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The aims of this study are to estimate the contributions of genetic factors to the variation of tea drinking and cigarette smoking, to examine the roles of genetic factors in their correlation and further to investigate underlying causation between them. We included 11 625 male twin pairs from the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR). Bivariate genetic modelling was fitted to explore the genetic influences on tea drinking, cigarette smoking and their correlation. Inference about Causation through Examination of FAmiliaL CONfounding (ICE FALCON) was further used to explore the causal relationship between them. We found that genetic factors explained 17% and 23% of the variation in tea drinking and cigarette smoking, respectively. A low phenotypic association between them was reported (rph = 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [0.19, 0.24]), which was partly attributed to common genetic factors (rA = 0.45, 95% CI [0.19, 1.00]). In the ICE FALCON analysis with current smoking as the exposure, tea drinking was associated with his own (ßself = 0.39, 95% CI [0.23, 0.55]) and his co-twin's smoking status (ßco-twin = 0.25, 95% CI [0.10, 0.41]). Their association attenuated with borderline significance conditioning on his own smoking status (p = 0.045), indicating a suggestive causal effect of smoking status on tea drinking. On the contrary, when we used tea drinking as the predictor, we found familial confounding between them only. In conclusion, both tea drinking and cigarette smoking were influenced by genetic factors, and their correlation was partly explained by common genetic factors. In addition, our finding suggests that familial confounders account for the relationship between tea drinking and cigarette smoking. And current smoking might have a causal effect on weekly tea drinking, but not vice versa.
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Cigarette Smoking , Smoking , Adult , Alcohol Drinking/genetics , China , Cigarette Smoking/epidemiology , Cigarette Smoking/genetics , Humans , Male , Risk Factors , Smoking/genetics , Tea , Twins/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the change trend of smoking prevalence and the composition of main causes of death in Tianjin from 2010 to 2019.Methods:The study was based on the data collected in the Tianjin All Cause of Death Surveillance System from 2010 to 2019. A total of 699 372 cases were included in the study. The smoking prevalence, ex-smoking and never smoking prevalence were calculated according to different death years and gender. The proportion of smoking status was calculated according to the year of birth and gender. The distribution of smokers dying of smoking related diseases were calculated by different age-group. The change trend of smoking rate was analyzed by Joinpoint regression 4.9.0.0 statistical software. The diseases that smokers died of were expressed by proportion.Results:From 2010 to 2019, the smoking rate of dead residents decreased from 28.7% to 21.4%, and the average annual change percentage (AAPC) was -3.0% (95% CI: -3.9%, -2.2%). The same trend was shown in dead residents of different genders. The proportion of ex-smokers showed an upward trend, from 10.5% in 2010 to 14.7% in 2019; The proportion of light smokers increased with the postponement of birth year. The proportion of light smokers born at and before year 1950 was 14.7%, while the proportion of light smokers born at and after year 1981 was as high as 85.9%; the proportion of heavy smokers decreased with the year of birth. Lung cancer and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were the main causes of death of smokers and quitters. 13.86% of quitters died of lung cancer, which was slightly lower than that of smokers (16.39%) and significantly higher than that of non-smokers (5.55%). With the increase of smoking degree, the proportion of smokers who died of lung cancer also increased gradually, from 9.19% to 19.11%. Conclusions:From 2010 to 2019, the smoking prevalence of dead residents in Tianjin shows a downward trend, which is consistent with the change trend of the overall smoking prevalence of residents in Tianjin. Lung cancer, acute myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease rank among the top three causes of death among smokers.
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Objective@#To analyze the long-term trend of mortality and years of life lost (YLL) of gastric cancer in Tianjin from 1999 to 2015.@*Methods@#From January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015, the data of gastric cancer deaths was collected from the Tianjin death surveillance system. The inclusion criteria of death due to gastric cancer were coded by using 151 in the 9th edition of the international classification of diseases (ICD) (1999-2002) and C16 in the 10th edition of ICD (2003-2015). The crude and age-standardized mortality rate (ASR) of gastric cancer was calculated according to Segi′s world standard population. YLL was calculated according to the standard method of the disease burden of WHO. The Joinpoint regression was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) to indicate the trend of mortality and YLL of gastric cancer.@*Results@#From 1999 to 2015, there were 20 000 deaths of gastric cancer in Tianjin. The proportion of gastric cancer death in the population aged 0-44 years old, 45-64 years old, and 65 years old and above was 4.9%, 30.4%, and 64.8%, respectively. The proportion of males and urban was 67.1% and 67.5%, respectively. From 1999 to 2015, the crude mortality rate was from 12.10/100 000 to 12.58/100 000. The ASR was from 11.04/100 000 to 7.24/100 000. The average annual YLL number was 29 625.83 person-years and the rate was 3.09 person-years per thousand people. From 1999 to 2015, the crude mortality rate and the PYLL of gastric cancer in Tianjin were stable (the AAPC was 0.34% and -0.24%, all P values >0.05). The ASR showed a downward trend (AAPC=-2.58%, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#From 1999 to 2015, the ASR of gastric cancer in Tianjin showed a downward trend, and the YLL of gastric cancer was stable.
