Gut microbiome features associated with liver fibrosis in Hispanics, a population at high risk for fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hispanics are disproportionately affected by NAFLD, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC. Preventive strategies and noninvasive means to identify those in this population at high risk for liver fibrosis, are urgently needed. We aimed to characterize the gut microbiome signatures and related biological functions associated with liver fibrosis in Hispanics and identify environmental and genetic factors affecting them. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Subjects of the population-based Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC; n = 217) were screened by vibration-controlled transient elastography (FibroScan). Among them, 144 (66.7%) had steatosis and 28 (13.0%) had liver fibrosis. The gut microbiome of subjects with liver fibrosis was enriched with immunogenic commensals (e.g., Prevotella copri, Holdemanella, Clostridiaceae 1) and depleted of Bacteroides caccae, Parabacteroides distasonis, Enterobacter, and Marinifilaceae. The liver fibrosis-associated metagenome was characterized by changes in the urea cycle, L-citrulline biosynthesis and creatinine degradation pathways, and altered synthesis of B vitamins and lipoic acid. These metagenomic changes strongly correlated with the depletion of Parabacteroides distasonis and enrichment of Prevotella and Holdemanella. Liver fibrosis was also associated with depletion of bacterial pathways related to L-fucose biosynthesis. Alcohol consumption, even moderate, was associated with high Prevotella abundance. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs3769502 and rs7573751 in the NCK adaptor protein 2 (NCK2) gene positively associated with high Prevotella abundance. CONCLUSION: Hispanics with liver fibrosis display microbiome profiles and associated functional changes that may promote oxidative stress and a proinflammatory environment. These microbiome signatures, together with NCK2 polymorphisms, may have utility in risk modeling and disease prevention in this high-risk population.

Multicancer early detection test: Preclinical, translational, and clinical evidence-generation plan and provocative questions.

Minimally invasive molecular biomarkers have been applied to the early detection of multiple cancers in large scale case-control and cohort studies. These demonstrations of feasibility herald the potential for permanent transformation of current cancer screening paradigms. This commentary discusses the major opportunities and challenges facing the preclinical development and clinical validation of multicancer early detection test strategies. From a diverse set of early detection research perspectives, the authors recommend specific approaches and highlight important questions for future investigation.

Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions.

The heterogeneity and complexity of advanced cancers strongly support the rationale for an enhanced focus on molecular prevention as a priority strategy to reduce the burden of cancer. Molecular prevention encompasses traditional chemopreventive agents as well as vaccinations and therapeutic approaches to cancer-predisposing conditions. Despite challenges to the field, we now have refined insights into cancer etiology and early pathogenesis; successful risk assessment and new risk models; agents with broad preventive efficacy (eg, aspirin) in common chronic diseases, including cancer; and a successful track record of more than 10 agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of precancerous lesions or cancer risk reduction. The development of molecular preventive agents does not differ significantly from the development of therapies for advanced cancers, yet it has unique challenges and special considerations given that it most often involves healthy or asymptomatic individuals. Agents, biomarkers, cohorts, overall design, and endpoints are key determinants of molecular preventive trials, as with therapeutic trials, although distinctions exist for each within the preventive setting. Progress in the development and evolution of molecular preventive agents has been steadier in some organ systems, such as breast and skin, than in others. In order for molecular prevention to be fully realized as an effective strategy, several challenges to the field must be addressed. Here, the authors provide a brief overview of the context for and special considerations of molecular prevention along with a discussion of the results from major randomized controlled trials.

