ABSTRACT
Microbial fuel cell constructed wetlands (CW-MFCs) with different circuit operation conditions and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were constructed to evaluate their ability to remove and accumulate pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) (sulfadiazine (SDZ), carbamazepine (CBZ), naproxen (NPX) and ibuprofen (IBP)) during four months running process. The abundance level of corresponding sulfonamide antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was also investigated. The results showed that closed circuit operation of CW-MFC contributed to the decrease in mass loading of COD, NH4+-N, PPCPs, and wastewater toxicity in the effluent. Additionally, closed circuit operation with low HRT contributed to enhancing selected PPCP mass accumulation on electrodes by electro-adsorption, and thus the higher sulfonamide ARG abundance was detected in the electrodes and effluent. Moreover, the composition of bacteria was greatly influenced by the mass accumulation of PPCPs revealed by redundancy analysis results. Procrustes analysis results further demonstrated that bacterial community contributed greatly to the ARGs profiles. Therefore, ARGs with their host bacteria revealed by network analysis were partially deposited on electrode substrates, and thus ARGs were effectively accumulated on electrodes. Function analysis of the bacterial community from PICRUSt predicted metagenomes revealed that closed circuit mode enhanced the abundances of the function genes of metabolic and the multiple ARGs, suggesting that closed circuit operation exhibited positive effects on metabolic process and ARG accumulation in CW-MFC system.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Bioelectric Energy Sources/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics , Sulfonamides , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Bacteria , Bacterial Physiological Phenomena , Electrodes , Genes, Bacterial , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Sulfadiazine , Sulfanilamide , Wastewater/chemistry , WetlandsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of the most common mycotoxins in commercial dry dog food using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2, beauvericin (BEA), citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1) were included in this study. The results showed that all these analytes could be found in the samples. Furthermore, only one sample was found free of mycotoxins contamination. All other samples (96.9%) were contaminated by at least three different types of mycotoxins. Among these mycotoxins, DON, ZEN, AFB1, FB1, CIT and BEA exhibited relatively high incidence, with occurrence rates of 78.1%, 62.5%, 87.5%, 93.8%, 68.8 and 96.9%, respectively. Furthermore, it is worth noting that AFB1 concentration in all AFB1 positive samples exceeded the maximum limits set by the European Union, with concentrations ranging from 30.3-242.7 µg/kg.
Subject(s)
Animal Feed/analysis , Food Contamination/analysis , Mycotoxins/analysis , Pets , Animals , China , Chromatography, Liquid , Dogs , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
In this paper, open-tubular capillary column coated with graphene oxide (GO) was prepared through ionic adsorption of negatively charged GO nanosheets onto the capillary wall pre-modified with positively charged poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Thus prepared coating was very stable and could endure over 200 separations. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) characteristics of bare fused silica capillary column, PDDA coated column, and GO-PDDA coated column (GO-PDDA@column) were investigated by varying the percentage of methanol in buffer and the buffer pH value. The run-to-run, day-to-day, and column-to-column reproducibilities of EOF on GO-PDDA@column were satisfying with relative standard deviation values of less than 2% in all cases. The stationary phase displays a characteristic reversed-phase behavior. The GO-PDDA@column was also used to separate proteins in egg white. Both basic and acidic proteins were separated in a single run.
Subject(s)
Capillary Electrochromatography/instrumentation , Capillary Electrochromatography/methods , Graphite/chemistry , Oxides/chemistry , Polyethylenes/chemistry , Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry , Chromatography, Reverse-Phase , Egg Proteins/chemistry , Egg Proteins/isolation & purification , Electrolytes , Electroosmosis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Methanol/chemistry , Models, Chemical , Reproducibility of Results , Silicon Dioxide/chemistry , Sodium Hydroxide/chemistryABSTRACT
The graphene oxide (GO) is carbon based material that has high surface area, high adsorption ability, and is stable at high temperature. In this work, the GO phase was prepared and used for gas chromatographic separation. GO nanosheets were covalently bonded onto the inner surface of fused silica capillary column using 3-aminopropyldiethoxymethyl silane as cross-linking agent. The prepared GO nanosheets were characterized with TEM and the GO coating was characterized with SEM. As a high performance stationary phase, GO provides not only a high surface area to increase the phase ratio but also rich functional groups for the formation of hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and π-π electrostatic stacking interactions with volatile aromatic or unsaturated organic compounds. Thus, mixtures of a wide range of organic compounds including alcohols and aromatic compounds were well separated and an efficiency of 1990 theoretical plates per meter for anisole was obtained on GO coated 1.0m×200µm i.d. fused silica capillary column. The experimental results demonstrate that GO coated capillary columns are promising for gas chromatographic separation.