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To explore the epidemiological characteristics, trends and relevant factors of pre-hospital mortality due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from 1999 to 2016 in Tianjin city, based on mortality surveillance information and household registration population information. Standardized mortality rates were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. From 1999 to 2016, the research result showed that the pre-hospital crude mortality rates of AMI were 39.47/100 000 to 90.64/100 000 and the standardized mortality rates were 30.92/100 000 to 53.90/100 000. The proportion of pre-hospital AMI deaths was 73.96%-81.92% (t=1.09, P>0.05) within the same period. Aged, female, rural residents, unmarried, divorced, widowed, low education level, and outdoor workers have a relative higher proportion of pre-hospital AMI mortality.
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Objective@#To understand the status and food sources of daily dietary intake of sodium and potassium among adult inhabitants in Tianjin city, and to compare the consistence of sodium and potassium intake determined by combination of 3 consecutive 24-hour recalls and weighing family condiments (3 d dietary survey method) with 24 h urine sodium and potassium determination. @*Methods@#Multistage cluster sampling method was applied to select 1 955 adult inhabitants from 840 households of 7 districts in Tianjin in 2015. Questionnaire survey was used to obtain basic information, 3 d dietary method was used to obtain dietary information, and 450 subjects was selected by systematic random sampling method for 24 h urine collection and determination of sodium and potassium, and 153 complete 24 h urine samples were selected by the coefficient of urinary creatinine excretion, then the consistence of the determination was compared with 3 d dietary survey method. @*Results@#1 828 subjects were enrolled in this study with age of (54.6±14.7) years, among which 858 were male (46.9%). The average standard intake of sodium and potassium per people per day were (5 631.2±3 372.1) mg and (1 662.1±750.5) mg, while the average actual daily intake were (5 315.8±3 196.5) mg and (1 560.7±696.8) mg. 98.7% (1 804/1 828) of the subjects had dietary sodium intake exceeding the recommended adequate intake of China residents(1 300-1 500 mg/d), while 78.5% (1 435/1 828) consumed dietary potassium below the recommended adequate intake(2 000 mg/d). The main resource of sodium was condiments, among which cooking salt accounted for 61.5%, soy sauce accounted for 11.2%. Potassium mainly came from cereals (32.4%) and vegetables (18.1%). Compared with the 24 h urine sodium method, 3 d dietary method overestimated the sodium intake with a gap [median (P25, P75)] as 401.7 (-1 130.6, 1 939.5) mg/d with statistical difference (P<0.05). The gap [median (P25-P75)] for potassium between the two methods was 79.1 (-577.5, 565.2) mg/d, without statistical difference (P>0.05). @*Conclusion@#The dietary intake of sodium is high while potassium is low among adults inhabitants in Tianjin city. Compared with the 24 h urine sodium and potassium determination, the 3 d dietary method has a good consistency in evaluating the dietary potassium intake level of the population, but overestimates the dietary sodium intake.
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Objective@#To understand the status quo of smoking and change pattern of smoking related behaviors in the past 20 years in the urban adults in Tianjin.@*Methods@#Data was from the study of Chinese Chronic Disease and Risk Factors (2015). Multi stage stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey in 7 surveillance sites in Tianjin.@*Results@#in the urban residents aged>20 years were compared with those in surveys in 1996 and 2010. Results In 2015, the smoking rate in men and women aged>20 years in Tianjin were 41.1% and 4.5% respectively. The average age of starting smoking was (19.2±4.7) years for men and (24.8±10.9) years for women, showing a younger age trend. Compared with the data from 1996 and 2010, the smoking rate in the urban residents was in decrease, but the rate of successful smoking cessation was in increase in 2015, the differences were significant.@*Conclusions@#Since 1996, the rate of smoking in the urban residents of Tianjin has been in decline, however it is still at a high level, especially in women. The average age of starting smoking remains to be younger. It is necessary to strengthen the health education about harm of smoking in adolescents.