Strategies to identify hepatitis C virus infection in patients receiving anticancer therapy: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Optimal hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening strategies for cancer patients have not been established. We compared the performance of selective HCV screening strategies. METHODS: We surveyed patients presenting for first systemic anticancer therapy during 2013-2014 for HCV risk factors. We estimated the prevalence of positivity for HCV antibody (anti-HCV) and examined factors associated with anti-HCV status using Fisher's exact test or Student's t test. Sensitivity was calculated for screening patients born during 1945-1965, patients with ≥ 1 other risk factor, or both cohorts ("combined screening"). RESULTS: We enrolled 2122 participants. Median age was 59 years (range, 18-91); 1138 participants were women. Race/ethnicity distribution was white non-Hispanic, 76% (n = 1616); Hispanic, 11% (n = 233); black non-Hispanic, 8% (n = 160); Asian, 4% (n = 78); and other, 2% (n = 35). Primary cancer distribution was non-liver solid tumor, 78% (n = 1664); hematologic cancer, 20% (n = 422); and liver cancer, 1% (n = 28). Prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.93% (95% CI, 1.39%-2.61%). Over 28% of patients with detectable HCV RNA were unaware of infection. Factors significantly associated with anti-HCV positivity included less than a bachelor's degree, birth in 1945-1965, chronic liver disease, injection drug use, and blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992. A total of 1315 participants (62%), including 39 of 41 with anti-HCV, reported ≥ 1 risk factor. Sensitivity was 80% (95% CI, 65-91%) for birth-cohort-based, 68% (95% CI, 52-82%) for other-risk-factor-based, and 95% (95% 83-99%) for combined screening. CONCLUSION: Combined screening still missed 5% of patients with anti-HCV. These findings favor universal HCV screening to identify all HCV-infected cancer patients.

Bioactive lipid metabolism in platelet "first responder" and cancer biology.

Platelets can serve as "first responders" in cancer and metastasis. This is partly due to bioactive lipid metabolism that drives both platelet and cancer biology. The two primary eicosanoid metabolites that maintain platelet rapid response homeostasis are prostacyclin made by endothelial cells that inhibits platelet function, which is counterbalanced by thromboxane produced by platelets during activation, aggregation, and platelet recruitment. Both of these arachidonic acid metabolites are inherently unstable due to their chemical structure. Tumor cells by contrast predominantly make more chemically stable prostaglandin E2, which is the primary bioactive lipid associated with inflammation and oncogenesis. Pharmacological, clinical, and epidemiologic studies demonstrate that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which target cyclooxygenases, can help prevent cancer. Much of the molecular and biological impact of these drugs is generally accepted in the field. Cyclooxygenases catalyze the rate-limiting production of substrate used by all synthase molecules, including those that produce prostaglandins along with prostacyclin and thromboxane. Additional eicosanoid metabolites include lipoxygenases, leukotrienes, and resolvins that can also influence platelets, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Our knowledge base and technology are now progressing toward identifying newer molecular and cellular interactions that are leading to revealing additional targets. This review endeavors to summarize new developments in the field.

Real-Time Interrogation of Aspirin Reactivity, Biochemistry, and Biodistribution by Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables quantitative, non-radioactive, real-time measurement of imaging probe biodistribution and metabolism in vivo. Here, we investigate and report on the development and characterization of hyperpolarized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and its use as a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. Aspirin derivatives were synthesized with single- and double-13 C labels and hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization with 4.7 % and 3 % polarization, respectively. The longitudinal relaxation constants (T1 ) for the labeled acetyl and carboxyl carbonyls were approximately 30 seconds, supporting in vivo imaging and spectroscopy applications. In vitro hydrolysis, transacetylation, and albumin binding of hyperpolarized aspirin were readily monitored in real time by 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Hyperpolarized, double-labeled aspirin was well tolerated in mice and could be observed by both 13 C-MR imaging and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy in vivo.

