ABSTRACT
This project involved the synthesis of N-hexanoyl chitosan or simply modified chitosan (MC) stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (MC-IOPs) and the biological evaluation of MC-IOPs. IOPs containing MC were prepared using conventional methods, and the extent of cell uptake was evaluated using mouse macrophages cell line (RAW cells). MC-IOPs were found to rapidly associate with the RAW cells, and saturation was typically reached within the 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. Nearly 8.53 +/- 0.31 pg iron/cell were bound or internalized at saturation. From these results, we conclude that MC-IOPs effectively deliver into RAW cells in vitro and we also hope MC-IOPs can be used for MRI enhancing agents in biomedical fields.
ABSTRACT
Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is part of a complex signaling system that affects a variety of important cell functions. PTEN blocks the action of PI3K by dephosphorylating the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. We have used a mouse model for asthma to determine the effect of PI3K inhibitors and PTEN on allergen-induced bronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. PI3K activity increased significantly after allergen challenge. PTEN protein expression and PTEN activity were decreased in OVA-induced asthma. Immunoreactive PTEN localized in epithelial layers around the bronchioles in control mice. However, this immunoreactive PTEN dramatically disappeared in allergen-induced asthmatic lungs. The increased IL-4, IL-5, and eosinophil cationic protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids after OVA inhalation were significantly reduced by the intratracheal administration of PI3K inhibitors or adenoviruses carrying PTEN cDNA (AdPTEN). Intratracheal administration of PI3K inhibitors or AdPTEN remarkably reduced bronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. These findings indicate that PTEN may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the asthma phenotype.
Subject(s)
Asthma/immunology , Inflammation , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/immunology , Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/physiology , Ribonucleases , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/immunology , Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology , Allergens/pharmacology , Androstadienes/pharmacology , Animals , Blood Proteins/biosynthesis , Blotting, Western , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid , Cations , Cells, Cultured , Chromones/pharmacology , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Eosinophil Granule Proteins , Female , Genetic Vectors , Immunohistochemistry , Interleukin-4/biosynthesis , Interleukin-5/biosynthesis , Lac Operon , Lung/immunology , Methacholine Chloride/pharmacology , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Morpholines/pharmacology , PTEN Phosphohydrolase , Phenotype , Phosphorylation , Time Factors , WortmanninABSTRACT
The ligand-activated nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) has been shown to regulate cell activation, differentiation, proliferation, and/or apoptosis. PPARgamma is also associated with anti-inflammatory responses. However, the signaling mechanism remains elusive. We have used a mouse model for asthma to determine the effect of PPARgamma agonists, rosiglitazone or pioglitazone, and PPARgamma on allergen-induced bronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Administration of PPARgamma agonists or adenovirus carrying PPARgamma cDNA (AdPPARgamma) reduced bronchial inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Expression of PPARgamma was increased by ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation, and the increase was further enhanced by the administration of the PPARgamma agonists or AdPPARgamma. Levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eosinophil cationic protein were increased after OVA inhalation, and the increased levels were significantly reduced by the administration of PPARgamma agonists or AdPPARgamma. The results also showed that the administration of PPARgamma agonists or AdPPARgamma up-regulated phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) expression in allergen-induced asthmatic lungs. This up-regulation correlated with decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity as measured by reduced phosphorylation of Akt. These findings demonstrate a protective role of PPARgamma in the pathogenesis of the asthma phenotype through regulation of PTEN expression.