Free flap reconstruction at a rural-based tertiary medical college hospital: Barriers and outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In a rural-based setting, providing optimal treatment is often difficult owing to the limited resources and financial constraints being rampant in cancer care delivery. Oncological resections often result in large, complex defects requiring free flap reconstruction to achieve cosmetic and/or functional goals. This article focuses on our experience of starting and promoting microvascular reconstruction in a rural tertiary medical college hospital. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of patients undergoing free flap reconstruction for oncological indications was included. Standard oncological principles were followed for cancer extirpation. Free flap reconstruction was done using loupes of 4× magnification. Flap-related outcomes and barriers in doing free flap reconstruction were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients were included. The most common free flap undertaken was free anterolateral thigh flap in 21 (37.5%) patients. The mean duration of reconstruction was 438 min. Re-exploration was undertaken in 17 patients (30.4%). Nonsalvageable flap loss was 19.64%. Adjuvant treatment was administered in all patients as per oncological indications, albeit with some delay in 12.5%. Barriers to reconstruction were noted in the pre-, intra- and postoperative periods. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction with free flaps is feasible in a resource-constrained setup with careful planning and a multidisciplinary team approach to overcome the barriers.

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma: current standards of care.

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are aggressive variants of chondrosarcoma, associated with poor outcomes. Tumor biphasism is the norm. The majority of these tumors are symptomatic at presentation. Radiologically, large soft tissue masses with bony destruction predominate. Treatment protocols of these tumors are not well defined. Surgical resection forms the standard of care for localized disease. (Neo)adjuvant therapies remain controversial as the results from multiple (mainly retrospective) studies remain conflicting. Age at presentation, stage and ability to obtain negative resection margins are important prognostic factors. The overall prognosis is dismal. Newer and novel therapies targeting the complex genetic makeup of these tumors have renewed interest in the adjuvant setting that could hold promise in the near future.

Lay abstract Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas are rare cancers composed of two components: a high-grade component and a low-grade component, with one abruptly blending into another. These rare tumors affect middle-aged individuals and present with pain and swelling in the affected site. X-rays and other scans often show tumor within the soft tissue with bony destruction. Although the precise treatment protocol is not well defined, surgery remains the standard of care for those where the tumor has not spread elsewhere. Once the disease spreads to other parts of the body, the outcome is very poor. The role of certain drugs targeting the tumor (chemotherapeutic agents) is controversial. This review briefly describes the genetic basis, treatment modalities involved and newer agents being developed for this lethal cancer.

Extraskeletal osteosarcomas: current update.

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is a very infrequently diagnosed soft-tissue sarcoma subtype which has identical histological features to bone osteosarcoma. However, its demographics, presentation, radiology and treatment strategy differ from those of osteosarcoma. Its diagnosis can be at times challenging due to radiological and pathological mimics which have more common incidence. A multimodality approach is essential for optimizing the outcomes in extraskeletal osteosarcoma. Although there are certain caveats on inclusion of adjuvant therapies (radiotherapy and chemotherapy), in all cases surgical resection with wide local margins is considered the gold standard for adequate local control. The outcome in advanced disease remains dismal and there is a huge unmet need for prospective studies addressing the optimal treatment strategy. In this article, we review the evidence available for the management of extraskeletal osteosarcoma.

Anti-NMDAR limbic encephalitis--a clinical curiosity.

BACKGROUND: Neurological paraneoplastic syndromes are rarely the first manifestation of an underlying cancer. A high index of suspicion is thus needed to diagnose such conditions. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is one such entity which is well described in association with small cell lung cancers, testicular germ cell tumors, breast cancers and ovarian tumors. This article describes the entity being associated with an ovarian tumor. CASE: A 36-year-old female presented with abnormal behaviour, mood swings and delusions. She was evaluated for her psychiatric symptoms and found to have an underlying ovarian tumor. Anti-NMDA receptor titers were strongly positive. She underwent oophorectomy, and post-operatively there was a significant improvement in her psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian tumors like teratomas are implicated in the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis. An underlying ovarian tumor must be evaluated in all young females presenting with sudden onset of psychiatric symptoms.