Building trust and diversity in patient-centered oncology clinical trials: An integrated model.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Trust is the cornerstone of clinical trial recruitment and retention. Efforts to decrease barriers and increase clinical trial participation among diverse populations have yielded modest results. There is an urgent need to better understand the complex interactions between trust and clinical trial participation. The process of trust-building has been a focus of intense research in the business community. Yet, little has been published about trust in oncology clinical trials or the process of building trust in clinical trials. Both clinical trials and business share common dimensions. Business strategies for building trust may be transferable to the clinical trial setting. This study was conducted to understand and utilize contemporary thinking about building trust to develop an Integrated Model of Trust that incorporates both clinical and business perspectives. METHODS: A key word-directed literature search of the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Search databases for entries dated between 1 January 1985 and 1 September 2015 was conducted to obtain information from which to develop an Integrated Model of Trust. RESULTS: Successful trial participation requires both participants and clinical trial team members to build distinctly different types of interpersonal trust to effect recruitment and retention. They are built under conditions of significant emotional stress and time constraints among people who do not know each other and have never worked together before. Swift Trust and Traditional Trust are sequentially built during the clinical trial process. Swift trust operates during the recruitment and very early active treatment phases of the clinical trial process. Traditional trust is built over time and operates during the active treatment and surveillance stages of clinical trials. The Psychological Contract frames the participants' and clinical trial team members' interpersonal trust relationship. The "terms" of interpersonal trust are negotiated through the psychological contract. Contract renegotiation occurs in response to cyclical changes within the trust relationship throughout trial participation. CONCLUSION: The Integrated Model of Trust offers a novel framework to interrogate the process by which diverse populations and clinical trial teams build trust. To our knowledge, this is the first model of trust-building in clinical trials that frames trust development through integrated clinical and business perspectives. By focusing on the process, rather than outcomes of trust-building diverse trial participants, clinical trials teams, participants, and cancer centers may be able to better understand, measure, and manage their trust relationships in real time. Ultimately, this may foster increased recruitment and retention of diverse populations to clinical trials.

Five National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers' data collection on racial/ethnic minority participation in therapeutic trials: a current view and opportunities for improvement.

BACKGROUND: To ensure that National Institutes of Health-funded research is relevant to the population's needs, specific emphasis on proportional representation of minority/sex groups into National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer centers' clinical research programs is reported to the NCI. METHODS: EMPaCT investigators at 5 regionally diverse comprehensive cancer centers compared data reported to the NCI for their most recent Cancer Center Support Grant competitive renewal to assess and compare the centers' catchment area designations, data definitions, data elements, collection processes, reporting, and performance regarding proportional representation of race/ethnicity and sex subsets. RESULTS: Cancer centers' catchment area definitions differed widely in terms of their cancer patient versus general population specificity, levels of specificity, and geographic coverage. Racial/ethnic categories were similar, yet were defined differently, across institutions. Patients' socioeconomic status and insurance status were inconsistently captured across the 5 centers. CONCLUSIONS: Catchment area definitions and the collection of patient-level demographic factors varied widely across the 5 comprehensive cancer centers. This challenged the assessment of success by cancer centers in accruing representative populations into the cancer research enterprise. Accrual of minorities was less than desired for at least 1 racial/ethnic subcategory at 4 of the 5 centers. Institutions should clearly and consistently declare their primary catchment area and the rationale and should report how race/ethnicity and sex are defined, determined, collected, and reported. More standardized, frequent, consistent collection, reporting, and review of these data are recommended, as is a commitment to collecting socioeconomic data, given that socioeconomic status is a primary driver of cancer disparities in the United States.

Recent American College of Physicians Guidance Statement for Screening Average-risk, Asymptomatic Adults for Colorectal Cancer.

The American College of Physicians (ACP) update of their standing guidance statement for colorectal-cancer screening in asymptomatic average-risk adults was recently published to assist clinicians with implementing evidence-based patient care. After assessing existing guideline literature, the ACP recommended five actions: consider not screening adults ages 45 to 49 years; stop screening adults older than 75 years; discuss benefits, harms, costs, availability, frequency, and patient values/preferences with patients prior to choosing a screening method; and when choosing, recommend biennial rather than annual use of a fecal immunochemical test or a guaiac fecal occult blood test and avoid recommending computed tomography colonography or stool DNA tests. While the ACP guidelines are rigorous, well-intended, and considerate of patients' input, their greatest impact may result from highlighting the need for researchers to help frontline clinicians to describe the risk, costs, and benefits/harms of various colorectal-cancer screening strategies in an effective, yet time-efficient, manner given the all-too-brief annual patient encounters. In the United States, reimbursement is still dependent on U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations which are somewhat more liberal in contrast to the ACP's approach which strongly favors randomized, controlled trial evidence to guide the delivery of prevention and screening services to asymptomatic average-risk patients.

