ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive autopsies, also known as minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), have proven to be an alternative to complete diagnostic autopsies (CDAs) in places or situations where this procedure cannot be performed. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, CDAs were suspended by March 2020 in Brazil to reduce biohazard. To contribute to the understanding of COVID-19 pathology, we have conducted ultrasound (US)-guided MITS as a strategy. METHODS: This case series study includes 80 autopsies performed in patients with COVID-19 confirmed by laboratorial tests. Different organs were sampled using a standardized MITS protocol. Tissues were submitted to histopathological analysis as well as immunohistochemical and molecular analysis and electron microscopy in selected cases. RESULTS: US-guided MITS proved to be a safe and highly accurate procedure; none of the personnel were infected, and accuracy ranged from 69.1% for kidney, up to 90.1% for lungs, and reaching 98.7% and 97.5% for liver and heart, respectively. US-guided MITS provided a systemic view of the disease, describing the most common pathological findings and identifying viral and other infectious agents using ancillary techniques, and also allowed COVID-19 diagnosis confirmation in 5% of the cases that were negative in premortem and postmortem nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that US-guided MITS has the capacity similar to CDA not only to identify but also to characterize emergent diseases.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Autopsy , Brazil/epidemiology , COVID-19 Testing , Humans , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Ultrasonography, InterventionalABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Non-human primates (NHPs) are susceptible to dogs' attacks, events that may cause muscle damage along with stress, and could be in some extent compatible with capture myopathy, a syndrome that results in myoglobinuria and renal damage. METHODS: We aimed to evaluate by histopathology pre-existing lesions and subsequent sequelae related to dogs' attacks, acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and myoglobinuria, as well as the usefulness of Pearls Stain and IHC to diagnose it. Histopathology was performed in available organs, and sections of kidney submitted to Prussian blue stain and myoglobin immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: During January 2014-June 2016, 16/145 (11%) of NHPs received by Adolfo Lutz Institute, Brazil were reported as attacked by dogs. A high frequency of young and debilitated animals was found. Myoglobinuria was observed in more than half animals (9/16; 56.2%), from which (5/9; 55.5%) presented ATN. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney lesions are plausible findings in NHPs attacked by dogs.
Subject(s)
Alouatta , Bites and Stings/veterinary , Callithrix , Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute/veterinary , Monkey Diseases/pathology , Myoglobinuria/veterinary , Age Factors , Animals , Bites and Stings/pathology , Bites and Stings/physiopathology , Brazil , Dogs , Female , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute/diagnosis , Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute/pathology , Male , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Myoglobinuria/diagnosis , Myoglobinuria/pathology , Sex FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Zika virus is an arthropod-borne virus that is a member of the family Flaviviridae transmitted mainly by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Although usually asymptomatic, infection can result in a mild and self-limiting illness characterised by fever, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. An increase in the number of children born with microcephaly was noted in 2015 in regions of Brazil with high transmission of Zika virus. More recently, evidence has been accumulating supporting a link between Zika virus and microcephaly. Here, we describe findings from three fatal cases and two spontaneous abortions associated with Zika virus infection. METHODS: In this case series, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from five cases, including two newborn babies with microcephaly and severe arthrogryposis who died shortly after birth, one 2-month-old baby, and two placentas from spontaneous abortions, from Brazil were submitted to the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) between December, 2015, and March, 2016. Specimens were assessed by histopathological examination, immunohistochemical assays using a mouse anti-Zika virus antibody, and RT-PCR assays targeting the NS5 and envelope genes. Amplicons of RT-PCR positive cases were sequenced for characterisation of strains. FINDINGS: Viral antigens were localised to glial cells and neurons and associated with microcalcifications in all three fatal cases with microcephaly. Antigens were also seen in chorionic villi of one of the first trimester placentas. Tissues from all five cases were positive for Zika virus RNA by RT-PCR, and sequence analyses showed highest identities with Zika virus strains isolated from Brazil during 2015. INTERPRETATION: These findings provide strong evidence of a link between Zika virus infection and different congenital central nervous system malformations, including microcephaly as well as arthrogryposis and spontaneous abortions. FUNDING: None.