Novel educational training of para medical professionals in cervical cancer screening.

Background: Cervical cancer is a public health problem in India due to weak national screening policy compounded by lack of resources including scarcity of trained personnel to carry out community-based screening program. Para medical professionals (PMPs) are closely related to women in local communities. Hence, training PMPs by incorporating novel technology and reduced time duration to achieve adequate competence in screening is an area underutilized and needs to be explored. Materials and methods: A pilot cross sectional analytical study was conducted at a tertiary referral cancer center using a shorter version of educational intervention of 2 weeks duration (EI2W) involving PMPs. Pre- and post-training assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) was done using questionnaires consisting of 5 domains viz. awareness of cervical cancer, awareness of cervical pre-cancer, practical screening methodology (practice oriented), data management and aspects of human papilloma virus (HPV). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison and the degree of change was measured using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 118 PMPs were included. There was a significant improvement in scores of all domains (except cervical pre-cancer domain), following introduction of EI2W. Knowledge scores, post EI2W was better in Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) than other participants. Awareness regarding cervical cancer was higher with more years of experience. The KAP analysis showed excellent interrater reliability in the practice 0.726 (0.649-0.792) followed by knowledge domain 0.711 (0.626-0.783). Conclusion: EI2W was effective in significantly improving the competence of PMPs, thus reducing human resource constraints in cervical cancer prevention and elimination.

Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: a Current Review on Management.

Retroperitoneal sarcomas are heterogeneous tumours with variable disease biology and outcomes. The prognosis is primarily related to tumour histology and grade as well as the ability to achieve margin negative resection. Surgery involves compartment or contiguous organ resection to achieve the above goal. Careful utilization of neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies like radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy can lead to improvement in margin status, thereby contributing to better local control and possibly reducing systemic dissemination. Use of targeted therapies has paved newer pathways of treatment integration centred on molecular and genetic targets. The aim of this review is to update the reader on all aspects of retroperitoneal sarcoma management including emphasis on pertinent and landmark trials in this regard.

Red Cell Distribution Width and Gallbladder Cancer: Is It Really Useful?

PURPOSE: The data on the prognostic significance of red cell distribution width (RDW) in gallbladder cancers is sparse, especially in the potentially resectable cohort of patients. The aim was to assess the prognostic significance of RDW in gallbladder cancer patients undergoing surgery. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of gallbladder cancer patients undergoing surgery at a tertiary cancer institute from 2010 till 2018. Baseline values were collected. Patients were grouped as per the median RDW value and compared. Survival analysis was done using the Kaplan Meier method. RESULTS: A total of 605 patients were included. The median follow up period was 23 months (range: 6-120 months). The median value of RDW was 14. Comparison between RDW > 14 and RDW < 14 groups showed no difference in outcomes. RDW did not predict overall survival or recurrences. However, in combined stages II and III, a statistically significant improvement in OS and DFS (p < 0.001) was noted in the RDW < 14 group. CONCLUSION: RDW did not predict recurrence or survival in potentially resectable gallbladder cancer patients. However, in the subset of stages II and III in combination, lower RDW value was associated with better outcomes. More prospective studies are needed to conclusively establish the prognostic value of RDW.

A questionnaire-based survey to assess knowledge and practice of health care workers regarding genital hygiene: from a rural tertiary hospital in India.

PURPOSE: Maintaining good genital hygiene is an important component in reducing human papilloma virus (HPV) infections and its sequelae such as cervical pre-cancer and cancer. Awareness on the exact practice of maintaining genital hygiene is important as they are different in men and women, and both are equally important in reducing genital HPV infections. STUDY DESIGN: A questionnaire-based survey was undertaken to assess knowledge and practice of cervical cancer and its relationship with genital hygiene. Interns, post graduate students, consultants, and nurses were invited. Domain-based assessment was done. Correlation between the domains was performed using Pearson's coefficient. RESULTS: 87 respondents completed the questionnaire. Six domains on awareness of physical and genital hygiene, cervical cancer causation and prevention, health education and personal experience of cervical cancer were explored. In the awareness domains, the response was uniformly poor in 45-50% of respondents. Nurses had poor knowledge in every domain of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to improve and bridge the gap of knowledge and practice in hygiene and cervical cancer. This is necessary since nurses and interns are the first line for disseminating proper information to the general public. Webinars, seminars, and continued medical education (CME) programs must be included in the training curricula to impart knowledge on genital hygiene and cervical cancer.