Genome-wide methylation analysis shows similar patterns in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). To identify novel tumor suppressors involved in esophageal carcinogenesis and potential biomarkers for the malignant progression of BE, we performed a genome-wide methylation profiling of BE and EAC tissues. Using Illumina's Infinium HumanMethylation27 BeadChip microarray, we examined the methylation status of 27 578 CpG sites in 94 normal esophageal (NE), 77 BE and 117 EAC tissue samples. The overall methylation of CpG sites within the CpG islands was higher, but outside of the CpG islands was lower in BE and EAC tissues than in NE tissues. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed an excellent separation of NE tissues from BE and EAC tissues; however, the clustering of BE and EAC tissues was less clear, suggesting that methylation occurs early during the progression of EAC. We confirmed many previously reported hypermethylated genes and identified a large number of novel hypermethylated genes in BE and EAC tissues, particularly genes encoding ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase) peptidase proteins, cadherins and protocadherins, and potassium voltage-gated channels. Pathway analysis showed that a number of channel and transporter activities were enriched for hypermethylated genes. We used pyrosequencing to validate selected candidate genes and found high correlations between the array and pyrosequencing data (rho > 0.8 for each validated gene). The differentially methylated genes and pathways may provide biological insights into the development and progression of BE and become potential biomarkers for the prediction and early detection of EAC.

From Premalignant Biology to Precision Interception: Connecting the Dots with a Curated Collection of Invited Articles.

Nearly all cancers have identifiable histologically defined precursors known as precancers. These precancers offer a window of opportunity to intercept the neoplastic process to prevent its development into invasive cancer. However, lack of knowledge regarding the evolution of precancers and the microenvironmental pressures shaping them precludes efforts to intercept them. Technological developments over the past decade have facilitated the study of precancers at a previously unattainable resolution. Calls for a national PreCancer Atlas effort incorporating these technologies were heeded in 2018, with the launch of the Human Tumor Atlas Network (HTAN) as part of the Beau Biden National Cancer Moonshot. Since then, five funded HTAN groups have focused their efforts on profiling precancers from breast, colon, skin, and lung. In this time, what progress has been made? What is next for HTAN and the field of premalignant biology? And are there lessons that individual investigators and the larger prevention field can learn from this initial effort to accelerate the development of novel early detection methods, risk prediction biomarkers, and interception agents? A special collection of invited reviews by experts in cancer evolution, systems biology, immunology, cancer genetics, preventive agent development, among other areas, attempts to answer these questions.

Independent of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Cirrhosis, Early Adulthood Obesity Is Associated with Cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: It is estimated that 6% to 20% of all cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) diagnoses are explained by primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), but the underlying risk factors in the absence of PSC are unclear. We examined associations of different risk factors with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) in the United States. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study of 121 patients with ECC and 308 patients with ICC treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center between May 2014 and March 2020, compared with 1,061 healthy controls. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to estimate the adjusted OR (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each risk factor. RESULTS: Being Asian, diabetes mellitus, family history of cancer, and gallbladder stones were associated with higher odds of developing ICC and ECC. Each 1-unit increase in body mass index in early adulthood (ages 20-40 years) was associated with a decrease in age at diagnosis of CCA (6.7 months, P < 0.001; 6.1 months for ICC, P = 0.001; 8.2 months for ECC, P = 0.007). A family history of cancer was significantly associated with the risk of ICC and ECC development; the AORs (95% CI) were 1.11 (1.06-1.48) and 1.32 (1.01-2.00) for ICC and ECC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, early adulthood onset of obesity was significantly associated with CCA and may predict early diagnosis at younger age than normal weight individuals. IMPACT: The study highlights the association between obesity and CCA, independent of PSC. There is a need to consider the mechanistic pathways of obesity in the absence of fatty liver and cirrhosis.

