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INTRODUCTION: Toxocariasis is caused by nematodes of Toxocara genus, which infest dogs and cats, with humans serving as paratenic hosts. METHODS: The epidemiological profile of patients examined for toxocariasis between October 2014 and October 2019 at Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) was outlined. The frequency of anti-T. canis IgG antibodies were evaluated using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. RESULTS: From a total of 734 samples, 56% were from male (p < 0.05). Regarding age, the group with the most solicitations were from ≤11 years old individuals (p < 0.05). Pará state had the highest number of exams requested (92%), with the majority from residents of urban areas, accounting for 81.5% of samples (p < 0.05). The overall toxocariasis seroprevalence was 41.8%, the male sex being the most frequent with 60.9% (p < 0.05). The most affected age group was ≤11 years old, with a total of 67.8% of positive samples (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The high rates obtained emphasize the need for complementary studies on toxocariasis in Brazil, especially in Pará state, contributing to epidemiological surveillance actions in the control of this infection. Besides, health campaigns for domestic and stray animals, also can contribute to a more effective surveillance in controlling parasitic infections and encourages the One Health approach.
Subject(s)
Cat Diseases , Dog Diseases , Toxocariasis , Humans , Male , Animals , Dogs , Cats , Child , Toxocariasis/epidemiology , Toxocariasis/parasitology , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Toxocara , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Antibodies, Helminth , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 in Brazil has already caused, and it still causes, several impacts on health, economy, and education. The risk factors for death involved those with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which were prioritized for the vaccination of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients with cardiovascular diseases hospitalized for COVID-19 in Brazil in the year 2022. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was analyzed from the year 2022, with cases being hospitalized by COVID-19 being drawn from SIVEP-GRIPE surveillance. We compared clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes between CVD carriers and non-carriers, and we also compared vaccinated with two doses vs. those that are unvaccinated in CVD carriers. We performed chi-square, odds ratio, logistic regression, and survival analysis. RESULTS: We included, in the cohort, 112,459 hospital inpatients. An amount of 71,661 (63.72%) of the hospitalized patients had CVD. Regarding deaths, 37,888 (33.69%) died. Regarding vaccination against COVID-19, 20,855 (18.54%) people were not vaccinated with any dose among those with CVD. Death p- < 0.001 (OR 1.307-CI 1.235-1.383) and fever p- < 0.001 (OR 1.156-CI 1.098-1.218) were associated with the unvaccinated CVD carriers, and diarrhea p-0.015 (OR 1.116-CI 1.022-1.218), dyspnea p-0.022 (OR 1.074-CI 1.011-1.142), and respiratory distress p-0.021 (OR 1.070-CI 1.011-1.134) were also recorded. Those patients who possessed predictors of death, including invasive ventilation (p- < 0.001 (OR 8.816-CI 8.313-9.350)), were admitted to the ICU p- < 0.001 (OR 1.754-CI 1.684-1.827), and some had respiratory distress p- < 0.001 (OR 1.367-CI 1.312-1.423), dyspnea p < 0.001 (OR 1.341-CI 1.284-1.400), O2 saturation < 95% p- < 0. 001 (OR 1.307-CI 1.254-1.363), they were unvaccinated against COVID-19 p- < 0.001 (OR 1.258-CI 1.200-1.319), they were of male sex p- < 0.001 (OR 1.179-CI 1.138-1.221), they had diarrhea p-0.018 (OR 1.081-CI 1.013-1.154), and they may have been old p < 0.001 (OR 1.034-CI 1.033-1.035). Survival was shorter for the unvaccinated p-0.003, and p- <0.001. CONCLUSIONS: We highlight the predictors of death for those unvaccinated against COVID-19 in this research, and we evidenced the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine in reducing deaths in hospitalized CVD patients.
