[Chronic myelogenous leukemia: monitoring and predictors of a favorable response to treatment with imatinib]. / Leucemia mieloide crónica. Monitoreo y factores predictivos de una respuesta favorable en el tratamiento con imatinib.

The expected five-year survival of chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is over 90%. Little data is available regarding the results in the Argentinian population. This information might be of interest as generic imatinib is now available in the region. The aim of this study is to provide information on monitoring and the long-term treatment with imatinib outside of a controlled clinical trial, as well as to analyze the predictive effect of early responses to achieve molecular remission 4.0 (RM 4.0) and the detection of variables that may condition treatment failure. We included 106 patients, who received imatinib 400 mg daily as first-line inhibitor for a median of 8.9 years (IQR 5.8-11.7) between June 2000 and December, 2015. Overall survival was 93%. At latest follow-up 74% of patients continues on initial imatinib. The achievement of response at targeted milestones (6, 12 months) was associated with increased failure-free survival: 87% vs. 56%, p = 0.007; 90% vs. 69% p = 0.01 and was independently associated to RM 4.0: OR 5.6 (95% CI: 1.6-19.0); OR 5.3 (95% CI: 1.4-21.0) p = 0.006. After long-term follow-up, imatinib provided high-rates of response and survival. The prognostic value of response at targeted milestones was confirmed. This study reinforces the importance of molecular monitoring under IS standardization at known timepoints and this must continue to be a target in Argentina.

Effects of High-Flow Nasal Cannula on End-Expiratory Lung Impedance in Semi-Seated Healthy Subjects.

BACKGROUND: High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) enables delivery of humidified gas at high flow while controlling the FIO2 . Although its use is growing in patients with acute respiratory failure, little is known about the impact of HFNC on lung volume. Therefore, we aimed to assess lung volume changes in healthy subjects at different flows and positions. METHODS: This was a prospective physiological study performed in 16 healthy subjects. The changes in lung volumes were assessed by measuring end-expiratory lung impedance by using electrical impedance tomography. All the subjects successively breathed during 5 min in these following conditions: while in a supine position without HFNC (T0) and 3 measurements in a semi-seated position at 45° without HFNC (T1), and with HFNC at a flow of 30 L/min (T2), and 50 L/min (T3). RESULTS: Compared with the supine position, the values of end-expiratory lung impedance significantly increased with the subjects in a semi-seated position. End-expiratory lung impedance significantly increased after HFNC initiation in subjects in a semi-seated position and further increased by increasing flow at 50 L/min. When taking the end-expiratory lung impedance measurement in subjects in a semi-seated position (T1) as reference, the differences among the medians of global end-expiratory lung impedance were statistically significant (P < .001), which amounted to 1.05 units in T1; 1.12 units in T2; and 1.44 units in T3 (P < .05 for all comparisons, Wilcoxon test). The breathing frequency did not differ between the supine and semi-seated position (T0 and T1) but significantly decreased after initiation of HFNC and further decreased at high flow. T0 and T1 were not different (P = .13); whereas there was a statistically significant difference among T1, T2, and T3 (P < .05, post hoc test with Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy subjects, the semi-seated position and the use of HFNC increased end-expiratory lung impedance globally. These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in the breathing frequency.

Symptom burden and health-related quality of life among intensive care unit survivors in Argentina: A prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Our goal was to describe the evolution of selected physical and psychologic symptoms and identify the determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. METHODS: The study is a prospective cohort of consecutive adult patients admitted to a mixed ICU in a university-affiliated hospital, mechanically ventilated for more than 48 hours. During ICU stay, epidemiological data and events probably associated to worsening outcomes were recorded. After discharge, patients were interviewed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Health-related quality of life was assessed with EuroQoL Questionnaire-5 Dimensions, which includes the EQ-index and EQ-Visual Analogue Scale. RESULTS: One hundred twelve patients were followed up, aged 33 [24-49] years, 68% male, 76% previously healthy, and cranial trauma was the main diagnosis. Physical and psychologic symptoms and moderate/severe problems according to the EQ index progressively decreased after discharge, yet were still highly prevalent after 1 year. EQ index improved from 0.22 [0.01-0.69] to 0.52 [0.08-0.81], 0.66 [0.17-0.79], and 0.68 [0.26-0.86] (P < .001, for all vs month 1). EQ-Visual Analogue Scale remained stable, within acceptable values. Independent determinants of EQ-index were time, duration of mechanical ventilation, shock, weakness, and return to study/work. CONCLUSIONS: Determinants of HRQOL after ICU discharge were both related to late sequelae of critical illness and to some events occurring in the ICU. Notwithstanding the high symptom burden, patients still perceived their HRQOL as good.

Evaluation of an active humidification system for inspired gas.

OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of the active humidification systems (AHS) in patients already weaned from mechanical ventilation and with an artificial airway has not been very well described. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an AHS in chronically tracheostomized and spontaneously breathing patients. METHODS: Measurements were quantified at three levels of temperature (T°) of the AHS: level I, low; level II, middle; and level III, high and at different flow levels (20 to 60 L/minute). Statistical analysis of repeated measurements was performed using analysis of variance and significance was set at a P<0.05. RESULTS: While the lowest temperature setting (level I) did not condition gas to the minimum recommended values for any of the flows that were used, the medium temperature setting (level II) only conditioned gas with flows of 20 and 30 L/minute. Finally, at the highest temperature setting (level III), every flow reached the minimum absolute humidity (AH) recommended of 30 mg/L. CONCLUSION: According to our results, to obtain appropiate relative humidity, AH and T° of gas one should have a device that maintains water T° at least at 53℃ for flows between 20 and 30 L/m, or at T° of 61℃ at any flow rate.

Evaluation of tracheal cuff pressure variation in spontaneously breathing patients.

BACKGROUND: Most of the studies referring cuff tubes' issues were conducted on intubated patients. Not much is known about the cuff pressure performance in chronically tracheostomized patients disconnected from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cuff pressure (CP) variation in tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing patients in a weaning rehabilitation center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental setup to test instruments in vitro, in which the gauge (TRACOE) performance at different pressure levels was evaluated in six tracheostomy tubes, and a clinical setupin which CP variation over 24 h, every 4 h, and for 6 days was measured in 35 chronically tracheostomized clinically stable, patients who had been disconnected from mechanical ventilation for at least 72 h. The following data were recorded: Tube brand, type, and size; date of the tube placed; the patient's body position; the position of the head; axillary temperature; pulse and respiration rates; blood pressure; and pulse oximetry. RESULTS: In vitro difference between the initial pressure (IP) and measured pressure (MP) was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The difference between the IP and MP was significant when selecting for various tube brands (P < 0.05). In the clinical set-up, 207 measurements were performed and the CP was >30 cm H2O in 6.28% of the recordings, 20-30 cm H2O in 42.0% of the recordings, and <20 cm H2O in 51.69% of the recordings. CONCLUSION: The systematic CP measurement in chronically tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing patients showed high variability, which was independent of tube brand, size, type, or time of placement. Consequently, measurements should be made more frequently.

Leucemia mieloide crónica: Monitoreo y factores predictivos de una respuesta favorable en el tratamiento con imatinib / Chronic myelogenous leukemia: monitoring and predictors of a favorable response to treatment with imatinib

La supervivencia a cinco años de los pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica en fase crónica tratados con inhibidores de tirosina quinasa es superior al 90%. Existen escasos datos a nivel local. Esta información puede ser de interés, ya que el imatinib genérico se encuentra disponible en la región. El objetivo del presente estudio es proporcionar información del monitoreo y los resultados a largo plazo del tratamiento con imatinib fuera de un ensayo clínico controlado, así como analizar el valor predictivo de respuestas tempranas para el logro de respuesta molecular 4.0 y la detección de variables que puedan condicionar falla al tratamiento. Se incluyeron 106 pacientes tratados con imatinib 400 mg diarios como inhibidor de primera línea durante una mediana de 8.9 años IQR (5.8-11.7) entre junio del 2000 y diciembre del 2015. La supervivencia global fue de 93%. En la última evaluación, 74% de los pacientes continuaba recibiendo el imatinib inicial. La obtención de respuesta en los objetivos temporales específicos (6, 12 meses) se asoció con mayor supervivencia libre de falla: 87% vs. 56%, p = 0.007; 90% vs. 69% p = 0.01 y mayor adquisición de respuesta molecular 4.0: OR 5.6 (IC 95% 1.6-19.0) p = 0.003; OR 5.3 (IC 95% 1.4-21.0) p = 0.006. Luego del prolongado seguimiento, el imatinib proporcionó altas tasas de respuesta y supervivencia. Se confirmó el valor pronóstico de la respuesta en momentos temporales específicos. Este estudio refuerza la importancia del monitoreo estandarizado en los puntos temporales conocidos, que debe continuar siendo un objetivo en Argentina.

The expected five-year survival of chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is over 90%. Little data is available regarding the results in the Argentinian population. This information might be of interest as generic imatinib is now available in the region. The aim of this study is to provide information on monitoring and the long-term treatment with imatinib outside of a controlled clinical trial, as well as to analyze the predictive effect of early responses to achieve molecular remission 4.0 (RM 4.0) and the detection of variables that may condition treatment failure. We included 106 patients, who received imatinib 400 mg daily as first-line inhibitor for a median of 8.9 years (IQR 5.8-11.7) between June 2000 and December, 2015. Overall survival was 93%. At latest follow-up 74% of patients continues on initial imatinib. The achievement of response at targeted milestones (6, 12 months) was associated with increased failure-free survival: 87% vs. 56%, p = 0.007; 90% vs. 69% p = 0.01 and was independently associated to RM 4.0: OR 5.6 (95% CI: 1.6-19.0); OR 5.3 (95% CI: 1.4-21.0) p = 0.006. After long-term follow-up, imatinib provided high-rates of response and survival. The prognostic value of response at targeted milestones was confirmed. This study reinforces the importance of molecular monitoring under IS standardization at known timepoints and this must continue to be a target in Argentina.

Donor preconditioning with rabbit anti-rat thymocyte immunoglobulin ameliorates ischemia reperfusion injury in rat kidney transplantation.

