CK1-mediated phosphorylation of FAM110A promotes its interaction with mitotic spindle and controls chromosomal alignment.

Progression through the cell cycle is driven by cyclin-dependent kinases that control gene expression, orchestration of mitotic spindle, and cell division. To identify new regulators of the cell cycle, we performed transcriptomic analysis of human non-transformed cells expressing a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator and identified 701 transcripts differentially expressed in G1 and G2 cells. Family with sequence similarity 110 member A (FAM110A) protein is highly expressed in G2 cells and localized at mitotic spindle and spindle poles during mitosis. Depletion of FAM110A impairs chromosomal alignment, delays metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and affects spindle positioning. Using mass spectrometry and immunoprecipitation, we identified casein kinase I (CK1) in complex with FAM110A during mitosis. CK1 phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of FAM110A in vitro, and inhibition of CK1 reduces phosphorylation of mitotic FAM110A. Wild-type FAM110A, but not the FAM110A-S252-S255A mutant deficient in CK1 phosphorylation, rescues the chromosomal alignment, duration of mitosis, and orientation of the mitotic spindle after depletion of endogenous FAM110A. We propose that CK1 regulates chromosomal alignment by phosphorylating FAM110A and promoting its interaction with mitotic spindle.

NOD2 contributes to cutaneous defense against Staphylococcus aureus through alpha-toxin-dependent innate immune activation.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of community-acquired and nosocomial infections including the life-threatening conditions endocarditis, necrotizing pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, and septicemia. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, a membrane-bound microbial sensor, detects staphylococcal components, but macrophages lacking TLR2 or both TLR2 and TLR4 remain S. aureus responsive, suggesting that an alternative microbial recognition receptor might be involved. The cytoplasmic sensor nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing (NOD) 2/caspase recruitment domain (CARD) 15 detects muramyl dipeptide from bacterial peptidoglycans and mediates cytokine responses to S. aureus in vitro, but the physiological significance of these observations is not well defined. Here we show that NOD2-deficient mice exhibit a delayed but ultimately exacerbated ulcerative response and impaired bacterial clearance after s.c. infection with S. aureus. NOD2-dependent recognition of S. aureus and muramyl dipeptide is facilitated by alpha-toxin (alpha-hemolysin), a pore-forming toxin and virulence factor of the pathogen. The action of NOD2 is dependent on IL-1beta-amplified production of IL-6, which promotes rapid bacterial killing by neutrophils. These results significantly broaden the physiological importance of NOD2 in innate immunity from the recognition of bacteria that primarily enter the cytoplasm to the detection of bacteria that typically reside extracellularly and demonstrate that this microbial sensor contributes to the discrimination between commensal bacteria and bacterial pathogens that elaborate pore-forming toxins.

Coordinate down-regulation of adenylyl cyclase isoforms and the stimulatory G protein (G(s)) in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.

The intestinal epithelium is dynamic, with proliferation of undifferentiated crypt cells balanced by terminal differentiation and cell death at the colon surface or small intestinal villus tips. Cyclic AMP, induced by agonists such as prostaglandin E(2) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, promotes proliferation and ion secretion and suppresses apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we show that cell differentiation in a model intestinal epithelium leads to attenuation of cAMP production in response to G protein-coupled receptor and receptor-independent agonists. Concomitantly, key components of the cAMP cascade, the alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein, G(s), and adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms 3, 4, 6, and 7 are down-regulated. By contrast, AC1, AC2, AC8, and AC9, and the receptors for prostaglandin E(2) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, are not expressed or not affected by differentiation. We confirmed key findings in normal murine colon epithelium, in which the major AC isoforms and G(s)alpha are markedly down-regulated in differentiated surface cells. Suppression of AC isoforms and G(s)alpha is functionally important, because their constitutive expression completely reverses differentiation-induced cAMP attenuation. Thus, down-regulation of AC isoforms and G(s)alpha is an integral part of the intestinal epithelial differentiation program, perhaps serving to release cells from cAMP-promoted anti-apoptosis as a prerequisite for cell death upon terminal differentiation.

Truncated PPM1D impairs stem cell response to genotoxic stress and promotes growth of APC-deficient tumors in the mouse colon.

Protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1 delta (PPM1D) terminates cell response to genotoxic stress by negatively regulating the tumor suppressor p53 and other targets at chromatin. Mutations in the exon 6 of the PPM1D result in production of a highly stable, C-terminally truncated PPM1D. These gain-of-function PPM1D mutations are present in various human cancers but their role in tumorigenesis remains unresolved. Here we show that truncated PPM1D impairs activation of the cell cycle checkpoints in human non-transformed RPE cells and allows proliferation in the presence of DNA damage. Next, we developed a mouse model by introducing a truncating mutation in the PPM1D locus and tested contribution of the oncogenic PPM1DT allele to colon tumorigenesis. We found that p53 pathway was suppressed in colon stem cells harboring PPM1DT resulting in proliferation advantage under genotoxic stress condition. In addition, truncated PPM1D promoted tumor growth in the colon in Apcmin mice and diminished survival. Moreover, tumor organoids derived from colon of the ApcminPpm1dT/+ mice were less sensitive to 5-fluorouracil when compared to ApcminPpm1d+/+and the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil was restored by inhibition of PPM1D. Finally, we screened colorectal cancer patients and identified recurrent somatic PPM1D mutations in a fraction of colon adenocarcinomas that are p53 proficient and show defects in mismatch DNA repair. In summary, we provide the first in vivo evidence that truncated PPM1D can promote tumor growth and modulate sensitivity to chemotherapy.

Controlled assembly of multi-segment nanowires by histidine-tagged peptides.

A facile technique was demonstrated for the controlled assembly and alignment of multi-segment nanowires using bioengineered polypeptides. An elastin-like-polypeptide (ELP)-based biopolymer consisting of a hexahistine cluster at each end (His(6)-ELP-His(6)) was generated and purified by taking advantage of the reversible phase transition property of ELP. The affinity between the His(6) domain of biopolymers and the nickel segment of multi-segment nickel/gold/nickel nanowires was exploited for the directed assembly of nanowires onto peptide-functionalized electrode surfaces. The presence of the ferromagnetic nickel segments on the nanowires allowed the control of directionality by an external magnetic field. Using this method, the directed assembly and positioning of multi-segment nanowires across two microfabricated nickel electrodes in a controlled manner was accomplished with the expected ohmic contact.

Role of the carbohydrate recognition domains of mouse galectin-4 in oligosaccharide binding and epitope recognition and expression of galectin-4 and galectin-6 in mouse cells and tissues.

Galectin-4 and its homologue galectin-6 are members of the tandem-repeat subfamily of monomer divalent galectins. Expression of mouse galectin-4 and galectin-6 by RT-PCR using primers designed to distinguish both galectin transcripts indicates that both are expressed in the small intestine, colon, liver, kidney, spleen and heart and P19X1 cells while only galectin-4 is expressed in BW-5147 and 3T3 cell lines. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of galectin-4/-6 transcripts in the liver and small intestine. Galectin-4 is expressed in spermatozoons and oocytes and its expression during early mouse emryogenesis appears in 8-cell embryos and remains in later stages, as tested by RT-PCR. To study the role of carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) in oligosaccharide binding and epitope recognition, we cloned mouse full-length galectin-4 and galectin-6 cDNA and constructed bacterial expression vectors producing histidin-tagged recombinant galectin-4 and its truncated CRD1 and CRD2 forms. Oligosaccharide binding profile for all recombinant forms was assessed using Glycan Array available through the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. Acquired data indicate that mGalectin-4 binds to alpha-GalNAc and alpha-Gal A and B type structures with or without fucose. While the CRD2 domain has a high specificity and affinity for A type-2 alpha-GalNAc structures, the CRD1 domain has a broader specificity in correlation to the total binding profile. These data suggest that CRD2 might be the dominant binding domain of mouse galectin-4. Mapping of epitopes reactive for biotinylated his-tagged CRD1, CRD2 and mGalectin-4 performed on mouse cryosections showed that all three forms bind to alveolar macrophages, macrophages of red pulp of the spleen and proximal tubuli of the kidney and this binding was inhibited by 5 mM lactose. Interestingly, mGalectin-4, but not CRD forms, binds to the suprabasal layer of squamous epithelium of the tongue, suggesting that the link region also plays an important role in ligand recognition.

Inhibition of WIP1 phosphatase sensitizes breast cancer cells to genotoxic stress and to MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3.