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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women and its correlation with socioeconomic determinants. METHOD: Ecological study, carried out with cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2010 to 2017. Rate analysis was performed using the empirical Bayesian method and univariate local Moran. Bivariate analyses were used to examine the correlation between infection and socioeconomic determinants. RESULTS: High rates of infection were observed in municipalities in the mesoregions of Southeast of Pará and Metropolitan area of Belém. A significant spatial correlation was found between human immunodeficiency virus infection rates in pregnant women and human development index indicators (I = 0.2836; p < 0.05), average income (I = 0.6303; p < 0.05), and illiteracy rate (I = 0.4604; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The spatial pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women correlated to socioeconomic determinants highlights the need to restructure public policies for the control and prevention of AIDS virus that take into account the socioeconomic factors of this specific population and locoregional disparities in Pará.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Pregnant Women , Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Bayes Theorem , Socioeconomic Factors , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Cities , Brazil/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The rapid molecular test (RMT) performed on the GeneXpert® system is widely used as a control strategy and surveillance technique for tuberculosis (TB). In the region of the Americas, TB incidence is slowly increasing owing to an upward trend in Brazil, which is among the high TB-burden countries (HBCs), ranking in the 19th position. In this context, we aimed to (i) describe the implementation and history of RMT-TB (Xpert® MTB/RIF and Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra) in Brazil; (ii) to evaluate the national RMT laboratory distribution, TB, and resistance to RIF detection by RMT; and (iii) to correlate these data with Brazilian TB incidence. The quantitative data of Xpert® MTB/RIF and Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra assays performed in the pulmonary TB investigation from 2014 to 2020 were provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. A spatial visualization using ArcGIS software was performed. The Southeast region constituted about half of the RMT laboratories-from 39.4% to 45.9% of the total value over the five regions. Regarding the federal units, the São Paulo state alone represented from 20.2% to 34.1% (5.0 to 8.5 times the value) of RMT laboratories over the years observed. There were significant differences (p < 0.0001) in the frequency of RMT laboratories between all years of the historical series. There was an unequal distribution of RMT laboratories between Brazilian regions and federal units. This alerts us for the surveillance of rapid molecular detection of TB in different parts of the country, with the possibility of improving the distribution of tests in areas of higher incidence in order to achieve the level of disease control recommended by national and worldwide authorities.
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BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization recommends a market-ready, urine-based point-of-care diagnostic test for circulating cathodic antigens (CCA) to determine the prevalence of S. mansoni. This study evaluated the performance of the URINE CCA (SCHISTO) ECO TESTE® (POC-ECO), which is currently available in Brazil. METHODS: Residents from eight sites with different prevalence estimates provided one urine sample for POC-ECO and one stool sample for Kato-Katz (KK) and Helmintex® (HTX) testing as an egg-detecting reference for infection status. RESULTS: None of the study sites had significantly higher POC-ECO accuracy than KK. CONCLUSIONS: POC-ECO is not currently recommended in Brazilian schistosomiasis elimination programs.
Subject(s)
Schistosomiasis mansoni , Animals , Humans , Schistosomiasis mansoni/diagnosis , Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology , Schistosoma mansoni , Brazil/epidemiology , Point-of-Care Systems , Sensitivity and Specificity , Antigens, Helminth/urine , Prevalence , FecesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Minas artisanal cheese (MAC) from the Serro region is a Brazilian intangible cultural heritage. Produced from raw milk, it may carry zoonotic pathogens such as Brucella. This study included a randomized survey for the prevalence of Brucella-positive MAC and its associated factors. METHODS: MAC samples (n=55), each one from a different rural family-based cheese-processing agroindustry, were analysed for Brucella by direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) species-specific DNA detection and cultivation-based approaches. RESULTS: Among 55 MACs that were analysed, we found 17 Brucella DNA-positive samples (30.9% [95% confidence interval {CI} 18.7 to 43.1]) by PCR and, for the first time, from one MAC (1.8% [95% CI 0.5 to 9.7]), viable Brucella abortus was recovered by cultivation. Higher values for two variables, the number of lactating cows per herd (p=0.043) and daily milk production per herd (p=0.043), were each associated with Brucella-positive MAC, which concentrated in three high-risk and one low-risk spatial clusters. CONCLUSIONS: MAC may be a source of Brucella for humans, since the positive samples were from batches that were sold by cheesemakers. This should be of concern and encourage cooperation between the health and agriculture sectors in order to mitigate this public health risk through One Health integrated approaches.
