Diagnostic pitfalls in ovarian androgen-secreting (Leydig cell) tumours: case series.

Leydig cell tumours of the ovary are rare and represent a diagnostic challenge not only due to their sporadic incidence but also due to the seemingly normal imaging. We present three cases of pre- and postmenopausal women who were presented with severe clinical signs of hyperandogenism where modern imaging modalities (including computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron-emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET-CT)) failed to identify the tumour. Two patients underwent non-expert ultrasound, CT and MRI examination with uniform conclusion that ovaries are of normal appearance. One of the two patients even had a PET-CT performed, which was inconclusive. Our case reports show the importance of examination by specialists with established skills in gynaecologic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of the Leydig cell tumours. The most useful diagnostic tool seems to be the combination of age (postmenopause), symptoms (onset of hirsutism and virilisation), high total testosterone plasma values and expert sonography. On ultrasound, these tumours are unilateral, usually small, solid intraovarian nodules of a slightly increased echogenicity in contrast to the surrounding ovarian tissue, delineated by abundant perfusion with an enhanced vascularity. The appropriate setting of the sensitive colour Doppler is crucial for the detection of intraovarian Leydig cell tumour. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? A diagnosis of Leydig cell tumours is based on ultrasound performed by a trained examiner or by MRI. CT or PET/CT are not among the primary methods of choice. According to the results of imaging investigations surgical treatment is planned. Because these tumours are usually benign and have a good prognosis the unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is a standard procedure. What do the results of this study add? Our case series show how difficult it can be to establish the diagnosis of Leydig cell tumours by imaging, including transvaginal ultrasound, the most frequently recommended diagnostic tool. We demonstrate in three cases how easily a small hyperechogenic tumour can be overseen or interchanged for a different gynaecological pathology if transvaginal scan is not performed by an experienced examiner trained in sonographic features of gynaecologic neoplasms. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This case series demonstrate how important it is to see the patient in the whole complexity with their medical history, proper clinical symptoms evaluation, laboratory test and not to rely solely just on sophisticated high-end investigations, such as the PET-CT, a CT and an MRI. It also emphasises the importance of specialists with established skills in gynaecologic ultrasonography. Further effort should be made to define the resources for the appropriate training of such sonographers.

Diagnosis of endometriosis 1st part - Overview of diagnostic approaches.

Cíl studie: Shrnutí současných poznatků a trendů v oblasti diagnostiky endometriózy. Typ studie: Literární přehled. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Centrum pro komplexní léčbu endometriózy a Onkogynekologické centrum, Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika, 1. lékařská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova a Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice Praha; Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Burton Hospitals NHS, UK. Metodika: Systematický přehledový článek. Výsledky: Diagnóza endometriózy v primární péči je stanovena na podkladě anamnézy, fyzikálního vyšetření a základního ultrazvukového vyšetření, které zobrazí přítomnost endometroidních cyst, adenomyózy a nepřímé známky srůstů. Použití krevních či močových biomarkerů se nedoporučuje. Pacientky s podezřením na přítomnost endometriózy by měly být odeslány do specializovaného centra léčby endometriózy, kde jsou k dispozici zkušení sonografisté anebo radiologové v rámci expertního ultrazvuku anebo magnetické rezonance a specializovaný chirurgický tým. Vysoká diagnostická přesnost obou zobrazovacích metod nepodporuje rutinní využití laparoskopie v diagnostice endometriózy, může však být zvažována k vyloučení povrchové anebo extrapelvické endometriózy u symptomatických pacientek s negativním nálezem při zobrazovacích metodách. Závěr: Během základního ultrazvukového vyšetření by ošetřující gynekolog měl být schopen zobrazit přítomnost endometroidních cyst, adenomyózy a nepřímé známky adhezí a na základě ultrazvukového nálezu anebo typických symptomů odeslat pacientku do centra pro léčbu endometriózy. Expertní ultrazvukové vyšetření pánevní endometriózy je obvykle dostupné ve specia-lizovaných centrech léčby endometriózy. Vzhledem k vysoké diagnostické přesnosti ultrazvuku, jeho běžné dostupnosti v gynekologii, nižší ceně a absenci kontraindikací ve srovnání s magnetickou rezonancí je ultrazvuk metodou volby v zobrazení rozsáhlé pánevní endometriózy, zatímco magnetická rezonance je využívána jako metoda druhé volby v obtížných případech.