Subject(s)
Brain/pathology , Brain/virology , Limb Deformities, Congenital/virology , Microcephaly/virology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology , Pregnancy Trimester, First , Zika Virus Infection/congenital , Zika Virus Infection/pathology , Zika Virus/isolation & purification , Abortion, Spontaneous/virology , Adult , Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification , Autopsy , Brazil , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry/methods , Infant , Limb Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging , Male , Microcephaly/pathology , Neuroglia/pathology , Neuroglia/virology , Placenta/pathology , Placenta/virology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, Second , Pregnancy Trimester, Third , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Syndrome , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Zika Virus/immunologyABSTRACT
This study investigated the genetic features of Toxoplasma gondii isolated directly in autopsies of HIV-infected patients who died with severe disseminated toxoplasmosis. This retrospective analysis was conducted in a cohort of 15 HIV-infected patients with clinical and laboratory data. They had previous cerebral toxoplasmosis at least 6 months before the disseminated toxoplasmosis episode. The hypothesis was that they were infected with highly virulent parasites due to the condition in which they died. T. gondii genotyping was done directly in DNA extracted from 30 autopsy brain and lung samples (2 per patient) and mutilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping was done using 12 molecular markers. The 30 clinical samples were genotyped successfully in 8 or more loci and six suggestive genotypes were identified. One of them was Toxo DB #11, previously identified in different domestic animals and virulent in experimental animals. The other five suggestive genotypes identified in 14 patients were not described. TgHuDis1 was the most frequent and was determined in 8 patients. TgHuDis3 and TgHuDis5 were identified in two patients each. TgHuDis2 and TgHuDis4 have been identified in one patient each. These suggestive genotypes could be considered as virulent, since they caused severe tissue damage and had similar characteristics as Toxo # DB 11.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Toxoplasma/classification , Toxoplasmosis/mortality , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/mortality , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology , Adult , Autopsy , Brain/parasitology , Brain/pathology , Brazil , Cohort Studies , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Female , Fixatives , Formaldehyde , Genotyping Techniques , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Lung/parasitology , Lung/pathology , Male , Middle Aged , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length , Retrospective Studies , Toxoplasma/genetics , Toxoplasmosis/parasitology , Toxoplasmosis/pathology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Sand flies are recognized as the major vector of canine visceral leishmaniasis. However, in some areas of Brazil where sand flies do not occur, this disease is found in humans and dogs. There has been speculation that ticks might play a role in transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis and the DNA of Leishmania spp. has been reported in whole ticks. We investigated the presence of Leishmania spp. promastigotes in the intestines, ovaries, and salivary glands of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected from tick-infested dogs in two cities of Brazil. We used 66 dogs that tested positive and 33 that tested negative for Leishmania spp. according to direct cytological examination assays. Ten ticks were collected from each dog and dissected to collect the intestines, ovaries, and salivary glands for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and diagnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IHC results showed Leishmania spp. in 98, 14, and 8 % of the intestines, ovaries, and salivary glands, respectively. Real-time PCR showed that 89, 41, and 33 % of the tick intestine, ovary, and salivary glands, respectively, were positive for Leishmania spp. The verification of promastigotes of Leishmania spp. by two independent techniques in ticks collected from these urban region dogs showed that there is need for clarification of the role of ticks in the transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases/parasitology , Intestines/parasitology , Leishmania/classification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Ovary/parasitology , Rhipicephalus sanguineus/parasitology , Salivary Glands/parasitology , Animals , Brazil , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Dogs , Female , Humans , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Male , Psychodidae/parasitology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tick Infestations/veterinaryABSTRACT
Several studies have described the effects of human tumor necrosis factor alpha (hTNF-α) on Schistosoma mansoni. hTNF-α affects the worm's development, metabolism, egg-laying, gene expression and protein phosphorylation. The available data on the influence of hTNF-α on egg-laying in S. mansoni are controversial, but understanding the mechanism of egg-laying regulation in this species is essential in combating schistosomiasis. We characterized the effects of in vitro treatment of S. mansoni adult worms with different doses of hTNF-α (5, 20 and 40 ng/ml) for 5 days. We explored the effects on egg-laying rate, glucose levels, ATP metabolism, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose transporters and the parasite gene which acts as an hTNF-α receptor, SmTNFR. hTNF-α influenced egg-laying in a time- and dose-dependent manner: at a dose of 40 ng/ml, egg-laying increased on day 2 and decreased on days 3 and 4; at 20 ng/ml, egg-laying decreased on day 3; while at 5 ng/ml, egg-laying decreased on day 4. The total number of eggs produced was not affected by the different treatments, but the egg-laying dynamics were: the median egg-laying time decreased significantly with treatment, and egg developmental stages and size were also affected. At 5 and 20 ng/ml hTNF-α, lactate production diminished on day 3 up to day 5, while glucose uptake increased on day 5. At 40 ng/ml, glucose uptake diminished on day 1 up to day 3, while ATP accumulation was detected on day 5. No significant changes in mRNA expression were detected in any of the treatments. We found that crosstalk involving hTNF-α and parasite signaling plays a role in the fine-scale regulation of the worm's metabolism and physiology, and points to new strategies for disease control.