Subject(s)
Brucella , Cheese , One Health , Female , Cattle , Humans , Animals , Cheese/analysis , Brazil/epidemiology , Milk , Prevalence , Lactation , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Hepatitis-A is a waterborne infectious disease transmitted by the eponymous hepatitis-A virus (HAV). Due to the disease's sociodemographic and environmental characteristics, this study applied public census and remote sensing data to assess risk factors for hepatitis-A transmission. Municipality-level data were obtained for the state of Pará, Brazil. Generalized linear and nonlinear models were evaluated as alternative predictors for hepatitis-A transmission in Pará. The Histogram Gradient Boost (HGB) regression model was deemed the best choice ( R M S E = 2.36, and higher R 2 = 0.95) among the tested models. Partial dependence analysis and permutation feature importance analysis were used to investigate the partial dependence and the relative importance values of the independent variables in the disease transmission prediction model. Results indicated a complex relationship between the disease transmission and the sociodemographic and environmental characteristics of the study area. Population size, lack of sanitation, urban clustering, year of notification, insufficient public vaccination programs, household proximity to open-air dumpsites and storm-drains, and lack of access to healthcare facilities and hospitals were sociodemographic parameters related to HAV transmission. Turbidity and precipitation were the environmental parameters closest related to disease transmission. Based on HGB model, a hepatitis-A risk map was built for Pará state. The obtained risk map can be thought of as an auxiliary tool for public health strategies. This study reinforces the need to incorporate remote sensing data in epidemiological modelling and surveillance plans for the development of early prevention strategies for hepatitis-A.
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Health surveillance aims to monitor adverse health events, and to set disease prevention and control goals, especially for communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB). Older people have a higher risk of TB, due to their specific characteristics, whichpredispose them to infectious disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to demonstrate the importance of scan statistics for detecting spatiotemporal clusters of TB. We conducted a quantitative is an ecological, descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, using the spatial analysis techniques, specifically scan statistics. The study was conducted in the municipality of Belém, Pará, in Brazil using data on 1,134 new cases of TB diagnosed in individuals aged ≥60 years from 2011 to 2015.The data were analyzed using SaTScan software. The analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of TB in the municipality showed thatthe high-risk areas includedthe most densely populated neighborhoods, highlighting the priority of theseareas for disease control measures. Spatial analysis can be used to guide more effective interventions according to the characteristics of the location and the local population.
Subject(s)
Endemic Diseases , Tuberculosis , Aged , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities/epidemiology , Humans , Spatial Analysis , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Malaria is an acute febrile infectious disease that represents an important public health problem in the Brazilian amazon region. The present study described the socio-epidemiological and spatial characteristics of malaria in a population from the Tapajós mining areas, Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A cross-sectional study, including individuals from Itaituba city, an area under mining activity influence, was conducted. The geographic coordinates were obtained in the field using the Global Positioning System (GPS) Garmin 78csx; for spatial analysis, we used the Kernel Density Estimator with the application of scanning statistics with the SaTScan software. Of the 908 individuals, 311 were positive for malaria. Most of the malaria cases were associated with male individuals, gold miners and with a monthly income of 4-6 salaries. Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that gold miners were nearly five times more likely to acquire malaria. In addition, a context of risk for sexually transmitted infections, substance abuse and poor support conditions was observed, worsening the healthcare scenario in this endemic area for malaria. The spatial distribution of malaria cases is irregular in the municipality with hotspot areas located in the Amana Flona that coincide with areas of illegal mining and high human mobility. Finally, the presented socio-epidemiological and spatial distribution data may aid in the development of more effective control measures for malaria in the area.