A major concern in transplantation is the preservation of organ function. Ischemia time and microcirculatory disturbance of the organ cannot be avoided and may result in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), increasing the risk of delayed graft function (DGF) and acute and chronic rejection. Anti-thymocyte immunoglobulin (rATG) is a polyclonal antibody preparation with multiple effects when administered to recipients. Our objective has been to evaluate whether the administration of rATG to kidney donors instead of recipients, in an experimental model of syngeneic rat transplantation, ameliorates IRI and facilitates immediate graft function recovery. Urea and creatinine levels and necrosis severity scores were significantly lower in kidneys from donors that had received rATG (urea: control: 211±8mg/dl vs. treatment: 110±15mg/dl, p<0.001; creatinine: control: 4.6±0.24mg/dl vs. treatment: 2.6±0.22mg/dl, p<0.001; necrosis severity scores: control: 2.3 vs. treatment: 1.6, p<0.05). TUNEL staining showed 80±13 positive cells in control group and 9±3 (p<0.001) in treatment group. In situ expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-21 and TGF-ß1 was reduced in rATG group (p<0.01); the same was observed for KIM-1 and caspase 8 (p<0.001). Cytoprotective genes Bcl2 and HO-1 were upregulated in situ in treatment group (p<0.001). In situ expression of IL-17, caspase 9, IL-23a, CxCl3 and ICAM1 showed no difference between groups (p>0.05). Findings suggest ATG administered to donors may ameliorate the IRI process in kidney transplantation, expressed by lower necrosis and apoptosis scores and the improvement of renal function, which may be explained through the diminished in situ expression of inflammatory mediators.

Ventilación mecánica en pacientes con falla respiratoria aguda hipoxémica / Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de los pacientes internados en la UCI con requerimiento de VMi con FRAH-No SDRA. Evaluar la asociación de la mortalidad con diferentes variables. Diseño: Cohorte de comienzo. Ámbito: Estudio realizado en 2 UCIs argentinas del ámbito privado de la salud, entre el 01/07/2013 y 31/12/2014. Pacientes: De una muestra consecutiva de 2526 pacientes, se incluyeron a 229 mayores de 18 años, que ingresaron a la UCI con requirimiento de VMi por más de 24hs desarrollando FRAH-No SDRA. Variables de interés principales: Se registraron variables demográficas, estadía en VMi y en UCI, variables de programación inicial del respirador, variables de monitoreo y evolución al alta. También se registraron el número y tipo de complicaciones desarrolladas durante el periodo de VMi Resultados: El 70,7% de los ingresos fue por causa médica. El SAPS II fue de 42. El tiempo de VMi y de estadía en UCI fue mayor en los pacientes con delirio (p < 0,0001 en ambos). En el modelo de regresión logística ajustado por severidad de la hipoxemia, la edad (OR 1,02; IC95% 1,002-1,04: p = 0,033) y el shock (OR 2,37; IC95% 1,12-5: p = 0,023) resultaron predictores independientes de mortalidad. Conclusiones: En este grupo de pacientes que requirieron VMi por más de 24 hs y desarrollaron FRAH-No SDRA se encontró una distribución demográfica similar a la descripta por otros reportes. La mortalidad no se relacionó con la severidad de la hipoxemia, mientras que el shock y la edad fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad.

Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of patients with AHRF (without ARDS) hospitalized in the ICU who require IMV. To evaluate the association between mortality and different variables. Design: Inception cohort. Scope: This study was conducted in two Argentine ICUs from the private health sector between 07/01/2013 and 12/31/2014. Patients: From a consecutive sample of 2526 patients, 229 individuals aged 18 and upwards were included in the study; they were admitted to the ICU requiring IMV for over 24 hours and developed AHRF (without ARDS). Primary endpoints: Demographic variables and variables associated with the number of days with IMV and at the ICU were documented, as well as the initial setting of the respirator, monitoring variables and evolution at discharge. Likewise, the number and type of complications developed during the period of IMV were documented. Results: 70.7% of admissions were for medical reasons. SAPS II score was 42. The period of IMV and at the ICU was higher in patients with delirium (p<0.0001 in both). In the logistic regression model adjusted by the severity of hypoxemia, age (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.002-1.04: p = 0.033) and shock (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.12-5: p = 0.023) acted as independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: In this group of patients who required IMV for over 24 hours and who developed AHRF (without ARDS) there was a demographic distribution similar to that described in other reports. Mortality was not associated with the severity of hypoxemia, whereas shock and age were independent predictors of mortality.

Calidad de vida y estatus funcional en pacientes que requirieron ventilación mecánica: Seguimiento al año del alta de terapia intensiva / Quality of Life and Functional Status in Patients with Mechanical Ventilation. One Year Follow-up After Discharge from ICU