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Objective To analyze the mortality and years of life lost (YLL) trends of cervical cancer in Tianjin,and provide references for the research and prevention programs of cervical cancer.Methods Mortality rate,standard mortality rate,cumulative rate (0-74 years-old) and truncated rate (35-64 years-old) of cervical cancer from 1999 to 2015 were calculated.The annual percentage change of the mortality rate and YLL rate were analyzed by using Joinpoint regression analysis,and the trend in different age-groups were analyzed.Results From 1999 to 2015,1 741 cases died of cervical cancer in Tianjin,the average crude mortality rate was 2.15/100 000.The average age-standardized rate of (ASR) China and ASR world were 1.47/100 000 and 1.50/100 000 respectively.The average YLL was 3 347.97 person-years.Deaths occurred in those aged 0-34 years,35-64 years and 65 years and over accounted for 3.10％,57.84％ and 39.06％ of the total,respectively.The mortality rate of cervical cancer in urban area was higher than that in rural area,with a ratio of 1.37 ∶ 1 between urban area and rural area.The age-specific mortality rate of cervical cancer during 1999-2015 increased with age.Two peaks of mortality rate were observed in those aged 50 years and aged 75 years,during 2014-2015.From 1999 to 2011,the mortality rate of cervical cancer was stable (APC =-0.2％,P=0.80),but there was a rapid increase from 2011 to 2015 (APC=21.6％,P＜0.01).But group aged 20-49 years,it showed an upward trend from 1999 to 2015 (APC=6.9％,P＜0.01).For group aged 50-69 years,it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2007 (APC=-9.2％,P＜0.01),and an upward trend from 2007 to 2015 (APC=14.5％,P＜0.01).For group aged 70 years and over,it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2009 (APC=-10.2％,P＜0.01),but the difference in the mortality were not significant from 2009 to 2015 (APC=7.8％,P=0.10).Since 2008,the YLL rate of cervical cancer in group aged 50-70 years had exceeded that in group aged ＞70 years and the gap gradually widened.Conclusions There had been a rapid increase trend of cervical cancer mortality since 2011 in Tianjin.Women aged 50-70 years were the main group of life loss.
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From 1999 to 2015, there were 6 186 cases of leukemia deaths in tianjin residents, the males accounted for 58.28% (3 605) and 52.31% (3 236) deaths lived in urban areas; the crude mortality rate of Leukemia increased from 3.47/100 000 to 4.28/100 000 [t=7.09, P<0.001, annual percent change (APC)=1.30%] and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 3.15/100 000 to 3.01/100 000 (t=-2.95, P=0.006, APC=-0.65%). Special attention should be focused on children, the elderly, males and rural residents.
