Subject(s)
Neutrophil Activation/drug effects , Neutrophil Activation/genetics , Neutrophils/drug effects , Neutrophils/metabolism , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Pyrimidines/pharmacology , Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1/genetics , Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Animals , Biomarkers , Humans , Mice , Neutrophil Activation/immunology , Neutrophils/immunology , Piperidines , Respiratory Burst/drug effects , Respiratory Burst/genetics , Respiratory Burst/immunology , Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1/metabolismABSTRACT
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 plays an important role in innate immune responses and is upregulated under infectious as well as non-infectious conditions. In addition, a soluble TREM-1 variant (sTREM-1) is detectable in sera or bronchoalveolar-lavage fluids from patients. Currently, various studies are difficult to compare, since the methods of detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) vary among different research groups. In this study, we compared three different s-TREM-1 specific ELISAs and identified individual assay characteristics finding notable differences in sTREM-1 concentrations in part depending on the employed buffers. Investigating potential confounding factors for sTREM-1 detection, serum heat-inactivation (HI) showed improved recovery compared to non-HI (NHI) serum, reproducible by addition of complement and re-heat-inactivation. Hence we identified complement as a heat-sensitive confounder in some sTREM-1 ELISAs. We conclude that it is difficult to directly compare data of several studies, in particular if different ELISAs are engaged. Immunoassays for research use only are in general hampered by lack of standardization. Further standardization is needed until sTREM-1 ELISA is capable for better reproducibility of studies and clinical application.
Subject(s)
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Membrane Glycoproteins/blood , Receptors, Immunologic/blood , Biomarkers , Complement System Proteins/metabolism , Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic , Humans , Protein Isoforms , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1ABSTRACT
Phytoestrogens have been shown to exert anti-proliferative effects on different cancer cells. In addition it could be demonstrated that inhibition of proliferation is associated with downregulation of the known stem cell factors NANOG, POU5F1 and SOX2 in tumor cells. We demonstrate the potential of Belamcanda chinensis extract (BCE) and tectorigenin as anticancer drugs in cell lines of malignant testicular germ cell tumor cells (TGCT) by inhibition of proliferation and regulating the expression of stem cell factors. The TGCT cell lines TCam-2 and NTera-2 were treated with BCE or tectorigenin and MTT assay was used to measure the proliferation of tumor cells. In addition, the expression of stem cell factors was analyzed by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, global expression analysis was performed by microarray technique. BCE and tectorigenin inhibited proliferation and downregulated the stem cell factors NANOG and POU5F1 in TGCT cells. In addition, gene expression profiling revealed induction of genes important for the differentiation and inhibition of oncogenes. Utilizing connectivity map in an attempt to elucidate mechanism underlying BCE treatments we found highly positive association to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) amongst others. Causing no histone deacetylase inhibition, the effects of BCE on proliferation and stem cell factors may be based on histone-independent mechanisms such as direct hyperacetylation of transcription factors. Based on these findings, phytoestrogens may be useful as new agents in the treatment of TGCT.