Exercise Training Reduces the Inflammatory Response and Promotes Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immunity in Lynch Syndrome.

PURPOSE: Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary condition with a high lifetime risk of colorectal and endometrial cancers. Exercise is a non-pharmacologic intervention to reduce cancer risk, though its impact on patients with LS has not been prospectively studied. Here, we evaluated the impact of a 12-month aerobic exercise cycling intervention in the biology of the immune system in LS carriers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To address this, we enrolled 21 patients with LS onto a non-randomized, sequential intervention assignation, clinical trial to assess the effect of a 12-month exercise program that included cycling classes 3 times weekly for 45 minutes versus usual care with a one-time exercise counseling session as control. We analyzed the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, circulating, and colorectal-tissue biomarkers using metabolomics, gene expression by bulk mRNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics by NanoString GeoMx. RESULTS: We observed a significant increase in oxygen consumption (VO2peak) as a primary outcome of the exercise and a decrease in inflammatory markers (prostaglandin E) in colon and blood as the secondary outcomes in the exercise versus usual care group. Gene expression profiling and spatial transcriptomics on available colon biopsies revealed an increase in the colonic mucosa levels of natural killer and CD8+ T cells in the exercise group that were further confirmed by IHC studies. CONCLUSIONS: Together these data have important implications for cancer interception in LS, and document for the first-time biological effects of exercise in the immune system of a target organ in patients at-risk for cancer.

Genetic variants within ultraconserved elements and susceptibility to right- and left-sided colorectal adenocarcinoma.

We investigated whether single nucleotide polymorphisms within ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are associated with susceptibility to overall colorectal cancer (CRC) and susceptibility to tumor site-specific CRC. The study included 787 CRC patients and 551 healthy controls. The study comprised of a training set (520 cases and 341 controls) and a replication set (267 cases and 210 controls). We observed associations in rs7849 and rs1399685 with CRC risk. For example, a dose-dependent trend (per-allele odds ratio (OR), 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63-1.00; P for trend = 0.05) associated with the variant allele of rs7849 in the training set. The significant trend toward a decrease in CRC risk was confirmed in the replication set (per-allele OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-0.99; P for trend = 0.044). When stratified by tumor location, for left-sided CRC (LCRC) risk, significant association was observed for the variant-containing genotypes of rs1399685 (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.02-3.06) and the risk was replicated in the replication population (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.02-4.07). The variant genotypes of rs9784100 and rs7849 conferred decreased risk but the associations were not replicated. Three right-sided CRC (RCRC) susceptibility loci were identified in rs6124509, rs4243289 and rs12218935 but none of the loci was replicated. Joint effects and potential higher order gene-gene interactions among significant variants further categorized patients into different risk groups. Our results strongly suggest that several genetic variants in the UCEs may contribute to CRC susceptibility, individually and jointly, and that different genetic etiology may be involved in RCRC and LCRC.

Intake of red meat and heterocyclic amines, metabolic pathway genes and bladder cancer risk.

We analyzed the association between meat intake, heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and bladder cancer (BC) risk in a large case-control study comprised of 884 BC cases and 878 healthy controls, recruited from 1999 to 2009. Epidemiologic and dietary data were collected via an in-person interview. Compared to the lowest quartile of red meat intake, the odds ratios (ORs) for the second, third and fourth quartiles were 1.17 (95% CI: 0.87-1.58), 1.47 (95% CI: 1.09-1.99) and 1.95 (95% CI: 1.41-2.68), respectively, (p-for trend <0.001). In a subset of participants with intakes of HCAs available, compared with those with the lowest quartile of intake, the ORs for the second, third and fourth quartiles were 1.47 (95% CI: 0.60-3.64), 2.58 (95% CI: 1.09-6.11) and 3.32 (95% CI: 1.37-8.01), respectively, (p for trend <0.001). In cumulative analysis of SNPs in the pathway, compared with subjects carrying 0-4 unfavorable genotypes, subjects carrying 5 and 6 or more unfavorable genotypes were at 1.60-fold (95% CI: 1.20-2.12) and 2.37-fold (95% CI: 1.82-3.10) increased risk, respectively. Moreover, subjects carrying six or more unfavorable genotypes and whose red meat intake was in the highest quartile were at 5.09-fold increased risk (95% CI: 2.89-8.96; p < 0.001). These results strongly support that high red meat intake, high intake of HCAs and carrying high number of unfavorable genotypes in the HCA metabolic pathways are associated with increased risk of BC in the study population.