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Objective@#To investigate the mortality of colorectal cancer and its trend from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China, and to explore the mortality features in different populations in order to provide data for prevention and control strategies of colorectal cancer.@*Methods@#Colorectal cancer mortality data between 1999 and 2015 were collected from Tianjin population - based mortality surveillance system maintained by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Population data of permanent residents were collected from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The number of new cases and deaths, incidence [including crude incidence, age-adjusted standardized incidence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)], and mortality (including crude mortality, age-adjusted standardized mortality and 95% CI) of colorectal cancer were calculated. Standardized incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer were calculated using the Segi′s world standard population, adjusted with age and gender. JoinPoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in mortality trend.@*Results@#A total of 31 376 new onset cases and 14 893 death cases of colorectal cancer were observed in Tianjin from 1999 to 2015. Colorectal cancer incidence increased from 1999 to 2015 with a standardized rate from 9.66/100 000 to 15.36/100 000 [annual percent change(APC)=3.48%, Z=23.21, P<0.001]. Colorectal cancer mortality increased from 1999 to 2015 with a standardized rate from 5.18/100 000 to 6.11/100 000 (APC=1.24%, Z=5.69, P<0.001). Both showed an increasing trend. The death proportion of colon cancer increased (39.67% in 1999 and 50.33% in 2015), while the death proportion of rectal caner decreased (60.33% in 1999 and 48.57% in 2015). The median age of colorectal cancer onset fluctuated steadily around 66 years old (APC=0.16, T=1.75, P=0.100); the median age of death increased from 69 to 73 years old (APC=0.43, T=8.81, P<0.001). From 1999 to 2015, the mortality of colorectal cancer showed a downward trend (all P<0.05) in the age groups of <35 and 35-44 years, while an upward trend (all P<0.05) in the age groups of 45-54 years, 55-64 years and ≥ 65 years. Colorectal cancer mortality in males increased with a standardized rate of 5.53/100 000 in 1999 to 7.33/100 000 in 2015(APC=2.29%, Z=7.86, P<0.001), while colorectal cancer mortality in females flatted with a standardized rate of 4.83/100 000 in 1999 to 4.89/100 000 in 2015 (APC=0.10%, Z=-0.30, P=0.752). Colorectal cancer mortality increased with a standardized rate of 6.75/100 000 in 1999 to 7.33/100 000 in 2015 (APC=0.54%, Z=1.98, P=0.048) in urban areas and of 3.18/100 000 in 1999 to 4.38/100 000 in 2015 (APC=2.47, Z=6.46, P<0.001) in rural areas, whose differences were significant. Standardized mortality rate in rural area was lower but the rising velocity was faster as compared to urban area.@*Conclusions@#Crude mortality and standardized mortality of colorectal cancer increase from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin population. The people of elder, male and urban area have higher mortality. The mortality in people of male and rural area presents a faster rising state. Further efforts to reduce colorectal cancer mortality in Tianjin are needed to prevention and control of colorectal cancer.
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Objective: To analyze the mortality and years of life lost (YLL) trends of cervical cancer in Tianjin, and provide references for the research and prevention programs of cervical cancer. Methods: Mortality rate, standard mortality rate, cumulative rate (0-74 years-old) and truncated rate (35-64 years-old) of cervical cancer from 1999 to 2015 were calculated. The annual percentage change of the mortality rate and YLL rate were analyzed by using Joinpoint regression analysis, and the trend in different age-groups were analyzed. Results: From 1999 to 2015, 1 741 cases died of cervical cancer in Tianjin, the average crude mortality rate was 2.15/100 000. The average age-standardized rate of (ASR) China and ASR world were 1.47/100 000 and 1.50/100 000 respectively. The average YLL was 3 347.97 person-years. Deaths occurred in those aged 0-34 years, 35-64 years and 65 years and over accounted for 3.10%, 57.84% and 39.06% of the total, respectively. The mortality rate of cervical cancer in urban area was higher than that in rural area, with a ratio of 1.37∶1 between urban area and rural area. The age-specific mortality rate of cervical cancer during 1999-2015 increased with age. Two peaks of mortality rate were observed in those aged 50 years and aged 75 years, during 2014-2015. From 1999 to 2011, the mortality rate of cervical cancer was stable (APC=-0.2%, P=0.80), but there was a rapid increase from 2011 to 2015 (APC=21.6%, P<0.01). But group aged 20-49 years, it showed an upward trend from 1999 to 2015 (APC=6.9%, P<0.01). For group aged 50-69 years, it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2007 (APC=-9.2%, P<0.01), and an upward trend from 2007 to 2015 (APC=14.5%, P<0.01). For group aged 70 years and over, it showed a downward trend from 1999 to 2009 (APC=-10.2%, P<0.01), but the difference in the mortality were not significant from 2009 to 2015 (APC=7.8%, P=0.10). Since 2008, the YLL rate of cervical cancer in group aged 50-70 years had exceeded that in group aged >70 years and the gap gradually widened. Conclusions: There had been a rapid increase trend of cervical cancer mortality since 2011 in Tianjin. Women aged 50-70 years were the main group of life loss.
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China/epidemiology , Incidence , Mortality/trends , Regression Analysis , Residence Characteristics , Survival Rate/trends , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/mortalityABSTRACT
Objective@#To analyze the heritability of diabetes among the Chinese twin adults.@*Methods@#A total of 10 253 same-sex twin pairs aged 25 years and older, were selected from the Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR) program. Heritability of diabetes was calculated by using the structural equation model.@*Results@#After adjusted for age and gender, the overall heritability rates of diabetes were 0.41 (0.15-0.75), 0.83 (0.72-0.91) and 0.34 (0.04-0.73) in the <45 and ≥45 years twin pairs, respectively. After adjusted for age, rates of heritability appeared as 0.37 (0.05-0.78) and 0.88 (0.79-0.94) in men and women, respectively.@*Conclusions@#Diabetes is affected by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic effect of diabetes seemed stronger on female than that on male twins but was dying down along with ageing.
