RNA velocity of single cells.

RNA abundance is a powerful indicator of the state of individual cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing can reveal RNA abundance with high quantitative accuracy, sensitivity and throughput1. However, this approach captures only a static snapshot at a point in time, posing a challenge for the analysis of time-resolved phenomena such as embryogenesis or tissue regeneration. Here we show that RNA velocity-the time derivative of the gene expression state-can be directly estimated by distinguishing between unspliced and spliced mRNAs in common single-cell RNA sequencing protocols. RNA velocity is a high-dimensional vector that predicts the future state of individual cells on a timescale of hours. We validate its accuracy in the neural crest lineage, demonstrate its use on multiple published datasets and technical platforms, reveal the branching lineage tree of the developing mouse hippocampus, and examine the kinetics of transcription in human embryonic brain. We expect RNA velocity to greatly aid the analysis of developmental lineages and cellular dynamics, particularly in humans.

Differential modulation of the juxtaparanodal complex in Multiple Sclerosis.

Myelinated fibers are divided into discrete subdomains around the Nav-enriched nodes of Ranvier: the paranodes, where axoglial interactions occur, the juxtaparanodes, where voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are aggregated, and the internode. Perinodal changes have been reported in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with functional consequences for the axon. Here we report on alterations of the juxtaparanodal proteins TAG-1, Caspr2 and VGKCs in normal appearing white matter (NAWM), perilesion and chronic lesion areas in post-mortem white matter tissue from MS patients compared to control white matter. We show that the molecular organization and maintenance of juxtaparanodes is affected in lesions, perilesions and NAWM in chronic MS through protein and mRNA expression as well as immunohistochemistry. The three molecules analyzed were differentially altered. TAG-1 clustering at juxtaparanodes was reduced in NAWM; TAG-1 and Caspr2 are diffused in perilesions and absent in lesion areas. VGKCs were no longer enriched at juxtaparanodes either at the NAWM or the perilesion and demyelinated plaques. While the protein levels of the three molecules showed only a tendency of reduction in the plaques, there was a significant upregulation of Caspr2 mRNA in the lesions accompanied by a transcriptional increase of paranodal Caspr, indicating an axonal homeostatic mechanism.