Bacterial community changes in copper and PEX drinking water pipeline biofilms under extra disinfection and magnetic water treatment.

AIMS: To study the stability of biofilms and water quality in pilot scale drinking water copper and PEX pipes in changing conditions (extra disinfection, magnetic water treatment, MWT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 16S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) to describe total bacterial community and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to describe active bacterial members in addition to traditional microbiological methods were applied. Biofilms from control copper and PEX pipes shared same most abundant bacteria (Methylobacterium spp., Sphingomonas spp., Zymomonas spp.) and average species diversities (Shannon 3·8-4·2) in rDNA and rRNA libraries, whereas few of the taxa differed by their abundance such as lower total Mycobacterium spp. occurrence in copper (<0·02%) to PEX (<0·2%) pipes. Extra disinfection (total chlorine increase from c. 0·5 to 1 mg l-1 ) affected total and active population in biofilms seen as decrease in many bacterial species and diversity (Shannon 2·7, P < 0·01, rRNA) and increase in Sphingomonas spp. as compared to control samples. Furthermore, extra-disinfected copper and PEX samples formed separate clusters in unweighted non-metric multidimensional scaling plot (rRNA) similarly to MWT-treated biofilms of copper (but not PEX) pipes that instead showed higher species diversity (Shannon 4·8, P < 0·05 interaction). CONCLUSIONS: Minor chlorine dose addition increased selection pressure and many species were sensitive to chlorination. Pipe material seemed to affect mycobacteria occurrence, and bacterial communities with MWT in copper but not in PEX pipes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study using rRNA showed that chlorination affects especially active fraction of bacterial communities. Copper and PEX differed by the occurrence of some bacterial members despite similar community profiles.

Diversity of ribosomal 16S DNA- and RNA-based bacterial community in an office building drinking water system.

AIMS: Next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was used to characterize water and biofilm microbiome collected from a drinking water distribution system of an office building after its first year of operation. METHODS AND RESULTS: The total bacterial community (rDNA) and active bacterial members (rRNA) sequencing databases were generated by Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform. As estimated by Chao1 index, species richness in cold water system was lower (180-260) in biofilms (Sphingomonas spp., Methylobacterium spp., Limnohabitans spp., Rhizobiales order) than in waters (250-580), (also Methylotenera spp.) (P = 0·005, n = 20). Similarly species richness (Chao1) was slightly higher (210-580) in rDNA libraries compared to rRNA libraries (150-400; P = 0·054, n = 24). Active Mycobacterium spp. was found in cross-linked polyethylene (PEX), but not in corresponding copper pipeline biofilm. Nonpathogenic Legionella spp. was found in rDNA libraries but not in rRNA libraries. CONCLUSIONS: Microbial communities differed between water and biofilms, between cold and hot water systems, locations in the building and between water rRNA and rDNA libraries, as shown by clear clusters in principal component analysis (PcoA). By using the rRNA method, we found that not all bacterial community members were active (e.g. Legionella spp.), whereas other members showed increased activity in some locations; for example, Pseudomonas spp. in hot water circulations' biofilm and order Rhizobiales and Limnohabitans spp. in stagnated locations' water and biofilm. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: rRNA-based methods may be better than rDNA-based methods for evaluating human health implications as rRNA methods can be used to describe the active bacterial fraction. This study indicates that copper as a pipeline material might have an adverse impact on the occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. The activity of Legionella spp. maybe questionable when detected solely by using DNA-based methods.

Systemic review on drug related hospital admissions - A pubmed based search.

BACKGROUND: Drug related admissions have significantly increased over the past few decades. According to various studies on drug related hospital admissions, it was estimated that around 5-10% of hospital admissions were due to drug related problems (DRP), in which 50% of them are avoidable. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to derive results from various studies conducted on drug related hospital admissions and have an overall view about the incidence, frequency, cost of treatment, major causative drugs, problems for drug related hospital admissions, and preventable drug related admissions and summarize the factors responsible for the occurrence of DRP. METHOD: Relevant literatures related to 'drug related hospital admissions' were obtained from PubMed database. Articles that were published from October 2007 to September 2012 were collected. All the studies being shown in the search results were considered for the study irrespective of the specialty department. RESULTS: A total of 366 articles were found based on the keyword 'drug related hospital admission', 'drug related problem admission', and 'adverse drug event admissions' search. Out of which 49 articles were identified to be showing relevance to the study. Non-English, abstract-only articles, and out-patient adverse drug reaction (ADR) studies were filtered from 49 articles. Finally 15 articles were taken up for the study. Systemic analysis was made on these articles and the results were summarized. CONCLUSION: Most of DRP studies were retrospective, multicenter studies conducted in general populations in Europe. The main objective of the studies was to estimate DRP frequency, incidence, risk factors and trends of DRP hospital admissions. Anti-neoplastic agents, CVS drugs and CNS drugs were related to most of the drug related problems. These studies concluded polypharmacy and older age were the major risk factors for developing drug related problems. It was found that the cost for the management of DRP was directly proportional to severity.