Quality of life in long term survivors of cervical cancer: A cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Quality of life (QOL) is an important parameter to evaluate and modify in patients treated for cervical cancer as long-term survival is excellent in early-stage and reasonably good in locally advanced stage compared to other solid cancers. The aim of the study was the cross sectional evaluation of the quality of life in survivors completing at least 3 years of follow-up after curative therapy for cervical cancer at a tertiary cancer institute. METHODS: All patients, following primary curative treatment with no evidence of recurrence and completing at least 3 years follow-up, were assessed for QOL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)-30 and its cervical cancer module (Cx24). Patients were subdivided based on the modality of treatment. Analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: One hundred seven patients were analyzed out of the 113 patients initially included. Treated patients showed good global QOL (mean value: 84.07) and functional scores (covering all domains). In the cervical cancer module, sexual activity, sexual enjoyment, and sexual function were low in the majority of the respondents. Chronic lymphedema, symptom experience, and sexual worry were significant across all the treatment arms. CONCLUSION: Cervical cancer survivors have an overall good QOL. However, certain concerns related to the sexual quality of life, symptom experience, and chronic lymphedema need to be addressed appropriately.

Congenital Nevus with Metastatic Melanoma.

Congenital giant nevi are melanotic proliferations present at birth which often grow to 20 cm or more when adulthood is attained. These patients stand the risk of developing melanomas including dermal melanomas in more than 2/3rd of patients. The risk of melanoma development is highest in childhood although it can occasionally occur in adults. The above case emphasizes the need to thoroughly examine patients with congenital nevi to rule out dermal melanomas.

Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: Prognostic Factors and Outcomes of a Series of Patients Treated at a Single Institution.

Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are rare heterogeneous tumors arising in the retroperitoneum with unique biological and behavioral patterns that are thought to be closely linked to histology. The aim of the study was to audit our results and analyze various clinico-pathological factors including surgical excision, histology, and their implications on the recurrences and survival outcomes in RPS. Retrospective analysis of patients treated at a tertiary referral center in India from March 2008 to July 2017 was performed. The clinico-pathological variables were analyzed for their association with tumor recurrence and survival with special emphasis on histological subtype. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). One hundred consecutive patients operated for RPS were analyzed. Of these, 27 were operated for recurrent tumors. Liposarcomas (LPS) and leiomyosarcomas (LMS) constituted 50% (n = 50) and 30% (n = 30) of patients respectively. Complete tumor excision was achieved in 83%, with 43% patients undergoing adjacent organ resection. At a median follow-up of 25.3 months, the median disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 30 months and 87.8 months respectively. On multivariate analysis, tumor grade was the only factor to significantly affect survival (p = 0.001 for DFS and 0.005 for OS). There was no difference in survival outcomes between infiltrative and adhesive tumors with respect to adjacent organ invasion (p = 0.361 for OS). Tumor grade remains an important prognostic factor affecting disease-free and overall survival in retroperitoneal sarcomas irrespective of tumor size, site, and histology.

