Par3L, a polarity protein, promotes M1 macrophage polarization and aggravates atherosclerosis in mice via p65 and ERK activation.

Proinflammatory M1 macrophages are critical for the progression of atherosclerosis. The Par3-like protein (Par3L) is a homolog of the Par3 family involved in cell polarity establishment. Par3L has been shown to maintain the stemness of mammary stem cells and promote the survival of colorectal cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the roles of the polar protein Par3L in M1 macrophage polarization and atherosclerosis. To induce atherosclerosis, Apoe-/- mice were fed with an atherosclerotic Western diet for 8 or 16 weeks. We showed that Par3L expression was significantly increased in human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. In primary mouse macrophages, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL, 50 µg/mL) time-dependently increased Par3L expression. In Apoe-/- mice, adenovirus-mediated Par3L overexpression aggravated atherosclerotic plaque formation accompanied by increased M1 macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques and bone marrow. In mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or peritoneal macrophages (PMs), we revealed that Par3L overexpression promoted LPS and IFNγ-induced M1 macrophage polarization by activating p65 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) rather than p38 and JNK signaling. Our results uncover a previously unidentified role for the polarity protein Par3L in aggravating atherosclerosis and favoring M1 macrophage polarization, suggesting that Par3L may serve as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Quantitative Texture Analysis of Parotid Gland Ultrasound Images Yield Higher Correlation with Scintigraphy than Semiquantitative Scoring in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients.

Background: Ultrasound (US) can detect salivary gland abnormalities in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). This study aimed to compare the correlation among the semiquantitative US scores, texture features, and the quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) results. Methods: This retrospective study included 11 patients who were diagnosed with primary SS and underwent US examinations of the parotid glands and SGS simultaneously. We evaluated SGS quantitatively based on the calculation of maximum accumulation ratio (MAR) and stimulated excretion fraction (EF). The US findings were accessed through the semiquantitative Outcome Measures in Rheumatology scoring system and by gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture analysis. Spearman's rank correlation tests were performed. Results: A significant moderate negative correlation was noted between the semiquantitative US score and MAR (rho = -0.57, P = 0.006), but not with EF (rho = -0.11, P = 0.613). The GLCM texture metrics, including contrast, dissimilarity, and homogeneity, were all determined to be significantly associated with both MAR and EF. The GLCM contrast correlated moderately to MAR (rho = -0.66, P = 0.001). The GLCM homogeneity highly correlated to EF (rho = 0.74, P < 0.001). The contrast and homogeneity can still discriminate the changes in MAR and EF in the subgroups with the same semiquantitative US scores. Conclusion: US findings on parotid gland can correlate with SGS results when analyzed based on GLCM texture features. With the GLCM texture metrics, US appears to be an excellent imaging tool for the assessment of the parotid glands in primary SS patients.

Antiatherosclerotic effect of dehydrocorydaline on ApoE-/- mice: inhibition of macrophage inflammation.

Despite improvements in cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes by cholesterol-lowering statin therapy, the high rate of CVD is still a great concern worldwide. Dehydrocorydaline (DHC) is an alkaloidal compound isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Corydalis yanhusuo. Emerging evidence shows that DHC has anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic benefits, but whether DHC exerts any antiatherosclerotic effects remains unclear. Our study revealed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DHC in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice not only inhibited atherosclerosis development but also improved aortic compliance and increased plaque stability. In addition, DHC attenuated systemic and vascular inflammation in ApoE-/- mice. As macrophage inflammation plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, we next examined the direct effects of DHC on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro. Our RNA-seq data revealed that DHC dramatically decreased the levels of proinflammatory gene clusters. We verified that DHC significantly downregulated proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-18 mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, DHC decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in BMDMs, as evidenced by the reduced protein levels of CD80, iNOS, NLRP3, IL-1ß, and IL-18. Importantly, DHC attenuated LPS-induced activation of p65 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Thus, we conclude that DHC ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice by inhibiting inflammation, likely by targeting macrophage p65- and ERK1/2-mediated pathways.

Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide Antibodies Correlate to Ultrasound Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Better Than C-Reactive Protein.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare ultrasound (US) grading and laboratory measures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Two-hundred four patients with rheumatoid arthritis who received US evaluation for synovitis were included after excluding those using tocilizumab. Ultrasound grading of synovial hypertrophy (SH) and power Doppler (PD) at the most severe site were recorded. An assessment of the correlation of laboratory measures and US grading was conducted by reviewing the electronic medical records. RESULTS: High-titer anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies positivity was associated with SH grade ≥2 (odds ratio [OR], 6.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-20.2) and PD grade ≥2 (OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 1.82-16.9). Recent C-reactive protein (CRP) levels ≥0.3 mg/dL were associated with SH grade ≥2 (OR, 3.13; 95% CI, 1.38-7.10) and PD grade ≥2 (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.31-4.31). Anti-CCP antibody levels correlated with US scores better than the levels of CRP with higher Spearman ρ correlation coefficients. Most of the patients with recent CRP levels <0.3 mg/dL had US synovitis. In logistic regression, high levels of anti-CCP antibodies and CRP were both independently associated with SH grade ≥2 and PD grade ≥2. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of anti-CCP antibodies and CRP may predict synovitis on US, whereas discrepancies existed between inflammatory markers and US grading. These findings suggest that US has a role in the comprehensive assessment of disease activity, especially for patients with high-titer positive anti-CCP antibodies.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a 27-year-old lady with systemic lupus erythematosus - rheumatoid arthritis overlap syndrome.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare viral demyelinating disease of central nervous system. Immunosuppression is a significant risk factor for the disease. Previously, PML developed more commonly in patients of hematological malignancy and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the era of biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, PML is more frequently reported in patients of autoimmune diseases. However, for its rarity and unspecific clinical presentations, accurate diagnosis and immediate immune restoration might be difficult in clinical practice, and the outcome might thus be miserable. Herein we present a 27-year-old lady of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - rheumatoid arthritis overlap syndrome with suspected involvement of central nervous system. Neuropsychiatric SLE was suspected first. However, after intensive immunosuppressive treatment, the condition kept deteriorating. An alternative diagnosis was thus considered. PML was suspected for her immunosuppressive status and suggestive radiological findings, and the diagnosis was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction of JC virus from cerebrospinal fluid. After restoring the immune status by decreasing the dose of immunosuppressants, the condition of the patient improved significantly. We report this case to raise the importance of clinical alertness for the rare but possibly underdiagnosed disease.

The Complexity Entropy Analysis of a Supply Chain System Considering Recovery Rate and Channel Service.

In this paper, we study a dual-channel closed-loop supply chain in which a manufacturer considers the market waste products recovery and remanufacture, and a retailer considers provide services to customers. We build a Stackelberg game model and a centralized game model in a static and dynamic state, respectively, and analyze the two dynamic models by mathematical analysis and explore the stability and entropy of the two models using bifurcation, the basin of attraction, chaotic attractors, and so on. The influences of service level and profit distribution rate on the system's profit are discussed. The theoretical results show that higher price adjustment speed will lead to the system lose stability with a larger entropy value. In the Stackelberg game model, the stability of the system increases as the service value and the recovery rate increases; in the centralized model, the stability of the system decreases with the increase of the service value and increases with the recovery rate increases. When the Stackelberg game model is in a stable state, the manufacturer's profit increases first and then decreases, and the retailer's profit first decreases and then increases as the service value of the retailer increases. The research will serve as good guidance for both the manufacturer and retailer in dual-channel closed-loop supply chains to improve decision making.

Role of the Plasmoid Instability in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence.

The plasmoid instability in evolving current sheets has been widely studied due to its effects on the disruption of current sheets, the formation of plasmoids, and the resultant fast magnetic reconnection. In this Letter, we study the role of the plasmoid instability in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence by means of high-resolution direct numerical simulations. At a sufficiently large magnetic Reynolds number (R_{m}=10^{6}), the combined effects of dynamic alignment and turbulent intermittency lead to a copious formation of plasmoids in a multitude of intense current sheets. The disruption of current sheet structures facilitates the energy cascade towards small scales, leading to the breaking and steepening of the energy spectrum. In the plasmoid-mediated regime, the energy spectrum displays a scaling that is close to the spectral index -2.2 as proposed by recent analytic theories. We also demonstrate that the scale-dependent dynamic alignment exists in 2D MHD turbulence and the corresponding slope of the alignment angle is close to 0.25.

A 45 nm Stacked CMOS Image Sensor Process Technology for Submicron Pixel.

A submicron pixel's light and dark performance were studied by experiment and simulation. An advanced node technology incorporated with a stacked CMOS image sensor (CIS) is promising in that it may enhance performance. In this work, we demonstrated a low dark current of 3.2 e-/s at 60 °C, an ultra-low read noise of 0.90 e-·rms, a high full well capacity (FWC) of 4100 e-, and blooming of 0.5% in 0.9 µm pixels with a pixel supply voltage of 2.8 V. In addition, the simulation study result of 0.8 µm pixels is discussed.