Gorham's disease.

Gorham's disease is a rare disorder characterised by proliferation of vascular channels that result in destruction and resorption of osseous matrix. A case of Gorham's disease presenting as chylothorax and osteolysis of ribs is presented.

Etiology and clinical outcome of non-resolving pneumonia in a tertiary care centre.

BACKGROUND: A patient diagnosed to have pneumonia and put on empirical antibiotics but did not show the expected resolution is a common problem faced by the clinician. AIM OF STUDY: (1) To find out the etiology and clinical outcome of nonresolving pneumonia in a tertiary care centre, (2) To find out the co-morbid conditions associated with nonresolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 70 patients who did not show expected resolution after two weeks of adequate antibiotics were investigated systematically to find out the possible cause for non resolution and the associated co-morbid conditions. RESULTS: Tuberculosis was the commonest cause of nonresolving pneumonia (35.7%), followed by malignancy (27.1%), Bronchiectasis (8.6%), Pneumocystis pneumonia (7.1%),BOOP (5.7%) and Resistance to antibiotics (14.3%). Co-morbidities like COPD, diabetes, alcoholism, smoking and immunosuppression are significant factors causing nonresolution. CONCLUSION: This study stresses the need for a systematic approach to find out the etiology and properly manage nonresolving pneumonias.

Pulmonary strongyloidiasis.

In patients with abnormalities of cell-mediated immunity, strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome may occur producing pulmonary infection that may manifest as asthma, chronic bronchitis, haemoptysis, eosinophilia and pulmonary infiltrates. We report a case of an uncontrolled asthma patient who presented with fever and haemoptysis. She had no evidence of immunosuppression and CT chest showed a lesion suspicious of malignancy, sputum cytology showed strongyloides larvae and the patient had complete recovery with treatment.

Efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril in mild to moderate hypertension--a double blind comparative clinical trial with enalapril in Indian population.

Several large scale clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors offer cardiovascular and renal protection independent of their effects on systolic BP. Trandolapril is a new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor approved for the treatment of hypertension. The potential advantages of this drug are long duration of action and better tolerability. The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of trandolapril with that of enalapril in mild to moderate hypertension in Indian population. In this double blind, multicentric, parallel comparative clinical study, 120 patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomly assigned to receive trandolapril 2 mg or enalapril 5 mg once daily for 8 weeks. The attainment of sitting diastolic blood pressure <90 mmHg at the end of 8th week was considered as primary outcome measure and attainment of diastolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or reduction of at least 10 mmHg diastolic blood pressure compared to baseline at any visit was considered as secondary outcome measures. 98.4% patients treated with trandolapril and 92.6% patients treated with enalapril fulfilled the primary outcome measure. 54, 72 and 62% patients on trandolapril and 52, 61 & 64% patients on enalapril fulfilled secondary outcome measure at the end of 2nd, 4th and 8th week respectively. Also trandolapril was better tolerated than enalapril with no significant abnormality in lab parameters.

Atypical presentation of adult rubella.

A 55 year old female presented with fever, skin rash and subconjunctival hemorrhage. She also developed hepatitis. Fever and skin rash lasted for more than three weeks. This patient was diagnosed to have rubella, highlighting the fact that rubella can present with atypical features like prolonged fever and rash, subconjunctival hemorrhage and hepatitis, especially in adults.

Wernicke's Encephalopathy - 'Pushing the Envelope' of Patient's Profile: A Case Report.

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), an acute neuropsychiatric condition, is caused by thiamine deficiency. Traditionally, it has been associated with patients with a background of alcoholism. However, in the past few decades, with increasing trends in the incidence of WE among patients without a history of alcohol consumption, a pressing need was felt to examine the existing guidelines for the management of WE and its sequelae. The need for a revision was felt as the guidelines for the management of WE were developed around the premise that this affliction is observed mainly among alcoholics. In light of the opportunity presented to us by one of our patients who did not 'fit the bill' of a traditional case of WE, we decided to compare and contrast the management of WE among patients with and without a background of alcoholism. After analyzing the available data on WE among alcoholics and non-alcoholics, we concluded that a high degree of suspicion should be kept in mind if any of the classical features are observed, with a special emphasis on eliciting the underlying causes through a detailed history. Furthermore, thiamine supplementation at a lower dose of 100-200 mg should be initiated first, followed by laboratory and radiological investigations.