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Objective@#To evaluate the association between atmospheric inhalable particulate matter (PM10) concentration and cardiovascular diseases burden in Tianjin.@*Methods@#The data on daily mean concentrations of main pollutants (PM10, nitrogen dioxide(NO2) and sulfur dioxide(SO2)), meteorological factors (temperature and relative humidity) and population death monitoring data in Tianjin, from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2010, were collected and analyzed in this study. The death counts and years of life lost were simultaneously used as the indicators of disease burden. The generalized additive model was used to assess the associations between PM10 and daily death counts and years of life lost due to cardiovascular system diseases in Tianjin by adjusting the confounding factors such as long-term trend, seasons, meteorological factors and other factors related to the long-term variability.@*Results@#The daily average concentration of PM10 was 117.6 μg/m³ in Tianjin during 2001 to 2011. The daily average number of deaths of cardiovascular system diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases in Tianjin were 38.4, 14.8 and 17.2 people respectively, and the daily average years of life lost were 776.8, 306.5 and 326.1 person years respectively. The effects of PM10 on the daily death counts of the three diseases categories were statistically significant (all P<0.01) in Tianjin and the maximum effect occurs at the moment when PM10 was at moving average concentration of today and lagged 1-day (Lag01). The effects of decreasing order were ischemic heart diseases, cardiovascular system diseases and cerebrovascular diseases, excess risks were 0.53% (95% CI 0.35%-0.71%), 0.40% (95%CI 0.28%-0.53%) and 0.38% (95%CI 0.19%-0.56%). The effects of atmospheric PM10 on the years of life lost of the three diseases were also statistically significant on the different lag days (all P<0.01) in Tianjin and the maximum effect of PM10 appeared in Lag01. The effects from the largest to the lowest were 2.86 (95%CI 1.79-3.93) person years for cardiovascular system diseases, 1.59 (95%CI 0.95-2.23) person years for ischemic heart diseases and 1.07 (95%CI 0.43-1.71) person years for cerebrovascular diseases, respectively. In multi-pollutant models, after controlling SO2, the effect of PM10 on the daily life loss of above 3 kinds of diseases was higher than that of single pollutant model. In contrast, after controlling SO2 or SO2 with NO2, the effect was lower. After controlling NO2, the effect of PM10 on the daily life loss of cerebrovascular disease was no longer statistically significant (P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Exposure to atmospheric PM10 can significantly increase the cardiovascular diseases burden in Tianjin, especially for ischemic heart diseases. These results suggested that particular attention should be paid to reduce the exposure to atmospheric inhalable particulate matter for patients with ischemic heart diseases.
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Objective To evaluate the behavior intervention program on men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin.Methods From April 2013 to September 2017,MSM were enrolled from MSM gathering places and through mobile intemet to establish an open prospective cohort.Interventions were conducted in every follow-up meeting,while the changes of behaviors and HIV infection and syphilis incidences in the MSM before and after intervention were compared.Results A total of 1 822 MSM were interviewed at baseline survey,with 1 007 eligible MSM were enrolled in the cohort.A total of 39 new cases of HIV infection were reported,and the cumulative observation time on cohort follow-up was 2 216.96 person-year,with the HIV incidence rate as 1.76 per 100 person-years.Among them,934 MSM were sero-negative for syphilis in baseline survey.A total of 100 new cases of syphilis were reported,and the cumulative observation time of cohort follow-up was 1 959.94 person-year,the syphilis incidence rate was 5.10 per 100 person-years.With health education and intervention conducted,the awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge for MSM increased.Though the rate of anal sex increased after intervention,the rate of condom use in anal sex increased,too.The rate of condom use decreased after receiving more than 3 interventions.Data from the multivariate GEE analysis indicated that protective factors might be as follows:education level of college and above (aOR=0.81,95％CI:0.68-0.98),awareness of AIDS related knowledge (aOR=0.52,95％ CI:0.36-0.75),ever receiving condom promotion and distribution in the past six months (aOR=0.60,95％CI:0.49-0.74),being recruited from mobile intemet (aOR=0.85,95％CI:0.73-1.00)and times of cumulative intervention:one time (aOR=0.55,95％ CI:0.45-0.66),two times (aOR=0.38,95％CI:0.30-0.49),three times (aOR=0.26,95％CI:0.20-0.35),four times and above (aOR=0.24,95％CI:0.17-0.33).Diagnoses of STDs in the past six months (aOR=1.43,95％CI:1.06-1.96),using rush-poppers (aOR=1.22,95％ CI:1.02-1.47) might be risk factors.Conclusions After continuous behavior intervention,the incidence of HIV infection and syphilis were at a low level in the MSM cohort in Tianjin.Their awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge and the rate of condom use increased.But there are still many risk factors influencing the unprotected anal sex in MSM.We should continuously carry out behavioral intervention programs to prevent unprotected anal sex among MSM.