Subject(s)
Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosomiasis mansoni , Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology , Animals , Glucose , Humans , Lactates/pharmacology , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Schistosomiasis mansoni/parasitology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/geneticsABSTRACT
Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease in humans in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in urban areas, and can cause major epidemics. Although a self-limiting illness, it may sometimes have serious hemorrhagic manifestations, and the outcome of dengue hemorrhagic fever has similar clinical manifestations as in other infections, which could result in death. Therefore, autopsy procedures are required under certain circumstances such as in hemorrhagic fevers, sometimes to confirm or to clarify the diagnosis that may have epidemiological consequences. Normally, the Immunohistochemistry Laboratory of the Pathology Center of Adolfo Lutz Institute receives autopsy samples from different hospitals in Sao Paulo State to confirm a previous diagnosis, especially hemorrhagic fever of infectious etiology. For this diagnosis, we have been using a mouse polyclonal antibody to dengue virus that often does not provide a clear conclusion, because of background staining or no relevant immunostaining, which hampers the histopathological analysis. Accordingly, in the present study, anti-DENV-NS1 monoclonal antibody (4H2) was tested to determine its accuracy in immunohistochemical analysis. Twenty-four autopsy cases of hemorrhagic febrile syndrome showing histopathological alterations compatible with dengue disease were studied: twenty cases were confirmed by RT-PCR for DENV-2 and in four by RT-PCR for yellow fever virus. Samples from autopsied cases of deaths caused by other infectious diseases (two meningitis C and two severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by influenza A H1N1) were included as negative control cases. Positive immunostaining for DENV-NS1 was detected in 16/20 (80%) liver samples and 11/15 (73%) spleen samples from autopsied hemorrhagic dengue patients, whereas the polyclonal antibody detected DENV antigens in 12/20 (60%) liver and in 6/15 (40%) spleen samples from the same cases. Positive results were not obtained with liver biopsy samples from yellow fever or Neisseria meningitides and Flu-A cases. 4H2 mAb recognizes the native protein of the four DENV serotypes in infected cells and did not cross-react with native ZIKV- or CHKV-infected cells by immunohistochemical assay, so it is a useful tool for differential histopathological conclusion of acute febrile hemorrhagic deaths.
Subject(s)
Dengue Virus , Dengue , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Antibodies, Viral , Brazil , Dengue/diagnosis , Humans , Viral Nonstructural ProteinsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Brain abnormalities are a concern in COVID-19, so we used minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) to investigate it, consisting of brain 7T MR and CT images and tissue sampling via transethmoidal route with at least three fragments: the first one for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis and the remaining fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Two mouse monoclonal anti-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies were employed in immunohistochemical (IHC) reactions. RESULTS: Seven deceased COVID-19 patients underwent MIA with brain MR and CT images, six of them with tissue sampling. Imaging findings included infarcts, punctate brain hemorrhagic foci, subarachnoid hemorrhage and signal abnormalities in the splenium, basal ganglia, white matter, hippocampi and posterior cortico-subcortical. Punctate brain hemorrhage was the most common finding (three out of seven cases). Brain histological analysis revealed reactive gliosis, congestion, cortical neuron eosinophilic degeneration and axonal disruption in all six cases. Other findings included edema (5 cases), discrete perivascular hemorrhages (5), cerebral small vessel disease (3), perivascular hemosiderin deposits (3), Alzheimer type II glia (3), abundant corpora amylacea (3), ischemic foci (1), periventricular encephalitis foci (1), periventricular vascular ectasia (1) and fibrin thrombi (1). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected with RT-PCR in 5 out of 5 and IHC in 6 out 6 patients (100%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite limited sampling, MIA was an effective tool to evaluate underlying pathological brain changes in deceased COVID-19 patients. Imaging findings were varied, and pathological features corroborated signs of hypoxia, alterations related to systemic critically ill and SARS-CoV-2 brain invasion.