Efficacy and tolerability of Dianex in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a non randomized, open label non-comparative study.

OBJECTIVE AND STUDY DESIGN: A nonrandomized open labeled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Dianex (a poly herbal formulation developed by Apex Laboratories [PVT] Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India) in type 2 diabetes mellitus was carried out during a 6-month period. SETTING/LOCATION: This study was conducted in TMA Pai Hospital, Udupi, South India. SUBJECTS: A total of 40 patients were recruited for this study. Three patients dropped out of the study leaving a total of 37 patients (11 for monotherapy and 26 for add on therapy). OUTCOME MEASURES: Eighteen (18) clinical variables were investigated, including liver enzymes, kidney function tests, hematologic parameters, blood glucose, and insulin and lipid profiles. RESULTS: at the end of 12 weeks it was found that there was a significant decrease in the level of glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma insulin level, insulin resistance, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. At the end of 24 weeks results were similar to those at 12 weeks. Dianex did not alter the liver function tests, hematological parameters, or kidney function tests. CONCLUSION: In this preliminary study, Dainex is found to be an effective adjuvant drug with either oral antidiabetic agents or insulin that can be used in the control of blood sugars in diabetic patients. Dianex is a safe drug that does not cause any clinical, hematological or biochemical alteration in major organ systems.

Association of Thyroid Function with Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Euthyroid Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid hormone exerts multiple effects on the heart and vascular system. Variations of free T3 have been linked to coronary artery disease. We conducted a study to observe whether there is a relationship between the variation of the serum thyroid hormone levels (TSH, FT3 and FT4) and the presence and severity of CAD in the euthyroid patients. AIM: To study association of serum TSH, FT4 and FT3 levels within the normal range with presence and severity of coronary artery disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 100 euthyroid patients with stable angina, who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled in the study. Coronary artery disease was defined as >50% stenosis in the luminal diameter in at least one major epicardial coronary artery. The Gensini scoring system was used to define the severity of the CAD and serum TSH, FT3 and FT4 levels were measured by the chemiluminescence method. RESULTS: Single vessel disease was found in 23%, double vessel disease in 15% and triple vessel disease in 17% of patients. TSH and FT4 levels were also comparable between the groups. Normal coronary group had significantly higher mean FT3 values than triple vessel disease (p=0.004) and FT3 levels showed an inverse relation with Gensini score (Pearson's correlation =- 0.30) (p =0.002). A level of FT3 ≤ 2.7 predicted the severity of CAD with a 70% sensitivity and 60% specificity (area under curve (AUC): 0.755, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: In the absence of primary thyroid disease and acute coronary syndrome, the occurrence of CAD is associated with lower serum levels of FT3. FT3 and not the FT4 and TSH levels may be used as an indicator of increased risk for severe CAD. The present study clearly shows the existence of a strong association between the reduction of biologically active T3 and severity of coronary artery disease. However, low T3 state could be at first interpreted as just a biological risk factor of severe coronary artery disease; only the demonstration of beneficial effects on cardiovascular, end points of long term T3 replacement in CAD patients with low T3 state can answer this fundamental issue.

Tuberculosis of the breast.

Nowadays, tuberculosis of the breast is relatively rare compared to other forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The incidence of tuberculosis of the breast has decreased mainly due to effective antituberculous chemotherapy. We report two cases of tuberculosis of the breast.

Molecular structure and vibrational investigation of benzenesulfonic acid methyl ester using DFT (LSDA, B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) theory calculations.

The FT-Raman and FT-IR spectra for benzenesulfonic acid methyl ester (BSAME) have been recorded in the region 4000-100 cm(-1) and compared with the harmonic vibrational frequencies calculated using DFT (LSDA, B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) method by employing 6-311G (d, p) basis set with appropriate scale factors. IR intensities and Raman activities are also calculated by DFT (LSDA, B3LYP, B3PW91 and MPW1PW91) methods. Optimized geometries of the molecule have been interpreted and compared with the reported experimental values for sulfonic acid and some substituted sulfonic acids. The experimental geometrical parameters show satisfactory agreement with the theoretical prediction from DFT. The scaled vibrational frequencies at LSDA/B3LYP/6-311G (d, p) seem to coincide with the experimentally observed values with acceptable deviations. The theoretical spectrograms (IR and Raman) have been constructed and compared with the experimental FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra. Some of the vibrational frequencies of the sulfonic acid are effected upon profusely with the methyl substitution in comparison to benzene sulfonamide and these differences are interpreted.