Diagnosis of endometriosis 2nd part - Ultrasound diagnosis of endometriosis (adenomyosis, endometriomas, adhesions) in the community.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the current knowledge and trends in the basic ultrasound diagnosis of adenomyosis, endometroid cysts and pelvic adhesions. DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Centre for diagnostics and treatment of endometriosis and Gynecologic Oncology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Burton Hospitals NHS, United Kingdom. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Endometriosis is a relatively common disease, which often escapes timely diagnosis, although sonographic features of adenomyosis, endometriomas and pelvic adhesions can be easily assessed on the basic ultrasound examination. Endometriomas are ovarian cysts in a premenopausal patient with ground glass echogenicity of the cyst fluid, one to four locules and no papilary projections with detectable blood flow. Adenomyosis is characterised by an asymmetrical thickening of the myometrium due to an ill-defined myometrial lesion with fan-shaped shadowing, non-uniform echogenicity with myometrial cysts, hyperechogenic islands, hyperechogenic subendometrial lines and buds with an irregular or interrupted junctional zone, and translesional vascularity containing vessels crossing the leasion perpendicular to the endometrium. Pelvic adhesions can be detected using dynamic aspect of ultrasound examination demonstrating negative sliding sign of the uterus and/or ovaries against surrounding tissue planes and site-specific tenderness. Distorted pelvic anatomy (the presence of uterine ‚question mark sign and/or ‚kissing ovaries) is another sign of adhesions. CONCLUSION: First step in basic transvaginal ultrasound is visualisation of the uterus and ovaries, assessment of their mobility and tenderness during examination. Knowledge of the characteristic ultrasound features of adenomyosis, endometriomas and adhesions enables timely diagnosis of endometriosis by the community gynecologist and prompt referral to the endometriosis centre.

Diagnosis of endometriosis 3rd part - Ultrasound diagnosis of deep endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To summarise the current knowledge and trends in the diagnosis of deep endometriosis. DESIGN: Review article. SETTING: Centre for diagnostics and treatment of endometriosis and Gynecologic Oncology Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Burton Hospitals NHS, United Kingdom. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: Deep endometriosis (DE) in the pelvis is divided into lesions in the anterior and posterior compartment. In the anterior compartment DE infiltrates bladder and ureters, while in the posterior compartment it is mostly uterosacral ligaments, rectum, rectosigmoid and sigmoid colon and rarely rectovaginal septum and posterior fornix. Extrapelvic endometriosis is a rare disease typically located in the proximal bowel segments (jejunum/ileum/appendix), abdominal wall including umbilicus, scars after spontaneus delivery and/or after cesarian section, lungs and diaphragm. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound diagnosis of pelvic DE has a high accuracy in the hands of an experienced sonographer. Extrapelvic endometriosis is sporadic and imaging of choice depends on the location, such as use of magnetic resonance in retroperitoneal disease (sciatic nerve), computed tomography or endoscopy in thoracic lesions.

Early Learning Curve in the Assessment of Deep Pelvic Endometriosis for Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