ABSTRACT
The study aim was to analyze whether microvesicles and exosomes, named extracellular vesicles (EVs), purified from Toxoplasma gondii are able to stimulate the protective immunity of experimental mice when administered, as challenge, a highly virulent strain. EVs excreted from T. gondii tachyzoites (RH strain) were purified by chromatography and used for immunization assays in inbred mouse groups (EV-IM). Chronic infected (CHR) and naive (NI) mice were used as control groups, since the immune response is well known. After immunizations, experimental groups were challenged with 100 tachyzoites. Next, parasitemias were determined by real-time PCR (qPCR), and survival levels were evaluated daily. The humoral response was analyzed by detection of IgM, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, and opsonization experiments. The cellular response was evaluated in situ by immunohistochemistry on IFN-γ, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17 expression in cells of five organs (brain, heart, liver, spleen and skeletal muscles). EV immunization reduced parasitemia and increased the survival index in two mouse lineages (A/Sn and BALB/c) infected with a lethal T. gondii strain. EV-IM mice had higher IgG1 levels than IgM or IgG2a. IgGs purified from sera of EV-IM mice were able to opsonize tachyzoites (RH strain), and mice that received these parasites had lower parasitemias, and mortality was delayed 48 h, compared with the same results from those receiving parasites opsonized with IgG purified from NI mice. Brain and spleen cells from EV-IM mice more highly expressed IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α. In conclusion, EV-immunization was capable of inducing immune protection, eliciting high production of IgG1, IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α.
Subject(s)
Extracellular Vesicles , Toxoplasma , Animals , Immunization , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , VaccinationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 in children is usually mild or asymptomatic, but severe and fatal paediatric cases have been described. The pathology of COVID-19 in children is not known; the proposed pathogenesis for severe cases includes immune-mediated mechanisms or the direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on tissues. We describe the autopsy findings in five cases of paediatric COVID-19 and provide mechanistic insight into the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS: Children and adolescents who died with COVID-19 between March 18 and August 15, 2020 were autopsied with a minimally invasive method. Tissue samples from all vital organs were analysed by histology, electron microscopy (EM), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). FINDINGS: Five patients were included, one male and four female, aged 7 months to 15 years. Two patients had severe diseases before SARS-CoV-2 infection: adrenal carcinoma and Edwards syndrome. Three patients were previously healthy and had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with distinct clinical presentations: myocarditis, colitis, and acute encephalopathy with status epilepticus. Autopsy findings varied amongst patients and included mild to severe COVID-19 pneumonia, pulmonary microthrombosis, cerebral oedema with reactive gliosis, myocarditis, intestinal inflammation, and haemophagocytosis. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in all patients in lungs, heart and kidneys by at least one method (RT-PCR, IHC or EM), and in endothelial cells from heart and brain in two patients with MIS-C (IHC). In addition, we show for the first time the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain tissue of a child with MIS-C with acute encephalopathy, and in the intestinal tissue of a child with acute colitis. Interpretation: SARS-CoV-2 can infect several cell and tissue types in paediatric patients, and the target organ for the clinical manifestation varies amongst individuals. Two major patterns of severe COVID-19 were observed: a primarily pulmonary disease, with severe acute respiratory disease and diffuse alveolar damage, or a multisystem inflammatory syndrome with the involvement of several organs. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in several organs, associated with cellular ultrastructural changes, reinforces the hypothesis that a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on tissues is involved in the pathogenesis of MIS-C. FUNDING: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
ABSTRACT