Objetivo: Evaluar el estatus funcional (EF) y calidad de vida (CV) posterior al alta de terapia intensiva (UTI) en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VM) y compararla con la población de referencia. Diseño: Cohorte prospectivo. Ámbito: UTI Sanatorio Anchorena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pacientes: Aquellos ingresados a UTI entre septiembre 2008 y abril 2009 con más de 24 hs de VM. Intervenciones: A los 4 meses y al año se evaluó telefónicamente la CVa través del cuestionario EQ-5D y el EF con el índice de Barthel que evalúa actividades de la vida diaria (AVD). Resultados: 77 pacientes recibieron VM, 41 mujeres (53%), mediana de edad 65 años [IC25-75% 55-77)], SAPSII 41 [28-52], días de VM 4 [2-8]. 47 pacientes sobrevivieron a la internación y fueron evaluados, 40 (85.1%) a los 4 meses y 34 (72.3%) al año. El EQ-5D a los 4 meses (mediana 0.693 IC25-75% 0.182-0.982) y al año (mediana 0.841 IC25-75% 0.493-1), se diferenciaron significativamente de la población argentina (p = 0.0004 y 0.024 respectivamente). A los 4 meses, la mitad de los pacientes presentaban dificultades en todos los dominios del EQ-5D y el 57% eran dependientes en las AVD. Al año, el 54% de los pacientes no había regresado a sus actividades previas y padecían ansiedad/depresión mientras que el 45% aún eran dependientes en las AVD. Conclusiones: Las consecuencias de la internación en UTI por una enfermedad aguda están presentes a los 4 meses y al año del alta, determinando una población con una CV significativamente menor a la no expuesta y un EF deteriorado.

Objective: To study functional status (FS) and quality of life (QoL) after discharge from intensive care unit (ICU) in patients who had > 24 hours of mechanical ventilation (MV) and to compare them with reference Argentine population. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: ICU at Sanatorio Anchorena, Buenos Aires , Argentina. Patients: All patients admitted to the ICU between September 2008 and April 2009 with more than 24 hours of MV. Procedures: QoL was assessed by EQ-5D and FS was evaluated through Barthel index [evaluation of daily life activities (DLA)] by telephone at 4 months and 1 year after discharge from ICU. Results: 77 patients required MV, 41 females (53%), median age 65 years (IQR 55-77), SAPSII 41 (28-52), days of MV 4 (2-8). 47 patients survived after hospitalization, 40 (85.1%) at 4 months and 34 (72.3%) one year later. The EQ-5D at 4 months (median 0.693 IQR0.182-0.982) and at 1 year (median 0.841 IQR0.493-1) of follow up were significantly lower compared with general Argentine population (p = 0.0004 and 0.024 respectively). At 4 months, half of the patients had problems in all dimensions of the Euroqol and 57% were dependent on DLA. At 1 year, 54% could not return to their previous activities, suffered from anxiety/depression and 45% were dependent on DLA. Conclusions: Effects of critical illness and ICU stay are present at 4 months and 1 year after discharge. Survivors suffer a lower quality of life and functional status than general population.

Calidad de vida y estatus funcional en pacientes que requirieron ventilación mecánica: Seguimiento al año del alta de terapia intensiva

Objetivo: Evaluar el estatus funcional (EF) y calidad de vida (CV) posterior al alta de terapia intensiva (UTI) en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VM) y compararla con la población de referencia. Diseño: Cohorte prospectivo. Ambito: UTI Sanatorio Anchorena, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Pacientes: Aquellos ingresados a UTI entre septiembre 2008 y abril 2009 con más de 24 hs de VM. Intervenciones: A los 4 meses y al año se evaluó telefónicamente la CVa través del cuestionario EQ-5D y el EF con el índice de Barthel que evalúa actividades de la vida diaria (AVD). Resultados: 77 pacientes recibieron VM, 41 mujeres (53%), mediana de edad 65 años [IC25-75% 55-77)], SAPSII 41 [28-52], días de VM 4 [2-8]. 47 pacientes sobrevivieron a la internación y fueron evaluados, 40 (85.1%) a los 4 meses y 34 (72.3%) al año. El EQ-5D a los 4 meses (mediana 0.693 IC25-75% 0.182-0.982) y al año (mediana 0.841 IC25-75% 0.493-1), se diferenciaron significativamente de la población argentina (p = 0.0004 y 0.024 respectivamente). A los 4 meses, la mitad de los pacientes presentaban dificultades en todos los dominios del EQ-5D y el 57% eran dependientes en las AVD. Al año, el 54% de los pacientes no había regresado a sus actividades previas y padecían ansiedad/depresión mientras que el 45% aún eran dependientes en las AVD. Conclusiones: Las consecuencias de la internación en UTI por una enfermedad aguda están presentes a los 4 meses y al año del alta, determinando una población con una CV significativamente menor a la no expuesta y un EF deteriorado.(AU)

Objective: To study functional status (FS) and quality of life (QoL) after discharge from intensive care unit (ICU) in patients who had > 24 hours of mechanical ventilation (MV) and to compare them with reference Argentine population. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: ICU at Sanatorio Anchorena, Buenos Aires , Argentina. Patients: All patients admitted to the ICU between September 2008 and April 2009 with more than 24 hours of MV. Procedures: QoL was assessed by EQ-5D and FS was evaluated through Barthel index [evaluation of daily life activities (DLA)] by telephone at 4 months and 1 year after discharge from ICU. Results: 77 patients required MV, 41 females (53%), median age 65 years (IQR 55-77), SAPSII 41 (28-52), days of MV 4 (2-8). 47 patients survived after hospitalization, 40 (85.1%) at 4 months and 34 (72.3%) one year later. The EQ-5D at 4 months (median 0.693 IQR0.182-0.982) and at 1 year (median 0.841 IQR0.493-1) of follow up were significantly lower compared with general Argentine population (p = 0.0004 and 0.024 respectively). At 4 months, half of the patients had problems in all dimensions of the Euroqol and 57% were dependent on DLA. At 1 year, 54% could not return to their previous activities, suffered from anxiety/depression and 45% were dependent on DLA. Conclusions: Effects of critical illness and ICU stay are present at 4 months and 1 year after discharge. Survivors suffer a lower quality of life and functional status than general population.(AU)

