Reduced astrocytic expression of GFAP in the offspring of female rats that received hypercaloric diet.

Introduction: Obesity promotes hypothalamic inflammation and local morphological changes in astrocytes, including the increased expression of the astrocytic biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is seen as a sign of neuroinflammation.Objective: This study aimed to observe the astrocytic expression of GFAP in different brain areas from female rats that received a hypercaloric (HD) or a normocaloric (ND) diet during puberty (F0 generation) as well as in their male pups (F1 generation).Methods: Female rats received highly palatable HD (Ensure®) or ND from postnatal day (PND) 23-65. On PND90-95, some were euthanized for the immunohistochemical study and some were mated to obtain the F1 generation. Male pups were immunochallenged on PND50 with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg) or 0.9% saline solution (1 mL/kg) intraperitoneal injection. Body weight (BW) and retroperitoneal fat weight (RFW) were recorded on PND95 for F0 generation and on PND50 for F1 generation. GFAP expression for both generations was assessed by morphometry in the parietal/frontal cortex, corpus callosum, nucleus accumbens, arcuate/periventricular nuclei of hypothalamus, pons, molecular/granular layers of cerebellum.Results: Female rats fed with HD presented a significant increase in the GFAP expression in all evaluated areas as well as in the RFW. Male rats born from mothers that received HD showed decreased GFAP expression, BW and RFW when treated with LPS in relation to those from mothers fed with ND.Discussion: HD induced astrogliosis in several brain areas in females from F0 generation and an adaptive phenotypic change of decreased GFAP expression in males from F1 generation after LPS challenge.

Effects of exposure to glyphosate in male and female mice behavior in pubertal period / Efeitos comportamentais da esposição na piberdade de camundongos machos e fêmeas ao glifosato

The present study aims to investigate the effects of pre-pubertal exposure of male and female mice to a commercial formulation of glyphosate on sexual dimorphism observed in animal models of emotionality, anxiety and depression. For this, mice were exposed from 23 days of age (PND) until PND 45 to glyphosate (50 mg/kg, per os) or saline solution, and, ten days after the end of treatments, male and female mice were observed in the open field (OF), elevated plus maze (EPM) or forced swimming test (FWT). Results showed that exposure to glyphosate: 1) reduced the locomotion frequency of male mice similarly to female mice in the OF and female mice had an increase in rearing behavior and in the immobility time; 2) reduced in male mice the motor activity both in the OF and EPM, while no effects were observed in female mice; 3) in the SWT male mice had a decreased time of float similarly female mice. We concluded that pre-pubertal exposure to glyphosate reduced in male mice the capacity of exploration in the OF and EPM tests suggesting that the herbicide interfered with the central mechanism related to brain masculinization of exploratory and anxiety behavioral models. In the FWT it was observed a decreased depressive response in male mice while in female an increased response was detected.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar em camundongos machos e fêmeas o efeito da exposição a uma formulação comercial de glifosato durante o período de pré-pubere em modelos comportamentais de emocionalidade, ansiedade e depressão. Para isto, camundongos foram expostos a partir de 23 dias de idade (dia pós-natal-PND) até o PND 45 ao glifosato (50 mg/kg, via oral) ou solução salina. Dez dias após o término do tratamento, os animais, machos e fêmeas, foram observados no campo aberto (OF), labirinto em cruz elevado (EPM) ou teste de natação forçada (FWT). Os resultados mostraram que a exposição ao glifosato: 1) reduziu de forma similar a frequência de locomoção dos camundongos em ambos os sexos; 2) reduziu a atividade motora tanto no OF como no PM em camundongos machos, sem alterações observadas em fêmeas; 3) no SWT os camundongos machos apresentaram redução no tempo de flutuação similar ao das fêmeas. Concluiu-se que a exposição pré-pubere ao glifosato reduziu em machos a capacidade de exploração no OF e EPM e no tempo de flutuação no FWT sugerindo que o herbicida interferiu com mecanismos centrais relacionados com masculinização do cérebro ligados à exploração e ansiedade. No FWT observou-se menor depressão em machos e exacerbação da resposta em fêmeas.

