Serum Alpha and Beta-CGRP Levels in Chronic Migraine Patients Before and After Monoclonal Antibodies Against CGRP or its Receptor.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of alpha and beta-CGRP circulating levels throughout CGRP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) treatment in patients with chronic migraine (CM). METHODS: We recruited patients with CM beginning mAbs along with sex and age paired healthy controls (HCs). Blood was extracted before, 2 weeks (M0.5) and 3 months (M3) after the first dose of mAbs, always in free-migraine periods, and once for HCs. Alpha and beta-CGRP serum levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) specific for each isoform. RESULTS: Baseline alpha-CGRP levels were significantly elevated in 103 patients with CM (median = 50.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 40.5-57.0 pg/ml) compared to 78 HCs (median = 37.5, 95% CI = 33.9-45.0 pg/ml; 95% CI of differences = 2.85-17.08 pg/ml) and significantly decreased (n = 96) over the course of mAb treatment (M0.5: median = 40.4, 95% CI = 35.6-48.2 pg/ml; and M3: median = 40.9, 95% CI = 36.3-45.9 pg/ml). Absolute decrease of alpha-CGRP throughout the treatment positively correlated with the decrease in MMDs. Negative modulation of alpha-CGRP significantly associated with positive scores at the Patient Global Impression of Change scale and with analgesic overuse reversal. Beta-CGRP did not differ at baseline between patients with CM (median = 4.2, 95% CI = 3.0-4.8 pg/ml) and HCs (median = 4.4, 95% CI = 3.4-5.6 pg/ml; -1.09 to 0.60) nor was modulated by mAb treatment (n = 96; M0.5: median = 4.5, 95% CI = 3.5-5.2 pg/ml; and M3: median = 4.6, 95% CI = 3.7-5.2 pg/ml). INTERPRETATION: Treatment with mAbs, regardless of its target, is able to progressively normalize basally increased alpha-CGRP levels in CM and this effect correlates with efficacy measures, which supports a role of this neuropeptide as the first CM biomarker. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:285-294.

Increased prevalence of migraine in women with inflammatory bowel disease: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Some studies have suggested an association between migraine and inflammatory bowel disease. We determined migraine prevalence in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease aged 18-65 years were interviewed using an ad hoc headache questionnaire. Those who admitted a history of headache in the last year answered the three questions of the ID-Migraine questionnaire. Those who answered "yes" to the three of them were classified as "definite" and those who answered "yes" to two were classified as "probable" migraine. RESULTS: We interviewed 283 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Of these, 176 (62.2%) had headache. Fifty-nine (20.8%; 95% CI 16.3-26.0%) met migraine criteria either definite (n = 33; 11.7%; 95% CI 8.2-16.0%) or probable (n = 26; 9.2%; 95% CI 6.1-13.2). When divided by gender, 12 men (9.6%; 95% CI 5.1-16.2%) and 47 women (29.8%; 95% CI 22.8-37.5%) met migraine criteria. The prevalence of migraine was increased in inflammatory bowel disease patients from the current cohort (20.8%) versus that reported for our general population for the same age group (12.6%; p < 0.0001). These differences remained significant in female inflammatory bowel disease patients (29.8% versus 17.2% in our general population; p < 0.0001), but not in males (9.6% in inflammatory bowel disease vs 8.0%; p = 0.30). Seventeen patients with inflammatory bowel disease (6.0%; 95% CI 3.54-9.44%) fulfilled chronic migraine criteria. There were no differences in migraine prevalence by inflammatory bowel disease subtypes. CONCLUSION: Migraine prevalence, including chronic migraine, seems to be increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The fact that this association was stronger for women suggests an influence of sex-related factors.

CandeSpartan Study: Candesartan Spanish Response-prediction and Tolerability study in migraine.

INTRODUCTION: Effectiveness of candesartan in migraine prevention is supported by two randomized controlled trials. We aimed to assess the effectiveness, tolerability, and response predictors of candesartan in the preventive treatment of migraine. METHODS: Observational, multicenter, prospective cohort study. The 50%, 75% and 30% responder rates, between weeks 8-12 and 20-24, were compared with the baseline. Treatment emergent adverse effects were systematically evaluated. Response predictors were estimated by multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included, 79.1% females, aged 39.5 (inter-quartile range [IQR] 26.3-50.3), with chronic migraine (43.0%), medication overuse headache (55.8%) and a median of two (inter-quartile range: 0.75-3) prior preventive treatments. At baseline patients had 14 (10-24) headache and 8 (5-11) migraine days per month. The 30%, 50% and 75% responder rates were 40%, 34.9% and 15.1% between weeks 8-12, and 48.8%, 36%, and 18.6% between weeks 20-24. Adverse effects were reported by 30 (34.9%) and 13 (15.1%) patients between weeks 0-12 and 12-24, leading to discontinuation in 15 (17.4%) patients. Chronic migraine, depression, headache days per month, medication overuse headache, and daily headache at baseline predicted the response between weeks 20-24. CONCLUSION: Candesartan effectiveness and tolerability in migraine prevention was in line with the clinical trials' efficacy.Trial registration: The study protocol is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04138316).

Unravelling the role of beta-CGRP in inflammatory bowel disease and its potential role in gastrointestinal homeostasis.

BACKGROUND: The role of beta calcitonin gene-related peptide (beta-CGRP) in gastrointestinal tract is obscure, but experimental models suggest an effect on the homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa. We measured beta-CGRP circulating levels in a large series of subjects with a recent diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in order to assess the potential role of this neuropeptide in IBD pathogenesis. METHODS: Morning serum beta-CGRP levels were measured by ELISA (CUSABIO, China) in 96 patients recently diagnosed of IBD and compared with those belonging from 50 matched healthy controls (HC) and 50 chronic migraine (CM) patients. RESULTS: Beta-CGRP levels were lower in patients with IBD (3.1 ± 1.9 pg/mL; 2.9 [2.4-3.4] pg/mL) as compared to HC (4.7 ± 2.6; 4.9 [4.0-5.8] pg/mL; p < 0.001) and to CM patients (4.6 ± 2.6; 4.7 [3.3-6.2] pg/mL; p < 0.001). Beta-CGRP levels in CM were not significantly different to those of HC (p = 0.92). Regarding IBD diagnostic subtypes, beta-CGRP levels for ulcerative colitis (3.0 ± 1.9pg/mL; 2.5 [2.1-3.4] pg/mL) and Crohn's disease (3.3 ± 2.0 pg/mL; 3.2 [2.4-3.9] pg/mL) were significantly lower to those of HC (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) and CM (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We have found a significant reduction in serum beta-CGRP levels in patients with a recent diagnosis of all kinds of IBD as compared to two control groups without active intestinal disease, HC and CM, which may suggest a role for this neuropeptide in the pathophysiology of IBD. Our data indicate a protective role of beta-CGRP in the homeostasis of the alimentary tract.

Differences in circulating alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide levels in inflammatory bowel disease and its relation to migraine comorbidity: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the specificity of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels, we measured alpha-CGRP circulating levels in a large series of patients with a recent diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were interviewed regarding comorbid headache. BACKGROUND: Several studies have found an association between migraine and IBD. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study performed in an IBD clinic, morning serum alpha-CGRP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 96 patients who were recently diagnosed with IBD and compared to those from 50 similar patients with chronic migraine (CM) and 50 healthy controls (HC). RESULTS: Alpha-CGRP levels were higher in patients with IBD (median [interquartile range] 56.9 [35.6-73.9] pg/mL) and patients with CM (53.0 [36.7-73.9] pg/mL) compared to HC (37.2 [30.0-51.8] pg/mL; p = 0.003; p = 0.019, respectively). Regarding IBD diagnostic subtypes, alpha-CGRP levels for ulcerative colitis (67.2 ± 49.3 pg/mL; 57.0 [35.6-73.4] pg/mL) and Crohn's disease (54.9 ± 27.5 pg/mL; 57.7 [29.1-76.1] pg/mL) were significantly higher than those of HC (p = 0.013, p = 0.040, respectively). Alpha-CGRP levels were further different in patients with IBD with migraine (70.9 [51.8-88.7] pg/mL) compared to HC (p < 0.001), patients with IBD without headache (57.5 [33.3-73.8] pg/mL; p = 0.049), and patients with IBD with tension-type headache but without migraine (41.7 [28.5-66.9] pg/mL; p = 0.004), though alpha-CGRP levels in patients with IBD without migraine (53.7 [32.9-73.5] pg/mL) remained different over HC (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Together with CM, circulating alpha-CGRP levels are different in patients with IBD, perhaps reflecting a chronic inflammatory state. IBD is an example of how alpha-CGRP levels are not a totally specific migraine biomarker. However, alpha-CGRP levels were further increased in patients with IBD who have a history of migraine, which reinforces its role as a biomarker in migraine patients, always bearing in mind their comorbidities.

Untangling the mess of CGRP levels as a migraine biomarker: an in-depth literature review and analysis of our experimental experience.

BACKGROUND: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most promising candidate to become the first migraine biomarker. However, literature shows clashing results and suggests a methodological source for such discrepancies. We aimed to investigate some of these methodological factors to evaluate the actual role of CGRP as biomarker. METHODS: Previous to the experimental part, we performed a literature review of articles measuring CGRP in migraine patients. Using our 399 bio-bank sera samples, we performed a series of experiments to test the validity of different ELISA kits employed, time of sample processing, long-term storage, sampling in rest or after moderate exercise. Analysis of in-house data was performed to analyse average levels of the peptide and the effect of sex and age. RESULTS: Literature review shows the high variability in terms of study design, determination methods, results and conclusions obtained by studies including CGRP determinations in migraine patients. CGRP measurements depends on the method and specific kit employed, also on the isoform detected, showing completely different ranges of concentrations. Alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP had median with IQR levels of 37.5 (28.2-54.4) and 4.6 (2.4-6.4)pg/mL, respectively. CGRP content is preserved in serum within the 24 first hours when samples are stored at 4°C after clotting and immediate centrifugation. Storages at -80°C of more than 6 months result in a decrease in CGRP levels. Moderate exercise prior to blood extraction does not modulate the concentration of the peptide. Age positively correlates with beta-CGRP content and men have higher alpha-CGRP levels than women. CONCLUSIONS: We present valuable information for CGRP measurements in serum. ELISA kit suitability should be tested prior to the experiments. Alpha and beta-CGRP levels should be analysed separately as they can show different behaviours even within the same condition. Samples can be processed in a 24-h window if they have been kept in 4°C and should not be stored for more than 6 months at -80°C before assayed. Patients do not need to rest before the blood extraction unless they have performed a high-endurance exercise. For comparative studies, sex and age should be accounted for as these parameters can impact CGRP concentrations.

Update on headaches associated with physical exertion.

BACKGROUND: Headaches associated with physical exertion include headache precipitated by coughing or other Valsalva maneuvers, headache brought on by prolonged physical exercise, sexual headaches and cardiac cephalalgia. OBJECTIVE: To review and update the clinical characteristics, etiologies, pathophysiology and management of these headaches related to exertion. METHODS: In depth review of the publications, both in PubMed and in the main textbooks, of the different headaches induced by physical exercise. RESULTS: Cough, exercise and sexual headaches can be primary or secondary; therefore, complementary studies are mandatory to rule out structural lesions. However, clinical characteristics, such as an old age and response to indomethacin for cough headache or being a young male and response to beta-blockers for exercise and sexual headaches, plus a normal examination are suggestive of a primary etiology. Etiology for secondary varieties, as posterior fossa lesions for cough headache or vascular malformations for exercise and sexual headaches, are also different. Finally, headache as a distant manifestation of myocardial ischemia, also known as "cardiac cephalalgia", appears at exertion in around two-thirds of cases and typically lasts less than 30 minutes and is relieved by nitroglycerine. CONCLUSIONS: Primary and secondary cough headache can usually be suspected based on clinical characteristics and separated from exercise and sexual headaches, which share many aspects. Cardiac cephalalgia is not necessarily an exertional headache and should be considered in adult patients with short lasting headaches and patent vascular risk factors.

Serum alpha-CGRP levels are increased in COVID-19 patients with headache indicating an activation of the trigeminal system.

BACKGROUND: Headache is among the most frequent symptoms of acute COVID-19 infection. Its mechanisms remain obscure, but due to its migraine-like characteristics, the activation of the trigeminal system could account for its underlying pathophysiology. METHODS: Our aim was to compare the serum levels of CGRP, as a theoretical marker of trigemino-vascular activation, in 25 COVID-19 inpatients with lung involvement experiencing headache, against 15 COVID-19 inpatients without headache and with those of 25 matched healthy controls with no headache history. RESULTS: Morning serum alpha-CGRP levels, as measured by ELISA (Abbexa, UK), were increased in COVID-19 patients with headache (55.2±34.3 pg/mL) vs. controls (33.9±14.0 pg/mL) (p < 0.01). Alpha-CGRP levels in COVID-19 patients without headache were also significantly increased (43.3 ± 12.8 pg/mL; p = 0.05) versus healthy controls, but were numerically lower (-28.2%; p = 0.36) as compared to COVID-19 patients with headache. CONCLUSION: CGRP levels are increased in COVID-19 patients experiencing headache in the acute phase of this disease, which could explain why headache frequently occurs in COVID-19 and strongly supports a role for trigeminal activation in the pathophysiology of headache in this viral infection.

De novo headache in ischemic stroke patients treated with thrombectomy: a prospective study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Headache attributed to intracranial endovascular procedures is described in the ICHD-3. Our aim was to study the frequency and characteristics of headache specifically related to thrombectomy in patients with ischemic stroke. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of clinical features of headache after thrombectomy using an ad hoc questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred seventeen patients were included (52.1% females). Most had an anterior circulation artery occlusion (91.5%). 93 (79.5%) received general anaesthesia. 111 (94.9%) required stent retriever, 21 (24.4%) angioplasty and 19 (16.2%) aspiration thrombectomy. 31 (26.5%; 95% CI 18.8-35.5%) had headache related to thrombectomy, and it was associated with a history of primary headache (p = 0.004). No differences about sex, initial NIHSS score, or the type or complexity of the procedure were observed. Headache was usually moderate and oppressive, ipsilateral to the artery occlusion and usually lasted less than 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Almost one-third of patients with ischemic stroke who undergo endovascular thrombectomy experience headache in the first 24 hours, occurring more frequently in patients who had a previous history of headaches regardless of the procedure complexity.

Restless legs-like syndrome as an emergent adverse event of CGRP monoclonal antibodies: A report of two cases.

BACKGROUND: One of the advantages of CGRP monoclonal antibodies is their excellent safety and tolerability. However, postmarketing surveillance, is essential to detect potential rare emergent adverse events. OBJECTIVES: To report two patients who developed restless legs syndrome symptoms after treatment with CGRP antibodies. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two women with chronic refractory migraine, with no significant medical antecedents, developed typical restless legs syndrome symptoms 1.5 and 4 months after starting erenumab 140 mg, respectively. In case 1 symptoms resolved when erenumab was stopped for two months but reappeared on galcanezumab. In both patients migraine attacks had dramatically decreased and no iron deficiency was found. CONCLUSIONS: Even though caution is needed before establishing a causal relationship, these cases suggest that restless legs-like symptoms might be an emergent adverse event of CGRP antibodies, regardless of the mechanism of action. We propose that plastic changes in CGRP sensory fibers, which are very abundant in legs, induced by CGRP monoclonal antibodies could be the reason for restless legs syndrome development.

Chronic Migraine With Apparent Loss of Response to Onabotulinum Toxin Type A Due to Local Nitroglycerin Treatment for an Anal Fissure: A Case Report.

Many patients with chronic migraine are difficult to treat. We present a patient with chronic migraine with good response to onabotulinum toxin type A whose headaches worsened in clear temporal relationship to local treatment with glyceryl trinitrate for an anal fissure. Our case shows that the use, even at distance, of nitric oxide donors can be a precipitating factor for migraineurs and should be always inquired in chronic migraine patients. In addition, the presence of frequent headaches should always be ruled out before prescribing such medications.

Isolated De Novo Headache as the Presenting Symptom of Listeria Meningitis: A Report of 2 Cases.

BACKGROUND: Headache is a frequent symptom at the onset of Listeria meningitis, accompanied by others such as fever, altered mental status and meningeal signs, but never reported so far as an isolated symptom. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two immunocompetent males, with no history of primary headaches, went to the emergency department because of headache. The first after a sudden severe, holocranial headache without other associated symptoms, and the second after a subacute, moderate oppressive headache in temples, which 8 days later added a mild left hemiparesis. None of them had fever or meningeal signs. The initial cranial CT was unremarkable in both cases. Lumbar puncture was diagnostic for Listeria meningitis serotype IVb. CONCLUSIONS: Listeria meningitis may present as an isolated headache, with different clinical patterns, which should be taken into account when evaluating de novo unclassified headaches according to the ICHD-3 criteria.

Serum CGRP, VIP, and PACAP usefulness in migraine: a case-control study in chronic migraine patients in real clinical practice.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypetide-38 (PACAP-38) have relevant roles in migraine pathophysiology. Their serum levels have been proposed as biomarkers for migraine. Our aim was to assess their diagnostic value in real clinical practice in a cohort of chronic migraine (CM), episodic migraine (EM) and healthy controls (HC). We recruited subjects with CM, EM and HC at two medical centers. Blood samples were drawn under fasting conditions in the interictal period, immediately centrifuged and stored at - 80 ºC. Serum levels were determined by ELISA. Neuropeptide levels, the effect of preventatives, correlations with clinical and demographic variables, and their diagnostic value were studied among clinical categories. 296 age- and sex-matched subjects (101 CM, 98 EM and 97 HC) were included. All three neuropeptide serum levels were higher in CM [median and IQ for CGRP = 18.023 pg/ml (14.4-24.7); VIP = 121.732 pg/ml (48.72-186.72) and PACAP = 204.931 pg/ml (101.08-597.64)] vs EM [CGRP = 14.659 pg/ml (10.29-17.45); VIP = 75.603 pg/ml (28.722-107.10); and PACAP = 94.992 pg/ml (65.77-128.48)] and vs HC [CGRP = 13.988 pg/ml (10.095-17.87); VIP = 84.685 pg/ml (35.32-99.79), and PACAP = 103.142 pg/ml (59.42-123.97)]. Using multinomial modeling, only VIP (OR 1.011, 95% CI 1.003-1.018, p = 0.005) and PACAP (OR 1.003, 95% CI 1.001-1.005, p = 0.002) increased the risk for CM, but not for EM. CGRP did not predict CM or EM. This model could correctly classify only 62/101 (61.38%) of CM, 75/98 (76.53%) of EM, and 5/97 (4.12%) of HC [globally 147/296 (49.8%)]. Individually, PACAP performed the best for classifying clinical categories [global accuracy 150/296 (50.67%)]. In CM, neuropeptide levels were higher in those OnaBT-treated than in no-treated patients. Although interictal serum CGRP and VIP were higher in CM than both EM or HC, their utility to discriminate migraine categories was low. Contrary to other studies, PACAP serum levels were also higher in CM than in EM or HC and had more discriminative capability to distinguish CM from EM and HC. Further investigation is needed for determination technique standardization.

Systemic and cerebral endothelial dysfunction in chronic migraine. A case-control study with an active comparator.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Unlike migraine and migraine with aura, little information exists regarding chronic migraine (CM) as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study we aim to determine whether an association between CM and endothelial dysfunction exists. METHODS: Individuals 18 years and older diagnosed with episodic migraine (EM) and CM according to ICHD criteria were studied. After an overnight fast and abstinence from vasoactive drugs, ultrasound studies were performed and blood samples taken from patients and matched controls according to internationally agreed on protocols. RESULTS: A total of 113 individuals were enrolled (35 CM, 37 EM, 41 controls). CM patients had a lower percentage of flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD; difference of means = 5.03%; p = 1.0E-6) and breath-holding index (BHI; difference of means 0.754; p = 2.0E-6), as well as increased carotid intima media thickness (cIMT; difference of means = 0.128 mm; p = 7.0E-5) than controls. The EM patients and controls comparison found similar, but less pronounced, differences: decreased BHI (p = 0.031), and increased cIMT (p = 0.028). Fibrinogen (r = 0.277; p = 0.006), C-reactive protein (r = 0.288; p = 0.003), and erythrocyte rate sedimentation (r = 0.298; p = 0.002) also correlated with cIMT, and inversely with BHImV and FMD. CONCLUSIONS: Migraine is associated with systemic and cerebral endothelial dysfunction demonstrated by ultrasound studies and biological markers. The degree of these changes was strongly associated with the severity of migraine. Our data indicate that migraine may be a cerebral disorder with systemic endothelial damage.

OnabotulinumtoxinA: Discussion of the evidence for effectiveness of OnabotulinumA and its place in chronic migraine treatment.

OnabotulinumtoxinA is a potent inhibitor of muscle contraction that acts by preventing the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. In pain states such as migraine, its mechanism of action is not yet fully elucidated and probably relates to the phenomena of central and peripheral sensitization within the trigeminal system. Migraine is a prevalent and disabling disorder and, especially in its variant of chronic migraine (CM), is associated with relevant symptomatic and socioeconomic burden, the objective of preventive treatment being to reduce the frequency, duration, or severity of migraine attacks. OnabotulinumtoxinA, administered by intramuscular injection, is approved for the prevention of CM and is among the most utilized preventive treatments in CM and fundamental to clinical practice. The efficacy and safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of CM have been verified by the PREEMPT 1 and 2 studies and confirmed by the real-world studies that followed, including the COMPEL, REPOSE, and CM PASS. OnabotulinumtoxinA not only reduces headache days but also leads to improvement in functioning and quality of life, thereby reducing migraine impact. Data about its pathophysiology, efficacy, and its place in CM treatment in the era of CGRP monoclonal antibodies are reviewed and discussed here.

Metastases Affecting Cranial Nervous Structures in Male Breast Cancer: Two Case Reports.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer in males is a very rare entity, and survival is mainly influenced by the stage at diagnosis. The lack of early detection tools in men results in a diagnostic delay of about 5-10 years and a higher percentage of metastatic disease at diagnosis. However, the characteristics of head metastases are not well defined. CASE REPORTS: We present 2 cases of male breast cancer with metastases affecting cranial nervous structures and we provide imaging and histologic data. Both were middle-aged patients with ductal-type, HER-2- negative, and androgen receptor-positive primary tumors. CONCLUSION: Although central nervous system involvement is uncommon, this entity should be considered in middle-aged males with focal neurologic symptoms. More cases would be necessary to better understand the biology of this condition in order to establish an adequate diagnosis and treatment.