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) causes a local inflammatory process, inducing expression of several cytokine genes. Particularly, IFN-γ can predict to disease susceptibility. Based in these data, this study was aimed to investigate the gene expression profile of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-27, TNF-γ, TGF-ß and IL-6 produced in biopsies from ACL patients; and whether the gene expression profile of IFN-γ could determine the disease evolution. Gene expression of 6 cytokines was investigated in 40 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL); and 10 FFPE biopsies from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) (control). All 50 patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Gene expression was determined by qPCR; and a normal control group was used for calculations (5 normal biopsies). Values were expressed as Relative Quantification (RQ). The 40 CL patients were classified into 2 groups. CLlowIFN-γ, 35 patients with RQ for IFN-γ below 100; and CLhighIFN-γ, 5 (12.5%) patients with RQ above 100. Significant increase of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-27 was shown in CLhighIFN-γ group when compared with CLlowIFN-γ and ML groups. TNF-α levels in CLlowIFN-γ group were higher than CLhighIFN-γ and ML groups. TGF-ß and IL-6 were similar in 3 groups. Comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that CLlowIFN-γ group had an equilibrium between the cytokines analyzed. In ML group, IFN-γ was over-expressed; but in CLhighIFN-γ group, besides IFN-γ, IL-27 was also over-expressed. The immune response to Leishmania induces to identification of some markers, which can be determined by analysis by gene expression of cytokines produced in biopsies.
Subject(s)
Cytokines/metabolism , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology , Skin/metabolism , Biopsy , Cytokines/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , Humans , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Skin/pathologyABSTRACT
Ectopic thyroid results from a migration defect of the developing gland during embryogenesis causing congenital hypothyroidism. But it has also been detected in asymptomatic individuals. This study aimed to investigate the histopathological, functional, and genetic features of human ectopic thyroids. Six samples were histologically examined, and the expression of the specific thyroid proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Two samples were submitted to whole exome sequencing. An oropharynx sample showed immature fetal architecture tissue with clusters or cords of oval thyrocytes and small follicles; one sample exhibited a normal thyroid pattern while four showed colloid goiter. All ectopic thyroids expressed the specific thyroid genes and T4 at similar locations to those observed in normal thyroid. No somatic mutations associated with ectopic thyroid were found. This is the first immature thyroid fetal tissue observed in an ectopic thyroid due to the arrest of structural differentiation early in the colloid stage of development that proved able to synthesize thyroid hormone but not to respond to TSH. Despite the ability of all ectopic thyroids to synthetize specific thyroid proteins and T4, at some point in life, it may be insufficient to support body growth leading to hypothyroidism, as observed in some of the patients.
ABSTRACT
Dengue is the most prevalent arboviral disease in humans in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in urban areas, and can cause major epidemics. Although a self-limiting illness, it may sometimes have serious hemorrhagic manifestations, and the outcome of dengue hemorrhagic fever has similar clinical manifestations as in other infections, which could result in death. Therefore, autopsy procedures are required under certain circumstances such as in hemorrhagic fevers, sometimes to confirm or to clarify the diagnosis that may have epidemiological consequences. Normally, the Immunohistochemistry Laboratory of the Pathology Center of Adolfo Lutz Institute receives autopsy samples from different hospitals in Sao Paulo State to confirm a previous diagnosis, especially hemorrhagic fever of infectious etiology. For this diagnosis, we have been using a mouse polyclonal antibody to dengue virus that often does not provide a clear conclusion, because of background staining or no relevant immunostaining, which hampers the histopathological analysis. Accordingly, in the present study, anti-DENV-NS1 monoclonal antibody (4H2) was tested to determine its accuracy in immunohistochemical analysis. Twenty-four autopsy cases of hemorrhagic febrile syndrome showing histopathological alterations compatible with dengue disease were studied: twenty cases were confirmed by RT-PCR for DENV-2 and in four by RT-PCR for yellow fever virus. Samples from autopsied cases of deaths caused by other infectious diseases (two meningitis C and two severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by influenza A H1N1) were included as negative control cases. Positive immunostaining for DENV-NS1 was detected in 16/20 (80%) liver samples and 11/15 (73%) spleen samples from autopsied hemorrhagic dengue patients, whereas the polyclonal antibody detected DENV antigens in 12/20 (60%) liver and in 6/15 (40%) spleen samples from the same cases. Positive results were not obtained with liver biopsy samples from yellow fever or Neisseria meningitides and Flu-A cases. 4H2 mAb recognizes the native protein of the four DENV serotypes in infected cells and did not cross-react with native ZIKV- or CHKV-infected cells by immunohistochemical assay, so it is a useful tool for differential histopathological conclusion of acute febrile hemorrhagic deaths.