PURPOSE: We aimed to compare the learning curves of an ultrasound trainee (obstetrics and gynecology resident) and a radiology trainee when assessing pelvic endometriosis. METHODS: Consecutive patients with suspected endometriosis were prospectively enrolled in a tertiary center. They underwent an ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging preoperatively, which was reported according to the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) group consensus. Trainees reported on deep endometriosis (DE), endometriomas, frozen pelvis, and adenomyosis. Using the Kappa agreement, their findings were compared against laparoscopy/histology and expert findings. The learning curve was considered positive when performance improved over time and indeterminate in all other cases. RESULTS: Reports from thirty-five women were divided chronologically into 3 equal blocks to assess the learning curve. For ultrasound, trainee versus expert showed a positive learning curve in overall pelvic DE assessment. There was an excellent agreement for adenomyosis (Kappa = 1.00, p = 0.09), frozen pelvis (Kappa = 0.90, p = 0.01), bowel (Kappa = 1.00, p = 0.01), and bladder DE assessment (Kappa = 1.00, p = 0.01). Endometrioma and uterosacral ligament assessment showed an indeterminate curve. For radiology, trainee versus expert showed a positive curve when detecting adenomyosis (Kappa = 0.42, p = 0.09) and bladder DE (Kappa = 1.00, p = 0.01). The assessment of endometriomas, frozen pelvis, overall pelvic DE, bowel, and uterosacral ligament DE showed indeterminate curve. Agreement between trainees and laparoscopy/histology showed a positive curve for bladder (both) and frozen pelvis (ultrasound only). CONCLUSION: A positive learning curve can be seen in some areas of pelvic endometriosis mapping after as little as 35 cases, but a bigger caseload is required to demonstrate the curve in full. The ultrasound trainee had positive learning curves in more anatomical locations (bladder, adenomyosis, overall bowel DE, frozen pelvis) than the radiology trainee (bladder, adenomyosis), which could be down to individual factors, differences in training, or the imaging method itself.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound and MRI in the Mapping of Deep Pelvic Endometriosis Using the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) Consensus.

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the mapping of deep pelvic endometriosis (DE) in a diseased population. The secondary aim was to offer first insights into the clinical applicability of the new International Deep Endometriosis Analysis group (IDEA) consensus for sonographic evaluation, which was also adapted for MRI and surgical reporting in this study. METHODS: The study was a prospective observational cohort study. In this study, consecutive women planned for surgical treatment for DE underwent preoperative mapping of pelvic disease using TVS and MRI (index tests). The results were compared against the intraoperative findings with histopathological confirmation (reference standard). In case of disagreement between intraoperative and pathology findings, the latter was prioritised. Index tests and surgical findings were reported using a standardised protocol based on the IDEA consensus. RESULTS: The study ran from 07/2016 to 02/2018. One-hundred and eleven women were approached, but 60 declined participation. Out of the 51 initially recruited women, two were excluded due to the missing reference standard. Both methods (TVS and MRI) had the same sensitivity and specificity in the detection of DE in the upper rectum (UpR) and rectosigmoid (RS) (UpR TVS and MRI sensitivity and specificity 100%; RS TVS and MRI sensitivity 94%; TVS and MRI specificity 84%). In the assessment of DE in the bladder (Bl), uterosacral ligaments (USL), vagina (V), rectovaginal septum (RVS), and overall pelvis (P), TVS had marginally higher specificity but lower sensitivity than MRI (Bl TVS sensitivity 89%, specificity 100%, MRI sensitivity 100%, specificity 95%; USL TVS sensitivity 74%, specificity 67%, MRI sensitivity 94%, specificity 60%; V TVS sensitivity 55%, specificity 100%, MRI sensitivity 73%, specificity 95%; RVS TVS sensitivity 67%, specificity 100%, MRI sensitivity 83%, specificity 93%; P TVS sensitivity 78%, specificity 97%, MRI sensitivity 91%, specificity 91%). No significant differences in diagnostic accuracy between TVS and MRI were observed except USL assessment (p=0.04) where MRI was significantly better and pouch of Douglas obliteration (p=0.04) where MRI was significantly better and pouch of Douglas obliteration (κ) = 0.727 [p=0.04) where MRI was significantly better and pouch of Douglas obliteration (κ) = 0.727 [p=0.04) where MRI was significantly better and pouch of Douglas obliteration (p=0.04) where MRI was significantly better and pouch of Douglas obliteration (. CONCLUSION: We found that both imaging techniques had overall good agreement with the reference standard in the detection of deep pelvic endometriosis. This is the first study to date involving the IDEA consensus for ultrasound, its modified version for MRI, and intraoperative reporting of deep pelvic endometriosis in clinical practice.