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of cerebral infarction between sexes, ages and urban-rural areas from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin, China, and provide data for targeted prevention and control strategies of cerebral infarction in Tianjin.@*Methods@#Cerebral infarction mortality data from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2015 were obtained from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system established by the Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and population data of permanent residents were obtained from Tianjin Municipal Public Security Bureau. The trends change and affecting factors including gender, age, and geographic distribution on mortality following cerebral infarction were analyzed.@*Results@#(1) Cerebral infarction mortality rate in Tianjin increased from 1999 to 2015 with the crude mortality rate of 57.06/100 000 to 105.22/100 000 (Z=59.65, P<0.01, annual percent change(APC)=3.39%) and decreased with the standardized mortality rate from 55.59/100 000 to 56.12/100 000 (Z=-5.47, P<0.01, APC=-0.35%). (2) The crude mortality rate (64.23/100 000 to 118.72/100 000) and standardized mortality rate (65.44/100 000 to 67.23/100 000) of male cerebral infarction was higher than that of female (crude: 49.73/100 000 to 91.64/1/100 000, standardized: 45.73/100 000 to 45.01/100 000) from 1999 to 2015. (3) With the increase of age, the mortality of cerebral infarction increased gradually from 1999 to 2015 (all Z>0.00,all P<0.01). (4) The mortality rate of cerebral infarction in urban areas increased with the crude mortality rate from 71.43/100 000 to 103.20/100 000 (Z=17.34, P<0.01, APC=1.30%) and decreased with the standardized mortality rate from 61.04/100 000 to 43.77/100 000 (Z=-32.49, P<0.01, APC=-3.06%) from 1999 to 2015. The mortality rate of cerebral infarction in rural areas increased with the crude mortality rate from 42.63/100 000 to 107.32/100 000 (Z=69.14, P<0.01, APC=5.95%) and with the standardized mortality rate from 48.34/100 000 to 77.09/100 000 (Z=36.88, P<0.01, APC=5.95%) from 1999 to 2015.@*Conclusions@#Cerebral infarction crude mortality increased and standardized mortality decreased from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin. Further efforts to reduce cerebral infarction mortality in Tianjin are needed, special attention should be focused on the elderly, male and rural residents.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mortality of the residents with different characteristics from 1999 to 2015 in Tianjin.@*Methods@#ICH mortality data in 1999-2015 were from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system. The mortality rate of ICH, difference in the rate by gender, age, and geographic distribution, and trends over the years were analyzed. Standardized mortality rates of ICH were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend were used to examine the trends in mortality.@*Results@#A total of 102 279 ICH death cases were observed in Tianjin from year 1999 to 2015. The crude ICH mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 76.35/100 000 in 1999 to 51.46/100 000 in 2015 (annual percent change (APC)=-1.96%, Z=-31.08, P<0.001) , and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 72.41/100 000 to 29.00/100 000 (APC=-5.20%, Z=-70.91, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH mortality in males decreased from 87.26/100 000 to 59.89/100 000 (APC=-1.79%, Z=-21.71, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 85.65/100 000 to 35.75/100 000 (APC=-4.93%, Z=-52.32, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH mortality in females decreased from 65.21/100 000 to 42.98/100 000 (APC=-2.18%, Z=-22.28, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 59.17/100 000 to 22.26/100 000 (APC=-5.63%, Z=-48.15, P<0.001). The ICH mortality rate under 35 years old increased from 0.78/100 000 to 0.92/100 000 (APC=4.41%, Z=5.07, P<0.001), especially in males increasing from 0.90/100 000 to 1.54/100 000 (APC=6.59%, Z=6.52, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH in urban areas decreased from 69.74/100 000 to 41.79/100 000 (APC=-3.18%, Z=-31.43, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 57.56/100 000 to 20.42/100 000 (APC=-6.59%, Z=-53.43, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of ICH in rural areas decreased from 82.99/100 000 to 61.49/100 000 (APC=-1.10%, Z=-14.06, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 91.55/100 000 to 43.14/100 000 (APC=-3.78%, Z=-43.21, P<0.001). The ICH mortality rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#ICH mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 1999 to 2015. Further efforts to reduce ICH mortality in Tianjin is needed, in particular males, under 35 years old, and people in rural areas.