Factores de riesgo para el fracaso de destete en una población de pacientes con EPOC en ventilación mecánica prolongada / Risk Factors for Weaning Failure in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation

Introducción: Los pacientes con EPOC experimentan episodios de falla respiratoria que requieren de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM). Debido al compromiso pulmonar, muscular y nutricional, experimentan dificultad en el destete. Hay escasa información de los factores que puedan predecir el fracaso del destete en pacientes con EPOC en VM prolongada (VMP). El objetivo de este trabajo es encontrar factores de riesgo para el fracaso del destete en pacientes con EPOC y evaluar mortalidad según éxito o fracaso en el destete. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se realizó en un centro de weaning (CW) y se incluyeron pacientes internados en una unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI) por reagudización de su EPOC derivados a nuestro CW traqueostomizados con requerimiento de AVM. Resultados: Se recolectaron los datos de 40 pacientes, de los cuales 21 finalizaron AVM de manera exitosa y 19 fracasaron. El análisis univariado arrojó 4 variables asociadas al fracaso del destete: Pimax (p = 0.035), días de AVM en el CW (p = 0.005), pH (p = 0.039) y la PaCO2 (p = 0.002). Sin embargo, solo la PaCO2 a las 12hs de la prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE) fue predictor de fracaso de destete (p = 0.007). No se encontraron predictores de mortalidad. Conclusión: Encontrar factores de riesgo que permitan identificar el fracaso en la desvinculación de la VM puede contribuir en la decisión de insistir con el destete, o bien, plantear un programa de internación domiciliaria con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de vida. La única variable asociada al fracaso de destete fue la PaCO2 a las 12hs de comenzada la PRE.

Introduction: Patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an airflow limitation and require mechanical ventilation (MV). Because of deteriorated lung function, respiratory muscles weakness and malnutrition, patients also present difficulties in the weaning process. Information on the factors that can predict weaning failure in patients with COPD after prolonged MV is scarce. To identify risk factors for weaning failure in patients with COPD and evaluate the mortality depending on weaning success or failure. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at a weaning center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. We evaluated patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and referred to the weaning center as a result of COPD exacerbation, after tracheostomy and in need of mechanical ventilation. Results: Data from 40 patients were collected; 21 were successfully weaned from MV and 19 failed the weaning process. Univariate analysis showed 4 variables associated with weaning failure: maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) (p = 0.035), length of MV at weaning center (p = 0.005), pH (p = 0.039) and PaCO2 (p = 0.002). However, only PaCO2 twelve hours after the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) was a predictor of weaning failure (p=0.007). Mortality predictors were not found. Conclusion: The only predictive variable associated with weaning failure was PaCO2 twelve hours after SBT. Finding risk factors for failure in discontinuing MV may provide information to decide whether to insist in the weaning process or choose home MV to improve life quality.

Factores de riesgo para el fracaso de destete en una población de pacientes con EPOC en ventilación mecánica prolongada

Introducción: Los pacientes con EPOC experimentan episodios de falla respiratoria que requieren de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM). Debido al compromiso pulmonar, muscular y nutricional, experimentan dificultad en el destete. Hay escasa información de los factores que puedan predecir el fracaso del destete en pacientes con EPOC en VM prolongada (VMP). El objetivo de este trabajo es encontrar factores de riesgo para el fracaso del destete en pacientes con EPOC y evaluar mortalidad según éxito o fracaso en el destete. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se realizó en un centro de weaning (CW) y se incluyeron pacientes internados en una unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI) por reagudización de su EPOC derivados a nuestro CW traqueostomizados con requerimiento de AVM. Resultados: Se recolectaron los datos de 40 pacientes, de los cuales 21 finalizaron AVM de manera exitosa y 19 fracasaron. El análisis univariado arrojó 4 variables asociadas al fracaso del destete: Pimax (p = 0.035), días de AVM en el CW (p = 0.005), pH (p = 0.039) y la PaCO2 (p = 0.002). Sin embargo, solo la PaCO2 a las 12hs de la prueba de respiración espontánea (PRE) fue predictor de fracaso de destete (p = 0.007). No se encontraron predictores de mortalidad. Conclusión: Encontrar factores de riesgo que permitan identificar el fracaso en la desvinculación de la VM puede contribuir en la decisión de insistir con el destete, o bien, plantear un programa de internación domiciliaria con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de vida. La única variable asociada al fracaso de destete fue la PaCO2 a las 12hs de comenzada la PRE.(AU)