Subject(s)
Malaria , Miners , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Malaria/epidemiology , Male , MiningABSTRACT
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious communicable disease, which despite global efforts, still needs special attention in regions with difficult access. This study aims to describe the spatial and epidemiological trends of TB incidences from 2013 to 2018 in Marajó Island, the Amazonian region, Pará, Brazil. We have obtained secondary data from the Brazilian TB databases and performed geospatial and statistical analyses on the data for new TB cases, relapses, and re-admissions. From 2013 to 2018, 749 new cases were reported, in which the diagnostics (culture) was not performed for 652 (87.2%) patient samples, the drug resistance test (DST) was performed for nine (1.2%) samples, and one (0.13%) was multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). The rapid molecular testing (RMT) was performed on 40 (5.3%) patient samples, with results indicating that eight (20%) were susceptible to rifampicin and two (5%) were rifampicin resistant. Overall, the cure rate was 449 (66.7%), while relapses and re-admissions were 41 and 44, respectively. On the geospatial distribution, the municipality of Soure stands out with a high number of incidences, relapses, and re-admissions. Spatially, the eight MDR cases were randomly distributed. Our data highlight the urgent need for TB control measures in this region, by introducing the Xpert-Ultra® MTB/RIF (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and Ogawa-Kudoh.
Subject(s)
Antibiotics, Antitubercular , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Antibiotics, Antitubercular/therapeutic use , Brazil/epidemiology , Humans , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Sensitivity and Specificity , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/prevention & controlABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Correlate the cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and its spatial patterns with the type of notification and sociodemographic variables. METHOD: Ecological study carried out in the municipality of Belém, with 77 cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis registered in the Special Treatment Information System for Tuberculosis, between 2012 and 2016. For analysis, the data was debugged followed by geo-referencing in ArcGis 10.3 and Terra View 4.2.2. To relate the cases with the type of notification, the BioEstat 5.4 software was used, with a significance level of 95%. RESULTS: Of the total, 40 (52%) were new cases; 27 (35%), relapses; and ten (13%) were re-enrolled after leaving. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was randomly distributed and related to income, household, territorial cluster and water supply. There was a concentration of cases in two administrative districts, corresponding to 28.5% and 27.3% of the total, with a median Sociodemographic Index. CONCLUSION: Behavior of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis influenced by sociodemographic indicators.
Subject(s)
Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant , Tuberculosis , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Family Characteristics , Humans , Income , Recurrence , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiologyABSTRACT
This is an analysis of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in the city of Recife in the Northeast of Brazil based on the number of schistosomiasis cases (Schistosoma mansoni) registered for the period 2007-2017 together with data resulting from active search of breeding sites of the Biomphalaria snail intermediate host. The analyses were performed using Kernel Density Estimation (KDE), SaTScan and Map Algebra methodology using human socio-demographic data and biotic and abiotic data from the snail breeding sites. Investigating 44 breeding sites resulted in a total of 3.800 snails, 31.8% of which were positive for S. mansoni DNA. These data were considered in relation to total of 652 schistosomiasis cases. The KDE showed two high-risk and two medium-risk clusters, while three significant clusters were identified by SaTScan. Combining these data with the Map Algebra methodology showed that all high-risk neighbourhoods had breeding sites with snails positive for S. mansoni. It was concluded that schistosomiasis transmission cannot be controlled without basic sanitation and sewage management in the presence of Biomphalaria snails. The technique of Map Algebra was found to be fundamental for the analysis and demonstration of areas with a high probability of schistosomiasis transmission.