Aberrant frequency of IL-10-producing B cells and its association with the balance of Treg/Th17 in children with inflammatory bowel disease.

Regulatory B cells (Breg) are a distinct B cell subset, which contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a pivotal function to Breg. It is well described in adults but little is known in a pediatric population. This study was to investigate the role of IL-10-producing B cell (B10) and its association with Treg and Th17 subsets in the children with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from IBD children patients and controls were stimulated with PMA, ionomycin, and brefeldin A. The frequencies of CD19+IL-10+ B cells, CD3+CD4+IL-17+Th17 cells, and CD4+ CD25(hi)Foxp3+ Treg cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Foxp3, IL-17a and RORγt was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The number of B10 cells was elevated in IBD children patients. There was a positive correlation between B10 cells and Tregs in IBD. The ratio of Treg/Th17 decreased in IBD, and it strongly correlated with B10 cells. The frequency of B10 cells is elevated in IBD and it correlates with both the Tregs counts and the Treg/Th17 ratio. B10 cells to regulate functional T cell subsets might be impaired in paediatric patients with IBD.

[Determination of metal elements in PM2. 5 by ICP-OES with microwave digestion].

In the present work, a method was developed for determining lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, znd chromium in PM2. 5 by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis with microwave digestion and glass fibre filter collection of samples. The microwave digestion systems were investigated and the experimental conditions were optimized. The results show that (1) HNO3-H2O02 digestion system is more stable and complete than HNO3-HCl and HNO3-H2 SO4 digestion systems; (2) The most sensitive emission wave length of lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, and chromium are 220.353, 213.857, 327.393, 228.802, and 267.716 nm, respectively; (3) The highest signal-to-noise ratios were observed under the conditions: RF power of 1 300 W, peristaltic pump flow rate of 1.5 mL x min(-1), cooling gas flow rate of 15 L x min(-1), and carrier gas flow rate of 0.8 L x min(-1). In addition, the detection limit for these elements ranged between 2.02 x 10(-3) and 8.20 x 10(-3(µg x mL(-1), the relative standard deviations (RSD, n = 6) for the samples were in the range of 1.86%-2.82%, and the recovery for the elements determined was from 91.6% to 103.7%. The proposed method was used for determination of the above five elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter at Wanzhou Monitoring Site of Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology. The results revealed that the atmospheric fine particulate matter at this monitoring site was not polluted by cadmium and chromium, lead was at the level of potential contamination, while zinc and copper were at the level of slight pollution.

Oxytocin infusion dose-response to maintain uterine tone in obese elective cesarean patients: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: For cesarean delivery (CD), the 90% effective dosage (ED90) of oxytocin for a first bolus has been established. It is not yet known how much oxytocin to inject into obese women undergoing elective discectomy to keep their uterine tone (UT) appropriate. We hypothesized that patients who are overweight need a greater dose of oxytocin infusion; thus, we aimed to determine how the dose-response curve for oxytocin infusion changes following an initial 1 international unit (IU) bolus in obese women undergoing elective CD. Methods: One hundred parturients with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to receive an infusion rate of 14, 18, 22, or 26 IU/h of oxytocin. When the uterine palpation is as hard as touching the forehead or tip of the nose, it is considered sufficient UT according to the criteria used by obstetricians. The median effective dose (ED50) and ED90 values were determined using probit analysis. Results: We found the ED50 and ED90 values for the infusion dose of oxytocin were around 11.0 IU/h and 19.1 IU/h, respectively. Each group had a different number of parturients who needed rescued oxytocin: 14 IU/h for six, 18 IU/h for three, one for 22 IU/h, and none for 26 IU/h. The correlation between the frequency of rescued oxytocin administration and the amount of oxytocin infusion needed to avoid uterine atony was statistically significant (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The present research showed that the most effective dosage of oxytocin infusion for obese parturients undergoing elective CD is 19.1 IU/h, following an initial loading dose of 1 IU. Patients with obesity should receive a greater dosage of prophylactic oxytocin, and further studies comparing patients with and without obesity (with higher BMI) are required. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=159951, identifier ChiCTR2200059582.

