológico inicial de adultos con nefritis lúpica clase I a V no refractarios en EsSalud. Material y Métodos: Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos, el cual formuló preguntas clínicas. Se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y ­cuando fue considerado pertinente­ estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2021. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. Se evaluó la certeza de evidencia usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones. La GPC fue revisada por expertos externos antes de su aprobación. Resultados: La GPC abordó 6 preguntas clínicas, divididas en 2 temas: tratamiento inicial de la fase de inducción y mantenimiento. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 11 recomendaciones (todas condicionales), 22 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y 2 flujogramas. Conclusión: Se emitieron recomendaciones basadas en evidencia para el manejo de pacientes con esta patología.

Introduction: This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for initial pharmacological treatment of lupus nephritis in the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud). Objective: To provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for initial pharmacological treatment of adults with non-refractory class I to V lupus nephritis in EsSalud. Material and Methods: A guideline development group (GDG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists, which formulated clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered pertinent- primary studies were performed in PubMed during 2021. Evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate recommendations. The CPG was reviewed by external experts before approval. Results: The CPG addressed 6 clinical questions, divided into 2 topics: initial treatment of the induction phase and maintenance. Based on these questions, 11 recommendations (all conditional), 22 points of good clinical practice, and 2 flowcharts were formulated. Conclusion: Evidence-based recommendations were issued for the management of patients with this pathology.

Toma de decisiones clínicas basadas en evidencias durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Evidence-based clinical decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMEN La pandemia por COVID-19 nos presenta un contexto difícil para la toma de decisiones clínicas. En este escenario, el presente artículo tiene por objetivo explicar al personal de salud asistencial algunos conceptos fundamentales sobre la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencias con respecto a brindar o no cierta intervención. Para ello, primero se discutirá en qué casos realizar un proceso de toma de decisiones basadas en evidencias. Luego se aclararán ciertos conceptos previos (toma de decisiones en base a la plausibilidad fisiopatológica, las observaciones realizadas durante la práctica clínica, la evidencia de estudios clínicos; así como la influencia de la industria farmacéutica). Seguidamente, se presentan los pasos para tomar decisiones basadas en evidencias: Formular una pregunta, buscar los estudios que respondan a dicha pregunta, leer críticamente dichos estudios, entender la lógica de la toma de decisiones, prepararse para tomar la decisión, realizar el balance (entre los beneficios, daños y costos), realizar un proceso de toma de decisiones compartidas y reevaluar la evidencia.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is a difficult scenario for clinical decision making. Therefore, this paper aims to explain healthcare practitioners some basic concepts about evidence-based decision making with respect on doing or not doing a given intervention. For this, firstly we will discuss in which cases an evidence-based decision making process in necessary. Then, some previous concepts will be clarified (decision making based on pathophysiological plausibility, observations made during clinical practice, clinical evidence, as well as the influence from the pharmaceutical industry). Afterwards steps for evidence-based decision making will be described: Asking a question, looking for references answering this question, critically assess such references, understand the underlying logic for decision making, prepare for decision- making, make a balance (benefit, harm, and cost), perform a shared decision making process and reassess the evidence.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tamizaje y manejo del episodio depresivo leve en el primer nivel de atención del Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for the screening and management of the mild depressive episode at the first level of care for the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el tamizaje y el manejo del episodio depresivo leve en el primer nivel de atención en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Para el desarrollo de esta GPC, se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, el cual formuló 06 preguntas clínicas. Para responder cada pregunta se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas en PubMed y en repositorios de GPC, y se seleccionó la evidencia pertinente. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y emitir las recomendaciones. Se emitieron siete recomendaciones (tres fuertes y cuatro condicionales), 28 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y dos flujogramas.

This paper summarizes the clinical practice guide (CPG) for the screening and management of mild depressive episode at the first level of care in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). A guideline development group (GDG) was established for develop this CPG, which included clinical and methodology specialists, who formulated 06 clinical questions. Systematic searches were conducted in Pubmed and GPC repositories to answer each question, and relevant evidence was selected. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GDG used the GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and for developing recommendations. At the end, this CPG formulated 07 recommendations (03 strong and 04 conditional), 28 points of good clinical practice, and 02 flow charts were formulated.