Subject(s)
Dengue , Epidemics , Antibodies, Monoclonal , AntigensABSTRACT
A 49-yr-old woman with a large pituitary tumor leading to visual loss and galactorrhea- amenorrhea was submitted to transcranial pituitary surgery, when a clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma was partially removed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of "non-secreting atypical adenoma." At that time, serum and urinary free cortisol were normal, with low T4 levels and hyperprolactinemia. The patient was discharged on thyroxine and bromocriptine and treated with conventional radiotherapy. Two years later, she presented high free urinary cortisol levels and a positive ACTH response to desmopressin testing on dexametasone 2 mg overnight. A pituitary biopsy confirmed aggressive growth as well as positive immunoreactivity for ACTH, p53, Ki-67, and c-erb-B2. The patient was then treated with radiosurgery on ketoconazole therapy. The overall clinical, laboratory, and pathological data suggest a transition from a clinically nonfunctioning to a hypersecreting ACTH-producing tumor. Putative mechanisms of tumor transformation and the possibility of a silent corticotropinoma evolving into clinical Cushing s syndrome are discussed.
Subject(s)
Adenoma/complications , Adenoma/pathology , Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion/etiology , Pituitary Neoplasms/complications , Pituitary Neoplasms/pathology , Adenoma/metabolism , Amenorrhea/etiology , Cushing Syndrome/etiology , Female , Galactorrhea/etiology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Middle Aged , Pituitary Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 in children is usually mild or asymptomatic, but severe and fatal paediatric cases have been described. The pathology of COVID-19 in children is not known; the proposed pathogenesis for severe cases includes immune-mediated mechanisms or the direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on tissues. We describe the autopsy findings in five cases of paediatric COVID-19 and provide mechanistic insight into the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Methods: Children and adolescents who died with COVID-19 between March 18 and August 15, 2020 were autopsied with a minimally invasive method. Tissue samples from all vital organs were analysed by histology, electron microscopy (EM), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Findings: Five patients were included, one male and four female, aged 7 months to 15 years. Two patients had severe diseases before SARS-CoV-2 infection: adrenal carcinoma and Edwards syndrome. Three patients were previously healthy and had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) with distinct clinical presentations: myocarditis, colitis, and acute encephalopathy with status epilepticus. Autopsy findings varied amongst patients and included mild to severe COVID-19 pneumonia, pulmonary microthrombosis, cerebral oedema with reactive gliosis, myocarditis, intestinal inflammation, and haemophagocytosis. SARSCoV- 2 was detected in all patients in lungs, heart and kidneys by at least one method (RT-PCR, IHC or EM), and in endothelial cells from heart and brain in two patients with MIS-C (IHC). In addition, we show for the first time the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the brain tissue of a child with MIS-C with acute encephalopathy, and in the intestinal tissue of a child with acute colitis. Interpretation: SARS-CoV-2 can infect several cell and tissue types in paediatric patients, and the target organ for the...(AU)
Subject(s)
Phenotype , AutopsyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To use an immunocytochemical panel as ancillary method to identify the origin of adenocarcinomas in serous effusions. STUDY DESIGN: Serous effusion samples examined cytologically in the Department of Surgical Pathology, A. C. Camargo Hospital, between 1966 and 1990, were investigated. Of 4,297 cases, 2,317 were associated with adenocarcinoma, and 1,099 were positive for adenocarcinoma by cytologic examination. We selected a total of 248 cases of different origins to subject to immunoreactions. A panel composed of CA-125, CA-19.9, HBME-1, lactoferrin and BRST 2 was tested for the efficiency of these antibodies under two conditions: the panel alone and associated with clinical data, such as anatomic localization of the effusion (pleural or ascitic) and patient sex and age. RESULTS: BRST 2 and lactoferrin were both positive in 29.9% of cases of adenocarcinoma of breast origin; CA-125 and HBME-1 were 28.6% and 25.0% positive in cases of adenocarcinoma of the ovaries, respectively. These immunoreactivities were highly specific when compared to the others. The statistical significance of the results was improved by information on the anatomic location of the effusions and patient sex. CONCLUSION: Our data strongly indicate that BRST 2 and lactoferrin are important components of an immunocytochemical panel used to identify carcinomas of breast origin. Similarly, CA-125 and HBME-1 may be useful in suggesting the ovaries as possible primary sites.