Compliance to treatment guidelines and survival in women undergoing interval debulking surgery for advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: One of the primary treatment strategies for advanced epithelial ovarian cancers includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery (IDS) and adjuvant chemotherapy. Compliance to treatment is important to possibly improve outcomes. AIM: To audit treatment compliance and its effect on overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) in women undergoing IDS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Women diagnosed with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer undergoing IDS were included. Details of compliance to chemotherapy and surgery as per standard guidelines were assessed, and correlation with survival was studied. Reasons for protocol deviation at various levels were documented and analysed. A total of 182 patients were included. The total number of deviations was 134 with deviation at any level being 89 (48.9%) and at all levels 5%. Both patient- and treatment-related factors contributed towards deviation. Deviation or noncompliance towards treatment resulted in a significantly reduced 5-year OS (34.4% vs 58.2%; P = .001) compared with compliant patients, which retained its significance on multivariate analysis (P = .024) as well. CONCLUSION: Deviation from treatment guidelines resulted in a significantly lower 5-year OS compared with those who remained treatment compliant. Both patient- and treatment-related factors contributed towards noncompliance and hence towards lower survival.

Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Resected T2N0 Gall Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Management of operable gall bladder cancer (GBC) is closely related to its tumor (T) and nodal (N) status. The magnitude of benefit with adjuvant chemotherapy in completely resected, node negative T2 cancers is not completely defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with pathological T2N0 (stage II, 7th edition AJCC) GBCs from January 2011 to June 2016 was evaluated for adverse risk factors, adjuvant treatment received, recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). Survival analysis was done using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression tools. RESULTS: Of the 88 patients included, 30 received adjuvant chemotherapy while 58 were observed. The OS and RFS in the entire cohort were 82.9% and 62.7%, respectively, at a median follow-up of 44.18 months. The OS and RFS in the chemotherapy group were 85.1% and 76.4% while it was 81.4% and 55.5% in the observation group (p = 0.50). Recurrent disease was seen in 30.7%.The presence of lymphovascular invasion predicted inferior RFS (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Adjuvant chemotherapy may reduce distant failure rates but did not improve OS in completely resected T2N0 GBC patients in this study. LVI predicted inferior RFS in T2N0 patients. An evaluation of adverse prognostic factors would help design personalized treatment strategies for this select cohort of T2N0 GBC.

Cyst with a Twist! Diagnostic Dilemma.

Obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to posterior cranial fossa space-occupying lesions is common, and treatment includes shunting or removal of the causative lesion. The list of posterior fossa space-occupying lesions is exhaustive and includes tumors, cysts, and tumor-like conditions. In the setting of cancer, the first differential is usually a metastatic deposit. However, unrelated pathologies could coexist and may be overlooked. We hereby describe an unusual case of a posterior fossa cystic, suspected metastatic lesion presenting with moderate to severe hydrocephalus in a patient with oral cavity cancer on chemotherapy, which turned out to be cysticercosis on excision, leading to a diagnostic dilemma; hence the adage "cyst with a twist"!

Isolated nasopharyngeal metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, the incidence of which parallels that of areas with high prevalence of chronic hepatitis. HCC commonly metastasizes to the lungs, lymph nodes, adrenals and bones with the overall prognosis of metastatic HCC being dismal. PRESENTATION OF CASE: We herein with present a case of a 70-year-old male who was referred to our institution with history of nasal obstruction and nasal bleeding which on further evaluation was diagnosed to have an isolated metastasis to nasopharynx from liver primary. DISCUSSION: Extrahepatic metastasis in HCC occurs in about 30-50% of patients, the commonest site being the lung. Rare sites of extrahepatic metastasis from HCC to the ovaries, kidneys, skeletal and cardiac musculature and brain have been reported. Unusual sites of metastasis in the head and neck area like the mandible have also been documented. With the changing trends in the treatment modalities, these patients are often treated using target therapy. CONCLUSION: This article presents an unusual isolated metastasis to nasopharynx from HCC in the absence of disseminated disease. This case report illustrates the distinctive pathological features of metastatic HCC.

Primary splenic lymphoma: a case report.

Primary splenic lymphomas (PSL) constitute a rare variety of splenic neoplasms. As a secondary lymphoid organ, the spleen is usually involved by lymphomas as part of the systemic illness. However, rarely it can be the exclusive site of disease burden. An elderly lady presented with symptoms and signs of splenomegaly. After evaluation she was found to have a splenic tumor. Splenectomy was done which revealed primary splenic lymphoma. This case report highlights the evaluation and management of this illness.