Behavioral effects of acute glyphosate exposure in male and female Balb/c mice / Efeitos comportamentais da exposição aguda ao gliposato em camundongos Balb/c machos e fêmeas

We investigated the behavioral effects induced by an acute exposure to a commercial formulation of glyphosate (GF) in a dose that was about double the concentration of the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in male and female BALB/c mice. The acute neurotoxicity induced by GF exposure was determined through analysis of general activity, the sensory system, the psychomotor system, the central nervous system and the autonomous nervous system in both male and female mice. The behavioral effects on exploration, anxiety and depression induced by GF exposure were determined with the open field, elevated plus maze and tail suspension tests, respectively. GF induced few signs of acute neurotoxicity. Locomotion in the open field was decreased in only female mice. No signs of anxiety were detected in the plus maze test in both sex, however, a reduced exploration was observed in male mice in this apparatus. In the tail suspension test, both male and female mice showed an increased immobility time. No interaction between sex and treatment was detected. In conclusion, GF exposure at about a dose twice that of the NOAEL induced few signs of neurotoxicity and no sexual dimorphism in all behavioral models employed.

Neste trabalho investigou-se em camundongos BALB/c, machos e fêmeas, os efeitos comportamentais da exposição aguda a uma formulação comercial do glifosato (GF) em uma dose duas vezes maior que a dose sem efeito observado (NOAEL). A neurotoxicidade aguda ao GF foi determinada por meio da análise da atividade geral, de parâmetros sensoriais, psicomotores, do sistema nervoso central e autônomo em machos e fêmeas. Os efeitos exploratório, de ansiedade e depressão induzidos pelo GF foram observados no campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado e no teste da suspensão da cauda, respectivamente. O GF promoveu poucos sinais de neurotoxicidade. A capacidade exploratória de fêmeas foi reduzida no campo aberto. Nenhum sinal de ansiedade foi detectado tanto em machos como em fêmeas no labirinto em cruz elevado porém, notou-se redução da exploratória neste aparelho. No teste de suspensão da cauda tanto as fêmeas como machos mostraram aumento no tempo de imobilidade. Não foi observado neste caso interação entre sexo e tratamento. Concluiu-se que a exposição ao dobro da dose da NOAEL do GF induziu poucos sinais de neurotoxicidade e poucos efeitos sexualmente dimórficos em camundongos machos e fêmeas.

Abordagem fisioterapêutica na encefalomielite disseminada aguda ADEM: relato de um caso / The physiotherapy in the treatment of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - (ADEM): case report

Descreve-se um caso de encefalomielite disseminada aguda (ADEM), que é uma doença auto-imune, desmielinizante aguda do sistema nervoso central. O caso apresentado é de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 2 anos de idade, que após um quadro de infecção respiratória evoluiu com atraso do desenvolvimento neurológico, hipotonia de tronco, déficit no controle cervical, hiperreflexia bilateral patelar e de aquileu, hipertonia grau 1 bilateral de bíceps e tríceps braquial, além de tibial anterior. Foi realizada por três meses fisioterapia motora para reduzir o atraso do desenvolvimento neurológico. Após os três meses de tratamento fisioterapêutico, a paciente continuou a apresentar as observações acima e, notou-se melhora na sustentação da cabeça principalmente em decúbito ventral, melhora no controle de tronco, manteve-se na posição sentada com reação de proteção anterior, adotou o rolar para ambos os lados sem ajuda do fisioterapeuta. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que o estudo de um único caso não foi suficiente para comprovar a eficácia da fisioterapia, o que demonstra a necessidade de estudos mais completos, mas foi importante para sugerir que a abordagem fisioterapêutica pode ser útil no tratamento de pacientes com encefalomielite disseminada aguda (ADEM).

We are reporting a case of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which is an autoimmune uncommon inflammatory disease that destroys severely the myelin of the central nervous system. The case we are going to present is of a two years old, female patient that after a picture of a respiratory infection she had a delay on her neurological development, hipotomy ofher trunk, deficit control of her cervical, a deep bilateral reflex of the patellar and of the aquileu, high tonus degree one of the bilateral biceps and triceps bronchial and of the previous tibia. For three month she was under motor physiotherapy to reduce delay of the neurological development. After three months of treatment the patient continued to present a delay in the neurological development and it was noticed that she was able to sustain her head a little better even when she was laying on her stomach, she could control her trunk better when she was seated, she was able to stay seated with the reaction of previous protection, and last but not least she could roll from one side to the other without the help of a physiotherapist. Thus we can conclude that the study of one case is not enough to prove the physiotherapy efficiency, there is the need of more complete studies. We can also say that this case was important to show the need of physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).