Cross-border collaboration for neglected tropical disease efforts-Lessons learned from onchocerciasis control and elimination in the Mano River Union (West Africa).

Diseases don't respect borders, so efforts to control and eliminate diseases must also be flexible and adaptable enough to effectively reach the populations that live in the areas around national frontiers. Onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness is a tropical disease that has historically affected millions of people in 35 countries in Africa and Latin America. In Africa, programs and partnerships to address river blindness through mass drug administration have been active for more than 25 years. While in many cases the disease is found in isolated foci that fall entirely within national boundaries, the geographic scope of many affected areas crosses country borders. National river blindness programs are the responsibility of each nation's Ministry of Health, so in cross-border situations there is a need for effective country-country collaboration. Cross-border collaboration for onchocerciasis control efforts in the countries of the Mano River Basin illustrates the positive impact of a creative model, and offers lessons for expanded application for onchocerciasis elimination as well as other neglected tropical disease (NTD) control and elimination programs.

For as Long as Necessary: Examining 30 years of MSD's Focus on Achieving Elimination of Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis.

Established by MSD, also known as Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ USA in 1987, the Mectizan Donation Program (MDP) is the longest running disease-specific program of its kind. Initially aimed at control of onchocerciasis (river blindness), the company expanded its commitment through the MDP in 1998 to include lymphatic filariasis (LF). Both diseases are now candidates for elimination and the company is engaged in several global partnerships to help advance towards that goal. To support the steadily growing demand from country-led disease elimination programs, the company has put in place several administrative and operational improvements. In addition, the company is involved 'beyond the pill', including making financial and management contributions to partners such as the END Fund and the Expanded Special Project to Eliminate NTDs (ESPEN) to support the technical needs of elimination programs. While the time-bound elimination targets are challenging, clear progress is being made for both onchocerciasis and LF, with several national and subnational areas in Latin America and Africa having stopped transmission of one or both diseases. The company's donation of Mectizan and contributions of financial, management and technical resources reflect the company's long-standing commitment to pursue inventive ways to expand and enhance access to medicine. Continued support from MSD and other partners will enable countries to advance towards their elimination targets for LF and onchocerciasis.

Progress in public-private partnerships to fight neglected diseases.

In the global fight against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), public health partnerships involving donations of medicines by pharmaceutical companies are enabling access to treatment for millions of people worldwide. These partnerships collaborate with other disease programs and a range of key stakeholders to develop and improve programs to control and eliminate NTDs. Although progress is being made against NTDs, continued success depends on a policy environment that supports appropriate levels of engagement and collaboration from all participants.