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Objective@#To explore the trends and distribution of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality of the residents with different characteristics from 2000 to 2016 in Tianjin.@*Methods@#COPD mortality data in 2000-2016 were from Tianjin population based mortality surveillance system. The mortality rate of COPD, difference in the rate by gender, age, and geographic distribution, and the trend over years were analyzed. Age-sex-standardized mortality rates of COPD were calculated using the year 2000 world standard population. Joinpoint regression and Cochran-Armitage trend analysis were used to examine the trend of mortality.@*Results@#The crude COPD mortality rate in Tianjin decreased from 57.57/100 000 in 2000 to 28.23/100 000 in 2016 (annual percent change (APC)=-5.01%, Z=-64.76, P<0.001), and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 56.53/100 000 in 2000 to13.88/100 000 in 2016 (APC=-9.17%, Z=-100.83, P<0.001). The crude COPD mortality rate of males decreased from 54.57/100 000 to 27.77/100 000 (APC=-4.89%, Z=-43.63, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 57.52/100 000 to 14.63/100 000 (APC=-9.07%, Z=-71.48, P<0.001). The crude COPD mortality rate of females decreased from 60.63/100 000 to 28.68/100 000 (APC=-5.12%, Z=-47.92, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 55.53/100 000 to 13 13/100 000 (APC=-9.27%, Z=-71.13, P<0.001). The crude mortality rate of COPD in urban areas decreased from 45.07/100 000 to 19.54/100 000 (APC=-5.35%, Z=-42.38, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 39.24/100 000 to 7.45/100 000 (Z=-63.97, P<0.001, APC=-10.22%). The crude mortality rate of COPD in rural areas decreased from 70.20/100 000 to 37.24/100 000 (APC=-4.77%, Z=-48.77, P<0.001) and the standardized mortality rate decreased from 78.88/100 000 to 25.70/100 000 (APC=-7.59%, Z=-72.43, P<0.001). The COPD mortality rate in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (P<0.001). The COPD mortality rate in 35 years old and over decreased from 2000 to 2016 (P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#The COPD mortality in Tianjin decreased from 2000 to 2016. More efforts are need to reduce COPD mortality in Tianjin, in particular people in rural areas.