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/diagnosis , Apolipoproteins , Ascitic Fluid/pathology , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Glycoproteins , Membrane Transport Proteins , Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis , Pleural Effusion, Malignant/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Adenocarcinoma/secondary , Apolipoproteins D , Ascitic Fluid/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/immunology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carrier Proteins/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Lactoferrin/immunology , Male , Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology , Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology , Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology , Pleural Effusion, Malignant/immunologyABSTRACT
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) causes a local inflammatory process, inducing expression of several cytokine genes. Particularly, IFN-γ can predict to disease susceptibility. Based in these data, this study was aimed to investigate the gene expression profile of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-27, TNF-γ, TGF-ß and IL-6 produced in biopsies from ACL patients; and whether the gene expression profile of IFN-γ could determine the disease evolution. Gene expression of 6 cytokines was investigated in 40 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL); and 10 FFPE biopsies from patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) (control). All 50 patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Gene expression was determined by qPCR; and a normal control group was used for calculations (5 normal biopsies). Values were expressed as Relative Quantification (RQ). The 40 CL patients were classified into 2 groups. CLlowIFN-γ, 35 patients with RQ for IFN-γ below 100; and CLhighIFN-γ, 5 (12.5%) patients with RQ above 100. Significant increase of mRNA levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-27 was shown in CLhighIFN-γ group when compared with CLlowIFN-γ and ML groups. TNF-α levels in CLlowIFN-γ group were higher than CLhighIFN-γ and ML groups. TGF-ß and IL-6 were similar in 3 groups. Comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that CLlowIFN-γ group had an equilibrium between the cytokines analyzed. In ML group, IFN-γ was over-expressed; but in CLhighIFN-γ group, besides IFN-γ, IL-27 was also over-expressed. The immune response to Leishmania induces to identification of some markers, which can be determined by analysis by gene expression of cytokines produced in biopsies
Subject(s)
Humans , Gene Expression , Cytokines , Leishmaniasis, CutaneousABSTRACT
Gene expression analyses based on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression require accurate data normalization. When using endogenous reference genes, these should be carefully validated. Validated reference genes vary greatly depending on tissue, cell subsets and experimental context. This study was aimed to identify reference genes that have more stable mRNA levels among individuals in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); fresh skin biopsies; lung and brain autopsies as well as, skin biopsies formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE). Therefore, 6 endogenous reference genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction: 18S rRNA, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), TATA box-binding protein (TBP), beta-2-microbolin (B2M), ubiquitin C (UBC) and mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 (MT-ATP6). Furthermore, validation of their stabilities and performance as reference genes was determined by geNorm and NormFinder programs. The results show that the most stable genes for PBMC and fresh skin biopsies were TBP and UBC; in FFPE lung autopsies and skin biopsies were GAPDH and B2M; and in FFPE brain autopsies were GAPDH and UBC. In addition, 18S rRNA was the least stable of all genes analyzed. These data concluded that even genes constitutively expressed have transcript level variations in different tissues as well as storage and experimental conditions. These observations suggest that suitable reference genes should be selected for normalization of gene expression data analysis.
