ADMANI: Annotated Digital Mammograms and Associated Non-Image Datasets.

Supplemental material is available for this article. Keywords: Mammography, Screening, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. See also the commentary by Cadrin-Chênevert in this issue.

Australasian recommendations for quality assurance in kilovoltage radiation therapy from the Kilovoltage Dosimetry Working Group of the Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine.

The Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) Radiation Oncology Specialty Group (ROSG) formed a series of working groups to develop recommendations for guidance of radiation oncology medical physics practice within the Australasian setting. These recommendations provide a standard for safe work practices and quality control. It is the responsibility of the medical physicist to ensure that locally available equipment and procedures are sufficiently sensitive to establish compliance. The recommendations are endorsed by the ROSG, have been subject to independent expert reviews and have also been approved by the ACPSEM Council. For the Australian audience, these recommendations should be read in conjunction with the Tripartite Radiation Oncology Practice Standards and should be read in conjunction with relevant national, state or territory legislation which take precedence over the ACPSEM publication Radiation Oncology Reform Implementation Committee (RORIC) Quality Working Group, RANZCR, 2011a; Kron et al. Clin Oncol 27(6):325-329, 2015; Radiation Oncology Reform Implementation Committee (RORIC) Quality Working Group, RANZCR, 2018a, b).

Which patients benefit from post-implant CT dosimetry after real-time intraoperative planning for low dose rate prostate brachytherapy? Case series and systematic literature review.

INTRODUCTION: At present, post-implant CT-based dosimetry is a standard quality assurance practice following low dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy. However, it rarely influences management and involves radiation exposure, costs and inconvenience. The purpose of our study was to assess the need for post-implant CT-based dosimetry through correlation with pre-implant and real-time dosimetry and review its place in the management of patients treated with LDR brachytherapy, so that it could be undertaken more selectively. METHODS: The real-time dosimetry parameters of 34 consecutive patients who underwent LDR brachytherapy were compared with day 30 post-implant CT-based dosimetry. To validate our results against the world practice, we performed a meta-analysis of six relevant published studies, which combined data from 699 patients. The Student's t-test was performed to verify whether our dosimetric parameters significantly differ from the results of the meta-analysis. RESULTS: In our case series, the mean target volume on real-time-planned US and post-implant CT was 33.9 and 32.7 cc, respectively (P > 0.05). The dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters were significantly different between real-time-planned and post-implant dosimetry, but re-implantation was not needed for any patients. The literature review demonstrated that there is no consensus on measures being reported. Comparison showed that our cohort had significantly smaller prostate volumes, but the DVHs were similar to other series. CONCLUSIONS: Post-implant CT and dosimetry did not alter patients' management after real-time intraoperative planning. However, we recommend that it still be employed for difficult cases or if there are any concerns identified in real-time planned dosimetry.

A preliminary study of the novel application of normoxic polymer gel dosimeters for the measurement of CTDI on diagnostic x-ray CT scanners.

Computer tomography dose index (CTDI) is a measurement undertaken during acceptance testing and subsequent quality assurance measurements of diagnostic x-ray CT scanners for the determination of patient dose. Normoxic polymer gel dosimeters have been used for the first time to measure dose and subsequently CTDI during acceptance testing of a CT scanner and compared with the conventional ionization chamber measurement for a range of imaging protocols. The normoxic polymer gel dosimeter was additionally used to simultaneously determine slice-width dose profiles and CTDI in the transaxial plane, the measurements of which are usually determined with thermoluminescent dosimetry or film. The resulting CTDI for all slice widths calculated from the normoxic polymer gel dosimeter were within corresponding ionization chamber CTDI values. Slice-width dose-profiles full-width half-maximum values from the normoxic polymer gel dosimeter were compared to the slice sensitivity profiles and were within the tolerances of the manufacturer. Normoxic polymer gel dosimeters have been shown to be a useful device for determining CTDI and dose distributions for CT equipment, and provide additional information not possible with just the use of an ionization chamber.

Investigation and analysis of ferrous sulfate polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel dosimeter.

Ferrous sulfate (Fe(SO4)2) PVA gels were investigated for a range of absorbed doses up to 20 Gy using both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectrophotometry to determine R1 and optical density (OD) dose responses and G values. It was found that R1- and OD-dose sensitivities increased with O2 saturation or by the introduction of a freeze-thaw cycle during preparation of the PVA gel. The storage temperature of the Fe(SO4)2 PVA gel at -18 degrees C increased R1-dose sensitivity above that of gels stored at 5 degrees C. The addition of sucrose to the formulation was found to result in the largest increase in both R1- and OD-dose sensitivities. Fe(SO4)2 PVA gel with and without the addition of xylenol orange was demonstrated to have a G value of approximately 20 ions/100 eV and with sucrose approximately 24 ions/100 eV.

Retrospective evaluation of dosimetric quality for prostate carcinomas treated with 3D conformal, intensity modulated and volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: This study examines and compares the dosimetric quality of radiotherapy treatment plans for prostate carcinoma across a cohort of 163 patients treated across five centres: 83 treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT), 33 treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and 47 treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). METHODS: Treatment plan quality was evaluated in terms of target dose homogeneity and organs at risk (OAR), through the use of a set of dose metrics. These included the mean, maximum and minimum doses; the homogeneity and conformity indices for the target volumes; and a selection of dose coverage values that were relevant to each OAR. Statistical significance was evaluated using two-tailed Welch's T-tests. The Monte Carlo DICOM ToolKit software was adapted to permit the evaluation of dose metrics from DICOM data exported from a commercial radiotherapy treatment planning system. RESULTS: The 3DCRT treatment plans offered greater planning target volume dose homogeneity than the other two treatment modalities. The IMRT and VMAT plans offered greater dose reduction in the OAR: with increased compliance with recommended OAR dose constraints, compared to conventional 3DCRT treatments. When compared to each other, IMRT and VMAT did not provide significantly different treatment plan quality for like-sized tumour volumes. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that IMRT and VMAT have provided similar dosimetric quality, which is superior to the dosimetric quality achieved with 3DCRT.

Agreement between histological diagnosis of skin lesions by histopathologists and a dermato-histopathologist.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is an increasing problem in fair-skinned populations worldwide. It is important that doctors are able to diagnose skin lesions accurately, and this is supported by accurate histological diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To compare agreement for histological diagnosis between local histopathologists with a dermato-histopathologist from a stratified random sample of excised skin lesions derived from a set of epidemiological data. METHODS: All excised and histologically confirmed skin cancers in Townsville/Thuringowa, Australia from December 1996 to October 1999 were recorded. A stratified sample of 407 of 8694 skin excisions slides was analyzed. Results Positive predictive values (PPVs) for the primary histological diagnosis were above 90% for basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, and common naevus. For squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the PPV was 72.6% [95% CI = (65.5, 79.0)]. DISCUSSION: Lack of agreement between histopathologists regarding the diagnosis of SCC and actinic keratosis has been previously recognized in the literature and this is again reflected in our study. The result also illustrates the difficulty involved for doctors in accurately clinically diagnosing lesions for which a consensus is hard to reach histologically.