Introduction: Patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have an airflow limitation and require mechanical ventilation (MV). Because of deteriorated lung function, respiratory muscles weakness and malnutrition, patients also present difficulties in the weaning process. Information on the factors that can predict weaning failure in patients with COPD after prolonged MV is scarce. To identify risk factors for weaning failure in patients with COPD and evaluate the mortality depending on weaning success or failure. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at a weaning center in Buenos Aires, Argentina. We evaluated patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and referred to the weaning center as a result of COPD exacerbation, after tracheostomy and in need of mechanical ventilation. Results: Data from 40 patients were collected; 21 were successfully weaned from MV and 19 failed the weaning process. Univariate analysis showed 4 variables associated with weaning failure: maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) (p = 0.035), length of MV at weaning center (p = 0.005), pH (p = 0.039) and PaCO2 (p = 0.002). However, only PaCO2 twelve hours after the spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) was a predictor of weaning failure (p=0.007). Mortality predictors were not found. Conclusion: The only predictive variable associated with weaning failure was PaCO2 twelve hours after SBT. Finding risk factors for failure in discontinuing MV may provide information to decide whether to insist in the weaning process or choose home MV to improve life quality.(AU)

Decanulación después de la estadía en UCI: Análisis de 181 pacientes traqueotomizados / Decannulation after the ICU Stay. Analysis of 181 Tracheostomized Patients

Objetivo: Encontrar predictores de decanulación en pacientes traqueostomizados y desvinculados de la asistencia ventilatoria mecánica. Analizar la mortalidad en el centro de weaning y supervivencia al alta. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes que ingresaron al centro de weaning entre enero de 2004 y junio de 2011. Se estudiaron diferentes variables como posibles predictores de decanulación. Se analizó la mortalidad y se realizó seguimiento al alta. Resultados: Se incluyeron 181 pacientes con una media de 62 años. Se logró decanular al 44.2% de los pacientes (mediana 20 días). El análisis univariado encontró 6 variables asociadas al fracaso de decanulación: sexo masculino, antecedentes respiratorios, antecedentes cardiovasculares, albúmina al ingreso al centro de weaning, días de internación en centro de weaning y días de internación en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos + centro de weaning. La regresión logística encontró como predictores independientes: sexo masculino y antecedentes respiratorios. En el análisis de regresión logística la decanulación fue un factor protectivo con respecto a la mortalidad. El 80% de los pacientes decanulados y el 15,8% de los no decanulados obtuvieron alta médica. La mediana de supervivencia de los decanulados fue de 45.47 meses y los no decanulados de 10.87. Conclusiones: Los pacientes de sexo masculino y aquellos con antecedentes respiratorios se asocian con fracaso de decanulación. Los pacientes decanulados tienen menor riesgo de muerte durante la internación.

Objective: Find predictors of decannulation in tracheostomized patients and without mechanical ventilation. A secondary objective was the analysis of mortality in the weaning center and survival at discharge. Material and methods: We reviewed, retrospectively, the medical records of patients admitted to the weaning center with tracheostomy and without mechanical ventilation between January 2004 and June 2011. Different variables as possible predictors of decannulation were studied. Mortality at weaning center and outcomes during follow up after discharge were analyzed. Results: We included 181 patients with an average age of 62 years old. Decannulation was carried out in 44.2% of the patients. The decannulation process took 20 days. The univariate analysis found six variables associated with decannulation failure: male gender, respiratory or cardiovascular history, albumin at admission to the weaning center, days of hospitalization in the weaning center and admission to intensive care units plus the weaning center. Logistic regression analysis found that male sex and respiratory history were independent predictors. Regarding mortality during hospitalization, logistic regression analysis found that decannulation was a protective factor. Another finding was that 80% of patients decannulated were discharged; only 15.8% of the group was not decannulated. The average survival was 45.47 months among the decannulated patients and 10.87 months for the non decannulated patients. Conclusions: We found that male sex and a history of respiratory failure were factors associated with unsuccessful decannulation. Decannulated patients had lower risk of death during hospitalization.

Decanulación después de la estadía en UCI: Análisis de 181 pacientes traqueotomizados

Objetivo: Encontrar predictores de decanulación en pacientes traqueostomizados y desvinculados de la asistencia ventilatoria mecánica. Analizar la mortalidad en el centro de weaning y supervivencia al alta. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes que ingresaron al centro de weaning entre enero de 2004 y junio de 2011. Se estudiaron diferentes variables como posibles predictores de decanulación. Se analizó la mortalidad y se realizó seguimiento al alta. Resultados: Se incluyeron 181 pacientes con una media de 62 años. Se logró decanular al 44.2% de los pacientes (mediana 20 días). El análisis univariado encontró 6 variables asociadas al fracaso de decanulación: sexo masculino, antecedentes respiratorios, antecedentes cardiovasculares, albúmina al ingreso al centro de weaning, días de internación en centro de weaning y días de internación en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos + centro de weaning. La regresión logística encontró como predictores independientes: sexo masculino y antecedentes respiratorios. En el análisis de regresión logística la decanulación fue un factor protectivo con respecto a la mortalidad. El 80% de los pacientes decanulados y el 15,8% de los no decanulados obtuvieron alta médica. La mediana de supervivencia de los decanulados fue de 45.47 meses y los no decanulados de 10.87. Conclusiones: Los pacientes de sexo masculino y aquellos con antecedentes respiratorios se asocian con fracaso de decanulación. Los pacientes decanulados tienen menor riesgo de muerte durante la internación.(AU)

