Improved serologic responses to DTaP over Tdap vaccination in adult hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients have reduced antibody titers to tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Tdap is approved for revaccinating adult HCT recipients in the United States, whereas DTaP is not approved in this population. To our knowledge, no studies to date have compared responses to DTaP versus Tdap in adult HCT patients. We conducted a retrospective study comparing responses to DTaP versus Tdap vaccines in otherwise similar adult HCT patients in order to determine if one of these vaccines elicits superior antibody responses. METHODS: We evaluated 43 allogeneic and autologous transplant recipients as a combined cohort and as separate subsets for vaccine specific antibody titers and proportion of strong vaccine responders. Subset analysis focused on the autologous transplant recipients. RESULTS: Higher median antibody titers were found to all vaccine components among DTaP recipients (diphtheria p = .021, pertussis p = .020, tetanus p = .007). DTaP recipients also had more strong responders to diphtheria and pertussis (diphtheria p = .002, pertussis p = .006). Among the autologous HCT recipient subset, there were more strong responders to diphtheria (p = .036). CONCLUSIONS: Our data shows that post-HCT vaccination with DTaP leads to higher antibody titers and more strong responders, which suggests that DTaP is more effective than Tdap in HCT recipients.

Gastrointestinal toxicity of high-dose melphalan in autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: identification of risk factors and a benchmark for experimental therapies.

Gastrointestinal side effects are the dose-limiting toxicity of high-dose melphalan (HDM) in autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, but there are limited contemporary data on the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal toxicity associated with this regimen. We retrospectively studied 100 consecutive patients who received HDM alone or in combination with other conditioning agents. Patients had a median age of 56 (range 20-73); underlying diseases were myeloma (42%), lymphoma (42%), or amyloidosis (16%) and melphalan dosages were 200 (40%), 140 (59%), or 100 mg/m2 (1%). Ninety-seven percent of patients experienced diarrhea with a range of 1-18 bowel movements per day, 88% developed nausea, and 60% experienced vomiting. Abdominal CT scans rarely altered patient management, but stool studies were useful in identifying a treatable infectious source. Grade ≥ 2 diarrhea was associated with longer duration of diarrhea, longer length of stay, worse hypoalbuminemia, higher use of antibiotics, abdominal imaging, electrolyte repletions, and anti-diarrheal agents. Risk factors for severe diarrhea were female sex, melphalan dose, age > 50, creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min, and having a plasma cell neoplasm as opposed to lymphoma. Female sex was also associated with more severe nausea and vomiting. In summary, diarrhea remains an important toxicity of HDM and novel therapies for chemotherapy-induced diarrhea for patients undergoing stem-cell transplantation are needed. Grade 2 or higher diarrhea is associated with significant clinical consequences and should be used as the primary endpoint in prospective clinical trials.

Extended letermovir administration, beyond day 100, is effective for CMV prophylaxis in patients with graft versus host disease.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (AHCT), and graft versus host disease (GVHD) increases the risk of CMV reactivation. Letermovir is approved for CMV prophylaxis in CMV-seropositive patients, but has only been studied through day 100 post-transplantation in the registration trial. Its efficacy in preventing CMV in patients with GVHD requiring treatment beyond the day 100 milestone has not been studied. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed all patients who underwent an AHCT at a single center over a period of 24 months, and identified a cohort of 20 patients who received extended duration of letermovir (beyond 100 days) after the diagnosis of GVHD. The primary end point was the incidence of clinically significant CMV infection, defined as onset of CMV disease or initiation of preemptive therapy with alternative antiviral agents. RESULTS: In this high-risk cohort, only one patient (5%) developed a clinically significant CMV infection, requiring preemptive therapy. No patients developed CMV organ disease. Three additional patients developed CMV viremia of ≥150 IU/mL while on letermovir and after the onset of GVHD, and none required additional treatment. Receipt of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and low CD4 count after the development of GVHD were associated with breakthrough CMV viremia while on extended duration letermovir. CONCLUSIONS: Extended duration letermovir was efficacious in preventing clinically significant CMV infections in patients with GVHD.

Absolute Lymphocyte Count after BCMA CAR-T Therapy is a Predictor of Response and Outcomes in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma.

BCMA-targeting CAR-T cells used in multiple myeloma (MM) are rapidly becoming a mainstay in the treatment of relapsed/refractory (RR) disease, and CAR-T cell expansion post-infusion has been shown to inform depth and duration of response, but measuring this process remains investigational. This multicenter study describes the kinetics and prognostic impact of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) in the first 15 days after CAR-T infusion in 156 relapsed MM patients treated with the BCMA-targeting agents cilta-cel and ide-cel. Patients with higher maximum ALC (ALCmax) had better depth of response, progression-free survival (PFS), and duration of response (DoR). Patients with ALCmax >1.0 x103/uL had a superior PFS (30.5 versus 6 months, p <0.001) compared to those ≤1.0x103/uL, while patients with ALCmax ≤0.5 x103/uL represent a high-risk group with early disease progression and short PFS (HR 3.4, 95 CI: 2 -5.8, P <0.001). In multivariate analysis, ALCmax >1.0 x103/uL and non-paraskeletal extramedullary disease were the only independent predictors of PFS and DoR after accounting for ISS staging, age, CAR-T product, high-risk cytogenetics and number of previous lines. Moreover, our flow cytometry data suggests that ALC is a surrogate for BCMA CAR-T expansion and can be used as an accessible prognostic marker. We report for the first time the association of ALC after BCMA CAR-T infusion with clinical outcomes and its utility in predicting response in RRMM patients.

What about tocilizumab? A retrospective study from a NYC Hospital during the COVID-19 outbreak.

BACKGROUND: Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor blocker, has been used in the inflammatory phase of COVID-19, but its impact independent of corticosteroids remains unclear in patients with severe disease. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis of patients with COVID-19 admitted between March 2 and April 14, 2020 to a large academic medical center in New York City, we describe outcomes associated with tocilizumab 400 mg (without methylprednisolone) compared to a propensity-matched control. The primary endpoints were change in a 7-point ordinal scale of oxygenation and ventilator free survival, both at days 14 and 28. Secondary endpoints include incidence of bacterial superinfections and gastrointestinal perforation. Primary outcomes were evaluated using t-test. RESULTS: We identified 33 patients who received tocilizumab and matched 74 controls based on demographics and health measures upon admission. After adjusting for illness severity and baseline ordinal scale, we failed to find evidence of an improvement in hypoxemia based on an ordinal scale at hospital day 14 in the tocilizumab group (OR 2.2; 95% CI, 0.7-6.5; p = 0.157) or day 28 (OR 1.1; 95% CI, 0.4-3.6; p = 0.82). There also was no evidence of an improvement in ventilator-free survival at day 14 (OR 0.8; 95% CI, 0.18-3.5; p = 0.75) or day 28 (OR 1.1; 95% CI, 0.1-1.8; p = 0.23). There was no increase in secondary bacterial infection rates in the tocilizumab group compared to controls (OR 0.37; 95% CI, 0.09-1.53; p = 0.168). CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence to support an improvement in hypoxemia or ventilator-free survival with use of tocilizumab 400 mg in the absence of corticosteroids. No increase in secondary bacterial infections was observed in the group receiving tocilizumab.