Guía de práctica clínica para el tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de la enfermedad renal crónica en estadios 1 al 3 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) / Clinical practice guideline for the screening, diagnosis, and management of chronic kidney disease stages 1-3 for the Peruvian Social Security (EsSalud)

RESUMEN El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para tamizaje, diagnóstico y manejo de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) en los estadios 1 al 3 en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Para el desarrollo de esta GPC, se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó especialistas clínicos y metodólogos, el cual formuló ocho preguntas clínicas. Para responder cada pregunta se realizaron búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y, cuando fue considerado pertinente, de estudios primarios; y se seleccionó la evidencia pertinente. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y emitir las recomendaciones. Se emitieron ocho recomendaciones (cuatro fuertes y cuatro condicionales), 29 puntos de buena práctica clínica, y tres flujogramas.

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the screening, diagnosis, and management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-3 in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). A guideline development group (GDG) was established for develop this CPG, which included clinical and methodology specialists, who formulated 08 clinical questions. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and, when considered necessary, primary studies were conducted to answer each question; and relevant evidence was selected. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GDG used the GRADE methodology for reviewing the evidence and for developing recommendations. At the end, this CPG formulated 08 recommendations (04 strong and 04 conditional), 29 points of good clinical practice, and 03 flowcharts were formulated.

Aspectos básicos sobre la lectura de revisiones sistemáticas y la interpretación de meta-análisis / Some basic concepts about reading systematic reviews and interpreting meta-analysis

Las revisiones sistemáticas (RS) son estudios que buscan resumir la evidencia disponible sobre una pregunta de investigación, para lo cual pueden usar estrategias estadísticas conocidas como meta-análisis (MA). En la actualidad, las RS son fundamentales para tomar decisiones basadas en evidencias, por lo cual resulta de suma importancia que los profesionales de la salud sepan enfrentarse a este tipo de estudios. Por ello, el presente artículo tiene por objetivo familiarizar al lector con los aspectos básicos para realizar una correcta lectura de RS e interpretación de MA, para lo cual se utiliza un ejemplo hipotético de una condición ficticia llamada "Síndrome del glotón". Asimismo, se aborda la interpretación de la certeza de la evidencia según la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE).

Systematic reviews (SR) are studies that seek to summarize the available evidence regarding a research question, for which they can use statistical strategies known as meta-analysis (MA). Currently, SRs are fundamental to making evidence-based decisions, which is why it is very important for health professionals to know how to face this type of studies. Therefore, this article aims to familiarize the reader with the basic concepts to make a correct appraisal of SRs and interpretation of MAs, for which a hypothetical example of a fictitious condition called "Glutton Syndrome" is used. In addition, the interpretation of the certainty of the evidence according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology is addressed.

Características de los artículos publicados en la Revista del Cuerpo Médico del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo, 2010-2014 / Features of the articles published in the Revista del Cuerpo Médico del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo, 2010-2014

Introducción: Las revistas científicas son el medio ideal para la difusión de artículos científicos. Sin embargo, pocas revistas científicas peruanas están indizadas en bases de datos internacionales, lo cual afecta su visibilidad. Objetivos: Determinar las características de los artículos publicados en la revista del Cuerpo Médico del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo (HNAAA) durante el periodo 2010-2014. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y bibliométrico. Se revisaron todos los artículos publicados por la Revista del Cuerpo Médico del HNAAA en el periodo 2010-2014, y se tabularon variables relacionadas a las características de los artículos (año de publicación, tipo de publicación, instituciones participantes, número de citaciones e indexación en Google Académico) y de los autores (número de autores, autores estudiantes). Para cuantificar las citas y el cálculo del Factor de Impacto Modificado (FIM) se utilizó Google Scholar. Resultados: La revista durante el periodo 2010-2014 publicó 232 artículos, evidenciándose un incremento del número de artículos por año. Treinta y un artículos no se encontraban indizados en Google Scholar, 105 contaba por lo menos con un autor estudiante, teniendo 84 de estos a un estudiante como autor corresponsal. El 74,6% de los artículos tuvieron algún autor de Lambayeque, y el 46,1% tuvieron algún autor del HNAAA. El FIM ha aumentado en los últimos años, siendo de 0,09 para el año 2014. Conclusiones: La revista del Cuerpo Médico del Hospital Nacional Almanzor Aguinaga Asenjo muestra un crecimiento en el número de publicaciones anuales y en su FI. Se requiere adoptar nuevas estrategias para combatir la endogenia y aumentar las citaciones.