Objective: Find predictors of decannulation in tracheostomized patients and without mechanical ventilation. A secondary objective was the analysis of mortality in the weaning center and survival at discharge. Material and methods: We reviewed, retrospectively, the medical records of patients admitted to the weaning center with tracheostomy and without mechanical ventilation between January 2004 and June 2011. Different variables as possible predictors of decannulation were studied. Mortality at weaning center and outcomes during follow up after discharge were analyzed. Results: We included 181 patients with an average age of 62 years old. Decannulation was carried out in 44.2% of the patients. The decannulation process took 20 days. The univariate analysis found six variables associated with decannulation failure: male gender, respiratory or cardiovascular history, albumin at admission to the weaning center, days of hospitalization in the weaning center and admission to intensive care units plus the weaning center. Logistic regression analysis found that male sex and respiratory history were independent predictors. Regarding mortality during hospitalization, logistic regression analysis found that decannulation was a protective factor. Another finding was that 80% of patients decannulated were discharged; only 15.8% of the group was not decannulated. The average survival was 45.47 months among the decannulated patients and 10.87 months for the non decannulated patients. Conclusions: We found that male sex and a history of respiratory failure were factors associated with unsuccessful decannulation. Decannulated patients had lower risk of death during hospitalization.(AU)

Muerte súbita en atletas y golpe de calor: la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz / Sudden death in the athletes and heat stroke: the importance of a prompt diagnosis

Un joven de 25 años sin enfermedades previas conocidas, se colapsa durante un medio maratón en el mes de diciembre (temperatura ambiente 36§C). Luego de su admisión presentó hipertermia central, arritmia ventricular compleja, deterioro neurológico, rabdomiolisis, anuria y coagulación intravascular diseminada, falleciendo en el término de pocos minutos. La muerte súbita en el atleta plantea un desafío desde el punto de vista médico como social. Las enfermedades que la causan se suelen agrupar de acuerdo con su prevalencia -dada por la edad del sujeto-, siendo notoria en muchas casuísticas la ausencia de una entidad potencialmente letal (pero rápidamente reversible) como es el golpe de calor. Este es un cuadro de instalación súbita, debido a una gran producción de calor y a la dificultad para su disipación. Si ambas condiciones persisten, se genera fallo multiorgánico y finalmente colapso cardiovascular. La importancia del diagnóstico precoz se evidencia en que la normalización rápida de la temperatura central elimina dichas complicaciones, mientras que la demora en reconocer el cuadro puede producir secuelas graves o incluso la muerte del sujeto. En la discusión se exponen las diferencias con el golpe de calor clásico y las medidas que deben adoptarse (tanto médicas como generales) para modificar la evolución natural de esta entidad.

Muerte súbita en atletas y golpe de calor: la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz / Sudden death in the athletes and heat stroke: the importance of a prompt diagnosis

Un joven de 25 años sin enfermedades previas conocidas, se colapsa durante un medio maratón en el mes de diciembre (temperatura ambiente 36ºC). Luego de su admisión presentó hipertermia central, arritmia ventricular compleja, deterioro neurológico, rabdomiolisis, anuria y coagulación intravascular diseminada, falleciendo en el término de pocos minutos. La muerte súbita en el atleta plantea un

Impacto de la internación en terapia intensiva en la calidad de vida después de 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses / The impact of hospitalization in intensive care units on quality of life after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months

INTRODUCCION: A medida que más pacientes sobreviven a una internación en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), se hace necesario conocer las secuelas a largo plazo. La calidad de vida relacionada a la salud tras la enfermedad crítica se mantiene por debajo de la media de la población general aún cinco años después del alta.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes a egreso de UTI mediante el cuestionario EuroQol 5D y predictores de mala evolución. Evaluar secuelas psíquicas y físicas una vez transcurridos 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses después del alta de UTI.METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en un Hospital Interzonal de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (estudio prospectivo de serie de casos). Fueron incluidos aquellos pacientes sometidos a asistencia respiratoria mecánica invasiva por un período ≥ 48 horas que egresaron de UTI entre el 01/04/2010 y el 01/04/2011.RESULTADOS: Los criterios de inclusión fueron cumplidos por 51 pacientes. Se entrevistó a 36/46 pacientes (tras un mes), 25/34 pacientes (a los 3 meses), 12/15 pacientes (a los 6 meses) y 5/7 pacientes (a los 12 meses). Los datos demográficos reflejaron edad 33 [25-50] años, 71% de los pacientes de sexo masculino, 57% sin comorbilidades y con un puntaje APACHE II de 14,6 ± 6. El principal motivo de ingreso fue el trauma (50%). La dimensión más afectada fue la realización de actividades cotidianas, seguida de dolor/malestar y movilidad. La incidencia de ansiedad/depresión y estrés postraumático fue la reportada en otros estudios. La anemia, la traqueostomía y la alimentación enteral al alta fueron predictores de mala evolución según el índice EuroQol.CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de vida al alta de UTI se encontró muy deteriorada en la mayoría de las dimensiones. Las secuelas psíquicas se presentaron dentro del rango esperado. El índice EuroQol fue bajo en el primer mes, pero evolucionó favorablemente junto a la percepción de la propia calidad de vida medida por Escala Visual Análoga EuroQol.