Subject(s)
Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology , Schistosomiasis mansoni/transmission , Animals , Biomphalaria/parasitology , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Vectors , Humans , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial distribution of Acute Chagas Disease (ACD) cases in a riverside municipality and make relationships with the notifying health services. METHOD: Longitudinal, ecological, quantitative study with use of geoprocessing techniques, conducted with cases of acute Chagas disease in the municipality of Abaetetuba/Pará. RESULTS: Inclusion of 204 disease cases. Predominance of the male sex, mixed race and primary education as educational level. The highest incidence of cases was found in rural areas and the infection via oral transmission predominated. ACD is not randomly distributed in the geographic space and the diagnosis is centralized in the Epidemiological Surveillance service of the municipality. CONCLUSION: Acute Chagas disease is closely related to the sociodemographic conditions of the population. The spatial analysis of cases allowed to observe the disease spatial pattern and the need for Primary Care network organization for timely care near the residence of people affected.
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration , Primary Health Care/organization & administration , Acute Disease , Brazil/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/transmission , Female , Humans , Incidence , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Sex Distribution , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
Mycobacterium bovis is the main causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) being among the animal-adapted Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Herds can also be infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) causing a negative effect on the economy and on animal and human health through zoonotic infections. Molecular tools are required for mycobacteria identification; thus, it is laborious to determine the epidemiological information of mycobacteria among herds. We aimed to describe the mycobacterial pathogens associated with cases of suspected bTB lesions in cattle/buffaloes slaughtered for consumption and to investigate bTB transmission. We evaluated 74 lesion samples from 48 animals (27 bovine/21 buffaloes) from 16 mapped farms. Positives samples from nested-PCR were cultured in Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ), 2% pyruvate (LJâ¯+â¯P), and 2% glycerol (LJâ¯+â¯G) media, followed by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining technique and partial gene sequencing (hsp65, rpoB, and 16S-rRNA). Spoligotyping and 24-MIRU-VNTR were performed. The LJâ¯+â¯P increased the chance of obtaining bacilli. The respiratory tract and the oral cavity were the most important infection route. In addition, the calcified part of the lesions suggested chronic bTB. Spoligotypes of M. bovis (SIT986/SB0885) differed from others found in South America, and the MIRU-VNTR 24 loci suggested that bTB was associated to highly related strains. The NTM species found are of clinical importance in humans.
Subject(s)
Molecular Typing/methods , Mycobacterium Infections/veterinary , Mycobacterium/classification , Zoonoses/microbiology , Animals , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Brazil , Buffaloes , Cattle , Evolution, Molecular , Food Microbiology , Humans , Molecular Epidemiology , Mouth/microbiology , Mycobacterium/genetics , Mycobacterium/isolation & purification , Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology , Phylogeny , Respiratory System/microbiologyABSTRACT
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209005.].
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ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the spatial pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women and its correlation with socioeconomic determinants. Method: Ecological study, carried out with cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2010 to 2017. Rate analysis was performed using the empirical Bayesian method and univariate local Moran. Bivariate analyses were used to examine the correlation between infection and socioeconomic determinants. Results: High rates of infection were observed in municipalities in the mesoregions of Southeast of Pará and Metropolitan area of Belém. A significant spatial correlation was found between human immunodeficiency virus infection rates in pregnant women and human development index indicators (I = 0.2836; p < 0.05), average income (I = 0.6303; p < 0.05), and illiteracy rate (I = 0.4604; p < 0.05). Conclusion: The spatial pattern of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pregnant women correlated to socioeconomic determinants highlights the need to restructure public policies for the control and prevention of AIDS virus that take into account the socioeconomic factors of this specific population and locoregional disparities in Pará.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar el estándar espacial de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas y su correlación con determinantes socioeconómicos. Método: Estudio ecológico, realizado con casos de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas en el estado de Pará, Brasil, de 2010 a 2017. El análisis de tasas se realizó mediante el método bayesiano empírico y Moran local univariado. Se emplearon análisis bivariados para examinar la correlación entre la infección y los determinantes socioeconómicos. Resultados: Se observaron altas tasas de infección en municipios de las mesorregiones Sudeste de Pará y Metropolitana de Belém. Se identificó una correlación espacial significativa entre las tasas de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas y los indicadores del índice de desarrollo humano (I = 0,2836; p < 0,05), ingreso medio (I = 0,6303; p < 0,05) y tasa de analfabetismo (I = 0,4604; p < 0,05). Conclusión: El estándar espacial de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en mujeres embarazadas correlacionado con determinantes socioeconómicos refuerza la necesidad de reestructurar políticas públicas para el control y la prevención del virus del SIDA que tengan en cuenta los factores socioeconómicos de esta población específica y las disparidades locorregionales en Pará.
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o padrão espacial da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes e sua correlação com os determinantes socioeconômicos. Método: Estudo ecológico, realizado com casos de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes no estado do Pará, Brasil, de 2010 a 2017. A análise das taxas foi realizada por meio do método bayesiano empírico e Moran local univariado. As análises bivariadas foram empregadas para examinar a correlação entre a infecção e os determinantes socioeconômicos. Resultados: Verificaram-se altas taxas da infecção em municípios das mesorregiões Sudeste Paraense e Metropolitana de Belém. Identificou-se correlação espacial significativa entre as taxas de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes e os indicadores índice de desenvolvimento humano (I = 0,2836; p < 0,05), renda média (I = 0,6303; p < 0,05) e taxa de analfabetismo (I = 0,4604; p < 0,05). Conclusão: O padrão espacial da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana em gestantes correlacionada aos determinantes socioeconômicos reforça a necessidade de reestruturação de políticas públicas de controle e prevenção do vírus da AIDS que atentem para os fatores socioeconômicos desse público específico e disparidades locorregionais no Pará.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , HIV Infections , Pregnant Women , Geographic Information Systems , Health Status Disparities , Spatial AnalysisABSTRACT
Acute gastroenteritis is one of the main causes of mortality in humans and young animals. Domestic and mainly wild animals such as bats, small rodents and birds are highly diversified animals in relation to their habitats and ecological niches and are widely distributed geographically in environments of forest fragmentation in some areas of the Amazon, being considered important sources for viruses that affect humans and other animals. Due to the anthropical activities, these animals changed their natural habitat and adapted to urbanized environments, thus representing risks to human and animal health. Although the knowledge of the global diversity of enteric viruses is scarce, there are reports demonstrating the detection of rotavirus in domestic animals and animals of productive systems, such as bovines and pigs. The present study investigated the prevalence of Rotavirus A in 648 fecal samples of different animal species from the northeastern mesoregion of the state of Pará, Brazil, which is characterized as an urbanized area with forest fragments. The fecal specimens were collected from October 2014 to April 2016 and subjected to a Qualitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR), using the NSP3 gene as a target. It was observed that 27.5% (178/648) of the samples presented positive results for RVA, with 178 samples distributed in birds (23.6%), canines (21.35%), chiropterans (17.98%), bovines (14.6%), horses (8.43%), small rodents (6.74%), pigs (3.93%) and felines (3.37%), demonstrating the circulation of RVA in domestic animals and suggesting that such proximity could cause transmissions between different species and the occurrence of rearrangements in the genome of RVA as already described in the literature, associated to the traces of environmental degradation in the studied areas.
Subject(s)
Animals, Domestic/virology , Animals, Wild/virology , Forests , Rotavirus Infections/veterinary , Rotavirus , Animals , Brazil , Cities , Feces/virology , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , UrbanizationABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: The World Health Organization recommends a market-ready, urine-based point-of-care diagnostic test for circulating cathodic antigens (CCA) to determine the prevalence of S. mansoni. This study evaluated the performance of the URINE CCA (SCHISTO) ECO TESTE® (POC-ECO), which is currently available in Brazil. Methods: Residents from eight sites with different prevalence estimates provided one urine sample for POC-ECO and one stool sample for Kato-Katz (KK) and Helmintex® (HTX) testing as an egg-detecting reference for infection status. Results: None of the study sites had significantly higher POC-ECO accuracy than KK. Conclusions: POC-ECO is not currently recommended in Brazilian schistosomiasis elimination programs.