PP2C family serine/threonine phosphatase WIP1 acts as a negative regulator of the tumor suppressor p53 and is implicated in silencing of cellular responses to genotoxic stress. Chromosomal locus 17q23 carrying the PPM1D (coding for WIP1) is commonly amplified in breast carcinomas and WIP1 was proposed as potential pharmacological target. Here we employed a cellular model with knocked out PPM1D to validate the specificity and efficiency of GSK2830371, novel small molecule inhibitor of WIP1. We have found that GSK2830371 increased activation of the DNA damage response pathway to a comparable level as the loss of PPM1D. In addition, GSK2830371 did not affect proliferation of cells lacking PPM1D but significantly supressed proliferation of breast cancer cells with amplified PPM1D. Over time cells treated with GSK2830371 accumulated in G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle in a p21-dependent manner and were prone to induction of senescence by a low dose of MDM2 antagonist nutlin-3. In addition, combined treatment with GSK2830371 and doxorubicin or nutlin-3 potentiated cell death through a strong induction of p53 pathway and activation of caspase 9. We conclude that efficient inhibition of WIP1 by GSK2830371 sensitizes breast cancer cells with amplified PPM1D and wild type p53 to chemotherapy.

Α1-giardin based live heterologous vaccine protects against Giardia lamblia infection in a murine model.

Giardia lamblia is a leading protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, yet preventive medical strategies are not available. A crude veterinary vaccine has been licensed for cats and dogs, but no defined human vaccine is available. We tested the vaccine potential of three conserved antigens previously identified in human and murine giardiasis, α1-giardin, α-enolase, and ornithine carbamoyl transferase, in a murine model of G. lamblia infection. Live recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium vaccine strains were constructed that stably expressed each antigen, maintained colonization capacity, and sustained total attenuation in the host. Oral administration of the vaccine strains induced antigen-specific serum IgG, particularly IgG(2A), and mucosal IgA for α1-giardin and α-enolase, but not for ornithine carbamoyl transferase. Immunization with the α1-giardin vaccine induced significant protection against subsequent G. lamblia challenge, which was further enhanced by boosting with cholera toxin or sublingual α1-giardin administration. The α-enolase vaccine afforded no protection. Analysis of α1-giardin from divergent assemblage A and B isolates of G. lamblia revealed >97% amino acid sequence conservation and immunological cross-reactivity, further supporting the potential utility of this antigen in vaccine development. Together. These results indicate that α1-giardin is a suitable candidate antigen for a vaccine against giardiasis.

Elastin-calmodulin scaffold for protein microarray fabrication.

In this work, we report a new method to reversibly immobilize proteins to a surface in a functionally active orientation directly from cell lysate by employing a fusion protein consisting of a thermal-responsive elastin (ELP) domain as the surface anchor and a calcium-responsive calmodulin (CalM) domain for protein capturing. Incorporation of an M13 tag into recombinant proteins enables not only easy surface immobilization but also direct purification from cell lysates. The feasibility of concept was demonstrated using the M13-tagged yellow fluorescent protein (M13-YFP). The ELP-CalM functionalized surfaces were shown to capture M13-YFP directly from cell lysate through the specific calmodulin-M13 association in a calcium-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that immobilization is reversible; the bound proteins were released from the surface in the presence of EDTA.

Generation and phenotypic analysis of a transgenic line of rabbits secreting active recombinant human erythropoietin in the milk.

Production of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) for therapeutic purposes relies on its expression in selected clones of transfected mammalian cells. Alternatively, this glycoprotein can be produced by targeted secretion into the body fluid of transgenic mammals. Here, we report on the generation of a transgenic rabbits producing rhEPO in the lactating mammary gland. Transgenic individuals are viable, fertile and transmit the rhEPO gene to the offspring. Northern blot data indicated that the expression of the transgene in the mammary gland is controlled by whey acidic protien (WAP) regulatory sequences during the period of lactation. While the hybridization with total RNA revealed the expression only in the lactating mammary gland, the highly sensitive combinatory approach using RT-PCR/hybridization technique detected a minor ectopic expression. The level of rhEPO secretion in the founder female, measured in the period of lactation, varied in the range of 60-178 and 60-162 mIU/ml in the milk and blood plasma, respectively. Biological activity of the milk rhEPO was confirmed by a standard [3H]-thymidine incorporation test. Thus, we describe the model of a rhEPO-transgenic rabbit, valuable for studies of rhEPO glycosylation and function, which can be useful for the development of transgenic approaches designed for the preparation of recombinant proteins by alternative biopharmaceutical production.