Identification of polymorphisms in ultraconserved elements associated with clinical outcomes in locally advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) are noncoding genomic sequences that completely identical among human, mouse, and rat species and harbor critical biologic functions. The authors hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within UCEs are associated with clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS: Forty-eight SNPs within UCEs were genotyped in 662 patients with stage I through III CRC. The associations between genotypes and recurrence and survival were analyzed in patients with stage II or III CRC who received fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy using a training and validation design. The training set included 115 patients with stage II disease and 170 patients with stage III disease, and the validation set included 88 patients with stage II disease and 112 patients with stage III disease. RESULTS: Eight SNPs were associated with clinical outcomes stratified by disease stage. In particular, for patients with stage II CRC who had at least 1 variant allele of reference SNP sequence 7849 (rs7849), a consistent association with increased recurrence risk was observed in the training set (hazard ratio [HR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-5.52), in the replication set (HR, 3.70; 95% CI, 1.42-9.64), and in a meta-analysis (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.54-5.41). Several other SNPs were significant in the training set but not in the validation set. These included rs2421099, rs16983007, and rs10211390 for recurrence and rs6590611 for survival in patients with stage II disease; and SNPs rs6124509 and rs11195893 for recurrence in patients with stage III disease. In addition, a significant cumulative effect was observed of multiple risk genotypes and potential gene-gene interactions on recurrence risk. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the association between SNPs within UCEs and clinical outcome in patients with CRC. The results suggested that SNPs within UCEs may be valuable prognostic biomarkers for patients with locally advanced CRC who receive 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy.

Vulvar Cancer Incidence in the United States and its Relationship to Human Papillomavirus Vaccinations, 2001-2018.

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was indicated for the prevention of vulvovaginal cancers in 2008, but its impact on the incidence of vulvar cancers within the US is unknown. To determine this, we conducted a secondary analysis of 88,942 vulvar cancer cases among women 20+ years old using the US Cancer Statistics 2001-2018 databases. Data were stratified by tumor behavior (in situ or invasive), age (20-44, 45-64, 65+ years old), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic), and US census region (Northeast, South, Midwest, West), and incidence rates and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were calculated by group. Reversing previous trends, the incidence of vulvar carcinoma in situ significantly decreased between 2001 and 2018 among women from all age groups, races/ethnicities, and regions (combined AAPC,  -4.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), -4.7 to -3.8). The incidence of invasive vulvar squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly among 20- to 44-year-old women (AAPC, -0.8; 95% CI, -1.3 to -0.3), but significantly increased among those 45 to 64 (AAPC, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.8-2.8) and 65+ years old (AAPC, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1-1.4). Regardless of tumor behavior, incidence was highest among non-Hispanic Whites and the Midwest region. Overall, the significant declines in vulvar carcinoma in situ among all ages, as well as invasive vulvar cancer among younger women, are encouraging and complement other recent data suggesting HPV vaccinations are already reducing anal and cervical cancer incidence. Over time, further declines in vulvar carcinoma incidence are likely as uptake and completion rates of the HPV vaccine increase in the US. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: We found evidence that HPV vaccinations likely contributed to a decrease in the incidences of vulvar carcinoma in situ and invasive vulvar carcinoma among 20- to 44-year-old women between 2001 and 2018. Our data add to the growing evidence that HPV vaccinations are reducing the incidence of HPV-related anogenital cancers.