Holding a tablet computer with one hand: effect of tablet design features on biomechanics and subjective usability among users with small hands.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate tablet size (weight), orientation, grip shape, texture and stylus shape on productivity, biomechanics and subjective usability and fatigue when the tablet was held with just the left hand. A total of 15 male and 15 female subjects, ages 16-64 years, tested eight tablets and three styluses. Overall, the usability, fatigue and biomechanical evaluation of tablet design features supported the use of smaller to medium-sized tablets, with a ledge or handle shape on the back and surfaced with a rubberised texture. Larger, heavier tablets had significantly worse usability and biomechanics and their use with one hand should be limited. The stylus with a tapered grip (7.5-9.5 mm) or larger grip (7.6 mm) had better usability and biomechanics than one with a smaller grip (5 mm). There were no significant differences in productivity between design features. These design parameters may be important when designing tablets. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY: Different tablet and stylus design features were evaluated for usability and biomechanical properties. On the basis of short-term tasks, emulating functional tablets, usability was improved with the smaller and medium-sized tablets, portrait (vs. landscape) orientation, a back ledge grip and rubberised texture. There were no differences in productivity between design features.

[Evolutionary process unveiled by the maximum genetic diversity hypothesis].

As two major popular theories to explain evolutionary facts, the neutral theory and Neo-Darwinism, despite their proven virtues in certain areas, still fail to offer comprehensive explanations to such fundamental evolutionary phenomena as the genetic equidistance result, abundant overlap sites, increase in complexity over time, incomplete understanding of genetic diversity, and inconsistencies with fossil and archaeological records. Maximum genetic diversity hypothesis (MGD), however, constructs a more complete evolutionary genetics theory that incorporates all of the proven virtues of existing theories and adds to them the novel concept of a maximum or optimum limit on genetic distance or diversity. It has yet to meet a contradiction and explained for the first time the half-century old Genetic Equidistance phenomenon as well as most other major evolutionary facts. It provides practical and quantitative ways of studying complexity. Molecular interpretation using MGD-based methods reveal novel insights on the origins of humans and other primates that are consistent with fossil evidence and common sense, and reestablished the important role of China in the evolution of humans. MGD theory has also uncovered an important genetic mechanism in the construction of complex traits and the pathogenesis of complex diseases. We here made a series of sequence comparisons among yeasts, fishes and primates to illustrate the concept of limit on genetic distance. The idea of limit or optimum is in line with the yin-yang paradigm in the traditional Chinese view of the universal creative law in nature.

Fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 drives monocyte differentiation into macrophages via the UNC5B-Akt/mTOR axis.

Upon migrating into the tissues, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived monocytes differentiate into macrophages, playing a crucial role in determining innate immune responses towards external pathogens and internal stimuli. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation remain largely unexplored. Here we divulge a previously uncharacterized but essential role for an axon guidance molecule, fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein 2 (FLRT2), in monocyte-to-macrophage maturation. FLRT2 is almost undetectable in human monocytic cell lines, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and mouse primary monocytes but significantly increases in fully differentiated macrophages. Myeloid-specific deletion of FLRT2 (Flrt2ΔMyel ) contributes to decreased peritoneal monocyte-to-macrophage generation in mice in vivo, accompanied by impaired macrophage functions. Gain- and loss-of-function studies support the promoting effect of FLRT2 on THP-1 cell and human PBMC differentiation into macrophages. Mechanistically, FLRT2 directly interacts with Unc-5 netrin receptor B (UNC5B) via its extracellular domain (ECD) and activates Akt/mTOR signaling. In vivo administration of mTOR agonist MYH1485 reverses the impaired phenotypes observed in Flrt2ΔMyel mice. Together, these results identify FLRT2 as a novel pivotal endogenous regulator of monocyte differentiation into macrophages. Targeting the FLRT2/UNC5B-Akt/mTOR axis may provide potential therapeutic strategies directly relevant to human diseases associated with aberrant monocyte/macrophage differentiation.

TCF21 rs2327429 and TCF21 rs12190287 are associated with colorectal cancer in a Chinese population.

Aims: TCF21 is considered a tumor suppressor gene. This work was designed to explore the associations between TCF21 polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility. Methods: A case-control study was designed with 421 patients with CRC and 469 non-CRC controls. Six tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2327429 T>C, rs2327430 T>C, rs2327433 A>G, rs12190287 C>G, rs7766238 G>A and rs4896011 T>A) were genotyped by ligase detection reaction of PCR. Results: TCF21 rs2327429 and rs12190287 polymorphisms were associated with CRC susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Conclusion: rs2327429 and rs12190287 polymorphisms may be predictive of CRC susceptibility in Chinese Han populations.