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Objective: To evaluate the behavior intervention program on men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin. Methods: From April 2013 to September 2017, MSM were enrolled from MSM gathering places and through mobile internet to establish an open prospective cohort. Interventions were conducted in every follow-up meeting, while the changes of behaviors and HIV infection and syphilis incidences in the MSM before and after intervention were compared. Results: A total of 1 822 MSM were interviewed at baseline survey, with 1 007 eligible MSM were enrolled in the cohort. A total of 39 new cases of HIV infection were reported, and the cumulative observation time on cohort follow-up was 2 216.96 person-year, with the HIV incidence rate as 1.76 per 100 person-years. Among them, 934 MSM were sero-negative for syphilis in baseline survey. A total of 100 new cases of syphilis were reported, and the cumulative observation time of cohort follow-up was 1 959.94 person-year, the syphilis incidence rate was 5.10 per 100 person-years. With health education and intervention conducted, the awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge for MSM increased. Though the rate of anal sex increased after intervention, the rate of condom use in anal sex increased, too. The rate of condom use decreased after receiving more than 3 interventions. Data from the multivariate GEE analysis indicated that protective factors might be as follows: education level of college and above (aOR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.68-0.98), awareness of AIDS related knowledge (aOR=0.52, 95%CI: 0.36-0.75), ever receiving condom promotion and distribution in the past six months (aOR=0.60, 95%CI: 0.49-0.74), being recruited from mobile internet (aOR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.73-1.00) and times of cumulative intervention: one time (aOR=0.55, 95%CI: 0.45-0.66), two times (aOR=0.38, 95%CI: 0.30-0.49), three times (aOR=0.26, 95%CI: 0.20-0.35), four times and above (aOR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.17-0.33). Diagnoses of STDs in the past six months (aOR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.06-1.96), using rush-poppers (aOR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.02-1.47) might be risk factors. Conclusions: After continuous behavior intervention, the incidence of HIV infection and syphilis were at a low level in the MSM cohort in Tianjin. Their awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge and the rate of condom use increased. But there are still many risk factors influencing the unprotected anal sex in MSM. We should continuously carry out behavioral intervention programs to prevent unprotected anal sex among MSM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Behavior Therapy , China/epidemiology , Follow-Up Studies , HIV Infections/transmission , Homosexuality, Male/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Safe SexABSTRACT
Objective·To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 on prion encoding gene (PRNP) expression and amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism of PC12 cells. Methods·After PC12 cells were treated with 20, 40, 80 ng/mL IGF-1 for 24 h, real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of PRNP, and Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels of AKT, phosphorylation of AKT (pAKT), ERK and phosphorylation of AKT (pERK). The level of β-amyloid 42 (Aβ42) in supernatant fluid was detected by ELISA. Results·Compared with the blank control group, the expression of PRNP mRNA in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model group was increased significantly (P0.05). Compared with the blank control group, the level of Aβ42 in supernatant fluid of model group was decreased significantly with the increasing of IGF-1 concentration. The expression level of Aβ42 was decreased significantly in 40 and 80 ng/ml IGF-1 treatment group (P<0.05). The expression of AKT/pAKT, ERK/pERK in AD model group was significantly increased along with the increasing of IGF-1 concentration (P<0.05). Conclusion·IGF-1 could regulate the expression of PRNP gene and effect the metabolism of APP, which may be associated with PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of the diet recovery time on postural hypotension after gynecological laparoscopic operation. Methods A total of 300 patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy were randomly divided into observation group and control group according to the order of admission,150 cases in each group. Patients in observation group took liquid food since recovery from anesthetic, their appetite and dietary levels restored to preoperative level within 24 h after surgery from liquid diet to regular diet. Patients in control group were given routine nursing care of diet after belly operation. Results The diet recovery time and the anal exhaust time of patients in observation group were (21.2±3.5) h and (15.5±4.7) h, the control group were (46.8±5.4) h and (23.4±5.4) h, there was significant difference between two groups (t=7.543,5.126, P<0.05).The incidence rate of orthostatic hypotension in observation group was 9.3% (14/150), the control group was 33.3% (50/150), there wassignificant difference between two groups (χ2=8.907, P<0.05). Conclusions Patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopy took food as soon as possible, their appetite and dietary levels restored to preoperative level within 24 h after operation. It didn′ t increase abdominal distension, but helped the intestinal function recovery and helped to reduce the incidence of postoperative orthostatic hypotension.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the influence of smoking on deaths in residents aged 35-79 years and the effects of smoking cessation in Tianjin. Methods The data of 39499 death cases aged 35-79 years in 2016 in Tianjin were collected, the risks for deaths caused by smoking related diseases and excess deaths as well as effects of smoking cessation were analyzed after adjusting 5 year old age group, education level and marital status. Results Among the 39499 deaths cases, 1589 (13.56%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer caused by smoking was highest (47.60%);the risk of death due to lung cancer in smokers was 2.75 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:2.47-3.06). Among the female deaths, 183 (7.29%) were caused by smoking, the percentage of the excess mortality of lung cancer was highest (28.90%);and the risk of death of lung cancer in smokers was 4.04 times higher than that in non-smokers (95%CI:3.49-4.68). The OR for disease in ex-smokers was 0.80 compared with 1.00 in smokers (95%CI: 0.72-0.90). The OR in males who had quitted smoking for≥10 years was lower (0.74, 95%CI:0.63-0.86) than that in those who had quitted smoking for 1-9 years (0.85, 95%CI:0.74-0.98), but the difference was not significant. Conclusion Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for deaths in residents in Tianjin. Smoking cessation can benefit people's health.