Gut Microbiome Alterations Associated with Diabetes in Mexican Americans in South Texas.

Mexican Americans have a high prevalence of diabetes and burden of diabetes-related complications, highlighting the need for novel preventive strategies and noninvasive predictors of diabetes risk tailored to this population. Changes in the gut microbiome have the potential to predict diabetes. Here, we aimed to identify alterations in the gut microbiome associated with diabetes in the high-risk population of Mexican Americans in South Texas. Stool samples were collected from 216 subjects from the population-based Cameron County Hispanic Cohort. Among them, 75 had type 2 diabetes. Taxonomic and functional profiling of the stool samples were assessed by 16S and shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and the influence of genetic factors was explored. The gut microbiome of subjects with diabetes was enriched with proinflammatory Proteobacteria members (Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia-Shigella) and depleted of butyrate-producing Clostridiales members (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1). The accompanying metagenomic changes in subjects with diabetes suggested dysregulated amino acid metabolism, reduced galacturonate and glucuronate catabolism (correlating with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance), and enriched heme biosynthesis (correlating with Enterobacteriaceae abundance). Polymorphism rs7129790 near MMP27 was strongly associated with high Proteobacteria abundance and was more frequent in this cohort and in individuals of Mexican ancestry than in Europeans. In conclusion, Mexican Americans in South Texas with diabetes display distinct gut microbiome and metagenomic signatures. These signatures may have utility in risk modeling and disease prevention in this high-risk population. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome composition varies across ethnicities and geographical locations, yet studies on diabetes-associated microbiome changes specific to high-risk Mexican Americans are lacking. Here, we aimed to identify specific alterations associated with diabetes in this population, as well as host genetic factors that may explain increased disease susceptibility in this ethnic group. Using samples from a population-based cohort of Mexican Americans with a high prevalence of obesity and diabetes, we confirmed findings from studies on other ethnicities that suggested promotion of a chronic proinflammatory environment, loss of butyrate production, and compromised intestinal barrier integrity. High abundance of proinflammatory Proteobacteria was associated with a polymorphism that was more frequent in this cohort and in individuals of Mexican ancestry than in Europeans. Validation of microbiome-based risk models for diabetes should be evaluated in prospective cohort studies.

Circulating Fatty Acids Associated with Advanced Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in South Texas Hispanics.

BACKGROUND: Hispanics in South Texas have high rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Liver fibrosis severity is the strongest predictive factor of NAFLD progression to HCC. We examined the association between free fatty acids (FA) and advanced liver fibrosis or HCC in this population. METHODS: We quantified 45 FAs in plasma of 116 subjects of the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, 15 Hispanics with HCC, and 56 first/second-degree relatives of Hispanics with HCC. Liver fibrosis was assessed by FibroScan. RESULTS: Advanced liver fibrosis was significantly associated with low expression of very long chain (VLC) saturated FAs (SFA), odd chain SFAs, and VLC n-3 polyunsaturated FAs [PUFA; AOR; 95% confidence interval (CI), 10.4 (3.7-29.6); P < 0.001; 5.7 (2.2-15.2); P < 0.001; and 3.7 (1.5-9.3); P = 0.005]. VLC n3-PUFAs significantly improved the performance of the noninvasive markers for advanced fibrosis - APRI, FIB-4, and NFS. Plasma concentrations of VLC SFAs and VLC n-3 PUFAs were further reduced in patients with HCC. Low concentrations of these FAs were also observed in relatives of patients with HCC and in subjects with the PNPLA3 rs738409 homozygous genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Low plasma concentrations of VLC n-3 PUFAs and VLC SFAs were strongly associated with advanced liver fibrosis and HCC in this population. Genetic factors were associated with low concentrations of these FAs as well. IMPACT: These results have implications in identifying those at risk for liver fibrosis progression to HCC and in screening this population for advanced fibrosis. They also prompt the evaluation of VLC n-3 PUFA or VLC SFA supplementation to prevent cirrhosis and HCC.