As análises de expressão gênica baseadas na expressão do RNA mensageiro (mRNA) requerem normalização precisa dos dados. Ao usar genes de referência endógenos, estes devem ser cuidadosamente validados. Os genes de referência validados variam muito, dependendo do tecido, subconjuntos de células e contexto experimental. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar genes de referência que apresentam níveis de mRNA mais estáveis ââentre indivíduos em células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC); biópsias de pele fresca; autópsias pulmonares e cerebrais, bem como biópsias de pele fixadas em formalina e embebidas em parafina (FFPE). Portanto, 6 genes de referência endógenos foram avaliados por reação quantitativa em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real: rRNA 18S, gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH), proteína de ligação à caixa TATA (TBP), beta-2-microbolina (B2M), ubiquitina C (UBC) e ATP sintase 6 mitocondrialmente codificada (MT-ATP6). Além disso, a validação de suas estabilidades e desempenho como genes de referência foi determinada pelos programas geNorm e NormFinder. Os resultados mostram que os genes mais estáveis ââpara PBMC e biópsias de pele fresca foram TBP e UBC; nas autópsias pulmonares de FFPE e biópsias de pele foram GAPDH e B2M; e nas autópsias cerebrais de FFPE foram GAPDH e UBC. Além disso, o 18S rRNA foi o menos estável de todos os genes analisados. Esses dados concluíram que mesmo os genes expressos constitutivamente apresentam variações no nível de transcrição em diferentes tecidos, bem como condições experimentais e de armazenamento. Essas observações sugerem que genes de referência adequados devem ser selecionados para normalização da análise dos dados de expressão gênica.
Subject(s)
Parasitic Diseases , Humans , RNA, MessengerABSTRACT
Desde 1996, o Laboratório de Anticorpos Monoclonais, Antígenos e Adjuvantes - Centro de Imunologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (CI-IAL) tem desenvolvido trabalhos na caracterização antigênica de cepas de Neisseria meningitidis utilizando-se painel de anticorpos monoclonais(AcMo) pré-estabelecido, e produção de novos monoclonais para a análise de cepas com perfis desconhecidos. AcMo foram obtidos das diferentes fusões realizadas no laboratórioutilizando-se células esplênicas e linfonodos poplíteos. Dois hibridomas murinos secretores de AcMo anti-N. meningitidis produzidos e caracterizados no CI-IAL têm sido avaliados por meio de estudo imuno-histoquímico (IHQ) no Centro de Patologia-Laboratório de Imunohistoquímica-IAL. Com a padronização da reação, estabeleceu-se um protocolo para efetuar apesquisa de antígenos de N. meningitidis por IHQ. Houve melhoria no diagnóstico histopatológicoda meningite meningocócica, sobretudo em situações em que não há confirmação da presença do microorganismo por técnicas biomoleculares, como PCR, utilizando-se AcMo específicos para antígenos de diferentes sorogrupos, sorotipos e subtipos de N. meningitidis. O resultado obtido nos primeiros testes mostrou-se promissor, e os dois AcMo demonstraram excelentesresultados. Não houve reatividade cruzada com meningite viral, S. pneumoniae, Rickettsia ou rubéola. Nos próximos estudos, é fundamental ampliar número de amostras, incluindo-se aquelas coletadas de pacientes com meningites meningocócicas e de indivíduos infectados com outros agentes patogênicos.
Since 1996, the Laboratory of Monoclonal Antibodies, Antigens and Adjuvants - Immunology Center of the Adolfo Lutz Institute (CI-IAL) has been developing works on the antigenic characterization of strains of Neisseria meningitidis using pre-established panel of monoclonal antibodies (AcMo) And production of new monoclonals for the analysis of strains with unknown profiles. AcMo were obtained from the different fusions performed in the laboratory using splenic and popliteal lymph nodes. Two murine hybridomas secreting anti-N mAb. Meningitidis produced and characterized in CI-IAL have been evaluated by means of an immunohistochemical study (IHC) at the Center for Pathology-Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry-IAL. With the standardization of the reaction, a protocol was established to carry out research of antigens of N. meningitidis by IHC. There was improvement in the histopathological diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis, especially in situations where there is no confirmation of the presence of the microorganism by biomolecular techniques, such as PCR, using specific mAbs specific for antigens of different serogroups, serotypes and subtypes of N. meningitidis. The results obtained in the first tests proved to be promising, and the two MAbs demonstrated excellent results. There was no cross reactivity with viral meningitis, S. pneumoniae, Rickettsia or rubella. In the next studies, it is essential to expand the number of samples, including those collected from patients with meningococcal meningitis and from individuals infected with other pathogens.