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OBJECTIVE: Diagnose risk environments for schistosomiasis in coastal localities of Pernambuco using geoprocessing techniques. METHODS: A coproscopic and malacological survey were carried out in the Forte Orange and Serrambi areas. Environmental variables (temperature, salinity, pH, total dissolved solids and water fecal coliform dosage) were collected from Biomphalaria breeding sites or foci. The spatial analysis was performed using ArcGis 10.1 software, applying the kernel estimator, elevation map, and distance map. RESULTS: In Forte Orange, 4.3% of the population had S. mansoni and were found two B. glabrata and 26 B. straminea breeding sites. The breeding sites had temperatures of 25ºC to 41ºC, pH of 6.9 to 11.1, total dissolved solids between 148 and 661, and salinity of 1,000 d. In Serrambi, 4.4% of the population had S. mansoni and were found seven B. straminea and seven B. glabrata breeding sites. Breeding sites had temperatures of 24ºC to 36ºC, pH of 7.1 to 9.8, total dissolved solids between 116 and 855, and salinity of 1,000 d. The kernel estimator shows the clusters of positive patients and foci of Biomphalaria, and the digital elevation map indicates areas of rainwater concentration. The distance map shows the proximity of the snail foci with schools and health facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Geoprocessing techniques prove to be a competent tool for locating and scaling the risk areas for schistosomiasis, and can subsidize the health services control actions.
Subject(s)
Biomphalaria/growth & development , Environmental Monitoring , Geographic Information Systems , Schistosomiasis mansoni/transmission , Animals , Biomphalaria/parasitology , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs , Humans , Risk Factors , Schistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiology , Spatial Analysis , Temperature , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract Health surveillance aims to monitor adverse health events, and to set disease prevention and control goals, especially for communicable diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB). Older people have a higher risk of TB, due to their specific characteristics, whichpredispose them to infectious disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to demonstrate the importance of scan statistics for detecting spatiotemporal clusters of TB. We conducted a quantitative is an ecological, descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, using the spatial analysis techniques, specifically scan statistics. The study was conducted in the municipality of Belém, Pará, in Brazil using data on 1,134 new cases of TB diagnosed in individuals aged ≥60 years from 2011 to 2015.The data were analyzed using SaTScan software. The analysis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of TB in the municipality showed thatthe high-risk areas includedthe most densely populated neighborhoods, highlighting the priority of theseareas for disease control measures. Spatial analysis can be used to guide more effective interventions according to the characteristics of the location and the local population.
Resumo A vigilância em saúde tem como objetivo o acompanhamento dos eventos adversos à saúde, estabelecendo metas de prevenção e controle, principalmente para as doenças transmissíveis, como a tuberculose. Quando relaciona a tuberculose com a população idosa, tem-se um fatormais agravante, devido as peculiaridades dessa população que favorecem na transmissão da doença. Desse modo, objetivo do trabalho é demonstrar a importância da técnica de varredura (estatística Scan) para detectar as áreas de aglomerados espaço-temporal da TB. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, com uso da técnica de análise espacial, em especifico a técnica de varredura. O estudo ocorreu no município de Belém-PA, com 1.134 casos novos de TB em idosos no período de 2011 a 2015. Foi utilizado o programa SaTScan. A dinâmica da tuberculose no município mostrou-se que as áreas de riscos coincidiram com os bairros de maior densidade populacional, evidenciando as áreas prioritárias de maior vulnerabilidade que devem servir para nortear as intervenções mais efetivas de acordo com a característica do local e da sua população.