The significance of dense fine speckled pattern in antinuclear antibody-associated rheumatic disease and coexisting autoantibodies: A propensity score-matched cohort study.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the prevalence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) -associated rheumatic diseases (AARD) and the presence of dense fine speckled (DFS) and homogeneous patterns in ANA tests. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled adult patients with either a DFS or homogeneous pattern in their ANA test. A mixed pattern was defined as the presence of more than one pattern reported in the test. The presence of anti-DFS70 antibodies and other common autoantibodies were detected using EUROLINE ANA Profile 23. A 1:2 propensity score matching was applied to control for demographic and other interfering factors. RESULTS: A total of 59 patients with a DFS pattern were enrolled and compared with a matched homogeneous group. The DFS group had a significantly lower prevalence of AARD (3.4% vs. 16.9%, p = .008) and the subgroup with anti-DFS70 antibodies showed an even lower prevalence (2% vs. 20%, p = .002). Among the 33 patients with monospecific anti-DFS70 antibodies, five had a mixed pattern, and all patients with common autoantibodies had an isolated DFS pattern. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that patients with a DFS pattern in their ANA test may have a lower prevalence of AARD compared with those with a homogeneous pattern. However, an isolated DFS pattern in ANA testing does not necessarily indicate the presence of monospecific anti-DFS70 antibodies or AARD. Confirmatory testing for the monospecific anti-DFS70 antibody is mandatory to exclude AARD.

Distribution of plasmoids in high-Lundquist-number magnetic reconnection.

The distribution function f(ψ) of magnetic flux ψ in plasmoids formed in high-Lundquist-number current sheets is studied by means of an analytic phenomenological model and direct numerical simulations. The distribution function is shown to follow a power law f(ψ)∼ψ(-1), which differs from other recent theoretical predictions. Physical explanations are given for the discrepant predictions of other theoretical models.

Changes in rheumatoid arthritis under ultrasound before and after sinomenine injection.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent clinical autoimmune disease that is commonly treated with diclofenac and methotrexate. In recent years, the application of traditional Chinese medicine in RA has received widespread attention; it promotes blood circulation, strengthens the immune system, and eliminates evil. The sinomenine preparation of Zhingqeng Fengtongning is studied as a possible treatment for patients with RA. AIM: To explore the value of sinomenine injection into the articular cavity for the treatment of RA. METHODS: A total of 94 patients with RA treated from January 2019 to January 2021 were selected and divided into the study and control groups with 47 patients each using a simple random number table method. Both groups received conventional treatment with diclofenac sodium and methotrexate tablets. The control group received diproxone and lidocaine by intra-articular administration while the study group received an intra-articular administration of the sinomenine preparation of Zhengqing Fengning and lidocaine. χ 2 test was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect and synovial thickness, degree of pain through the visual analog scale (VAS), blood flow grade, arthroinflammatory indexes [rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)] before and after treatment in the two groups. RESULTS: The total effective rate of the study group (93.62%) was higher than that of the control group (78.72%) (P < 0.05). Before treatment, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of synovial thickness, VAS score, blood flow grading, levels of RF, and ESR (P > 0.05). After treatment, the synovial thickness and VAS score were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the study group than in the control group (2.05 ± 0.59 mm vs 2.87 ± 0.64 mm and 2.11 ± 0.62 vs 2.90 ± 0.79 scores, respectively). The rate of blood flow at grade 0 in the study group (76.60%) was higher than that in the control group (57.45%), and the rate of blood flow at grade I (10.64%) was lower than that in the control group (31.91%) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of RF (55.61 ± 6.13 U/mL), CRP (11.43 ± 3.59 mg/L), and ESR (29.60 ± 5.56 mm/h) in the study group were lower than those in the control group (73.04 ± 9.23 U/mL, 15.07 ± 4.06 mg/L, 36.64 ± 6.10 mm/h, respectively) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sinomenine administration of Zhengqing Fengtongning in the articular cavity with conventional treatment of RA can improve ultrasonographic blood flow and synovial thickness, reduce pain, regulate inflammation, and enhance therapeutic effect.

Reconnection-driven energy cascade in magnetohydrodynamic turbulence.

Magnetohydrodynamic turbulence regulates the transfer of energy from large to small scales in many astrophysical systems, including the solar atmosphere. We perform three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations with unprecedentedly large magnetic Reynolds number to reveal how rapid reconnection of magnetic field lines changes the classical paradigm of the turbulent energy cascade. By breaking elongated current sheets into chains of small magnetic flux ropes (or plasmoids), magnetic reconnection leads to a previously undiscovered range of energy cascade, where the rate of energy transfer is controlled by the growth rate of the plasmoids. As a consequence, the turbulent energy spectra steepen and attain a spectral index of -2.2 that is accompanied by changes in the anisotropy of turbulence eddies. The omnipresence of plasmoids and their consequences on, for example, solar coronal heating, can be further explored with current and future spacecraft and telescopes.