INTRODUCTION: As more and more patients survive their hospitalization in Intensive Care Units (ICU), it is of utmost importance to find out and understand the long-term outcomes. Health-related quality of life after a critical illness is still below the average, even five years after discharge.OBJECTIVE: To assess patients quality of life after ICU discharge using the EuroQol-5D score and predictors of unfavorable prognosis. To assess psychological after-effects like anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), along with physical morbodity at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after ICU discharge.METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted in a public hospital located in the province of Buenos Aires (prospective case study). It included all patients treated with invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours that survived ICU from April 1, 2010 through April 1, 2011.RESULTS: 51 patients qualified for inclusion in this study. Interviews were made to 36/46 patients after 1 month; 25/34 patients after 3 months; 12/15 patients after 6 months and 5/7 patients after 12 months. The demographic data showed age 33 [25-50], 71% male, 57% with no comorbidities and 14,6 ± 6,4 points in APACHE II score. The main reason for ICU admission was trauma (50%). The most affected dimension, as measured by EQ-5D, was usual activities, followed by pain/discomfort and self-care or morbility. The incidence of PTSD and anxiety/depression was similar was to what was reported in other studies. Anemia, tracheostomy and enteral feeding at discharge were predictors of unfavorable prognosis as indicated by the EuroQol index.CONCLUSIONS: The quality of life after ICU discharge was severely deteriorated in most dimensions. Psychological after-effects were within the expected values. The EuroQol index was low in the first month, but then it improved along with the quality of life as measured by the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale.

Impacto de la internación en terapia intensiva en la calidad de vida después de 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses / The impact of hospitalization in intensive care units on quality of life after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months

INTRODUCCION: A medida que más pacientes sobreviven a una internación en Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), se hace necesario conocer las secuelas a largo plazo. La calidad de vida relacionada a la salud tras la enfermedad crítica se mantiene por debajo de la media de la población general aún cinco años después del alta.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes a egreso de UTI mediante el cuestionario EuroQol 5D y predictores de mala evolución. Evaluar secuelas psíquicas y físicas una vez transcurridos 1, 3, 6 y 12 meses después del alta de UTI.METODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en un Hospital Interzonal de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (estudio prospectivo de serie de casos). Fueron incluidos aquellos pacientes sometidos a asistencia respiratoria mecánica invasiva por un período ≥ 48 horas que egresaron de UTI entre el 01/04/2010 y el 01/04/2011.RESULTADOS: Los criterios de inclusión fueron cumplidos por 51 pacientes. Se entrevistó a 36/46 pacientes (tras un mes), 25/34 pacientes (a los 3 meses), 12/15 pacientes (a los 6 meses) y 5/7 pacientes (a los 12 meses). Los datos demográficos reflejaron edad 33 [25-50] años, 71% de los pacientes de sexo masculino, 57% sin comorbilidades y con un puntaje APACHE II de 14,6 ± 6. El principal motivo de ingreso fue el trauma (50%). La dimensión más afectada fue la realización de actividades cotidianas, seguida de dolor/malestar y movilidad. La incidencia de ansiedad/depresión y estrés postraumático fue la reportada en otros estudios. La anemia, la traqueostomía y la alimentación enteral al alta fueron predictores de mala evolución según el índice EuroQol.CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de vida al alta de UTI se encontró muy deteriorada en la mayoría de las dimensiones. Las secuelas psíquicas se presentaron dentro del rango esperado. El índice EuroQol fue bajo en el primer mes, pero evolucionó favorablemente junto a la percepción de la propia calidad de vida medida por Escala Visual Análoga EuroQol.

INTRODUCTION: As more and more patients survive their hospitalization in Intensive Care Units (ICU), it is of utmost importance to find out and understand the long-term outcomes. Health-related quality of life after a critical illness is still below the average, even five years after discharge.OBJECTIVE: To assess patients quality of life after ICU discharge using the EuroQol-5D score and predictors of unfavorable prognosis. To assess psychological after-effects like anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), along with physical morbodity at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after ICU discharge.METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted in a public hospital located in the province of Buenos Aires (prospective case study). It included all patients treated with invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 48 hours that survived ICU from April 1, 2010 through April 1, 2011.RESULTS: 51 patients qualified for inclusion in this study. Interviews were made to 36/46 patients after 1 month; 25/34 patients after 3 months; 12/15 patients after 6 months and 5/7 patients after 12 months. The demographic data showed age 33 [25-50], 71% male, 57% with no comorbidities and 14,6 ± 6,4 points in APACHE II score. The main reason for ICU admission was trauma (50%). The most affected dimension, as measured by EQ-5D, was usual activities, followed by pain/discomfort and self-care or morbility. The incidence of PTSD and anxiety/depression was similar was to what was reported in other studies. Anemia, tracheostomy and enteral feeding at discharge were predictors of unfavorable prognosis as indicated by the EuroQol index.CONCLUSIONS: The quality of life after ICU discharge was severely deteriorated in most dimensions. Psychological after-effects were within the expected values. The EuroQol index was low in the first month, but then it improved along with the quality of life as measured by the EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale.