Occupational fatalities among grounds maintenance workers in the United States (2016-2020).

BACKGROUND: In 2019, grounds maintenance work was ranked among the most dangerous jobs in the United States. The objective of this study was to provide a national profile of fatal injuries of grounds maintenance workers. METHODS: Data from the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries and Current Population Survey were analyzed to determine grounds maintenance worker fatality rates and rate ratios during 2016-2020. RESULTS: During the 5-year study period, a total of 1064 deaths, or average fatality rate of 16.64 deaths per 100,000 full-time employees (FTEs) was identified in grounds maintenance workers compared to 3.52 deaths per 100,000 FTEs for all occupational worker deaths in the United States. The incidence rate ratio was 4.72 per 100,000 FTEs [95% CI: 4.44-5.02; p < 0.0001]. The primary events or exposures that led to work-related deaths were transportation incidents (28.0%), falls (27.3%), contact with objects and equipment (22.8%), and traumatic acute exposures to harmful substances or environments (17.9%). Black or African American workers had higher death rates, while Hispanic or Latino workers accounted for over one-third of all occupational-related fatalities. CONCLUSIONS: Each year, fatal work injury rates were consistently nearly five times higher among those employed in grounds maintenance work than all US worker fatalities. Wide-ranging safety intervention and prevention measures are needed to protect workers. Future research efforts should employ methods that include qualitative approaches to gain a better understanding of worker's perspectives and employer's operational work practices to mitigate risks that contribute to these high work-related fatalities.

Asthma deaths in North Carolina: 1999-2016.

Introduction: Despite the significant decline in overall death rates in the U.S. over the past decade, many asthma deaths could have been avoided. Eastern North Carolina (N.C.) is an economically challenged region with significant health disparities and a high prevalence of asthma. Objective: The primary purpose of this project was to examine trends of asthma deaths across N.C. and identify counties in the state with the highest mortality rates over an 18-year period. Methods: CDC WONDER was used to query and evaluate age-adjusted asthma mortality rates from 1999 to 2016 among residents in N.C., greater than 1 year of age. Asthma death data were derived from death certificates using ICD-10 underlying cause-of-death codes J45 (asthma) and J46 (status asthmaticus). The Join point regression program was used to test statistical significance in age-adjusted rates for the U.S. and N.C. over the entire study period. Results: N.C. experienced a total of 2,066 decedents assigned as the underlying cause of deaths for an overall death rate of 12.5 per 1,000,000 persons. Death rates were highest among females (14.6 deaths per 1,000,000) and black or African Americans (24.7 per 1,000,000). Discussion: Overall asthma mortality rates in N.C. decreased. However, several rural and impoverished counties in eastern N.C. with a large percent of blacks or African-Americans, had the highest asthma death rates in the state. Conclusion: Healthcare providers should remain highly cognizant to provide optimal asthma management, education, and follow-up with asthma patients to help avoid unnecessary asthma related deaths.

Work Safety Culture of Latinx Child Farmworkers in North Carolina.

Background: Little research has addressed the safety environment of child farmworkers. This analysis examines the work safety culture experienced by Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina. Methods: Survey interviews were conducted in 2017 with 202 Latinx children aged 10 to 17 years employed on North Carolina farms. Analysis included measures of the behavioral, situational, and psychological elements of work safety culture. Results: The work culture on North Carolina farms employing Latinx child farmworkers places limited value on safety. Behaviorally, many did not wear appropriate work clothing (e.g., 47.5% wore gloves, 37.1% wore boots). Situationally, few received safety training for tools (40.6%), machinery (24.3%), or pesticides (26.0%); about one-third (33.7%) had worked piece-rate; and many did not have field sanitation services available (e.g., 37.1% had water for washing, 19.8% had soap). Safety attitudes were mixed, and work safety climate was low, with 21.8% stating that their supervisor was only interested in doing the job fast and cheaply. Greater safety training, field sanitation services, and work safety climate were associated with working in western North Carolina, migrant workers, limited English fluency, and working in tomatoes. Wearing appropriate work clothing, not working piece-rate, fewer unsafe work attitudes were associated with working in eastern North Carolina, seasonal worker, speaking English, and working in tobacco. Conclusions: This research makes it apparent that efforts are needed to improve safety culture wherever child farmworkers are employed. Current policy is not providing a safe environment for children working on farms in the United States.

Preparing for the Health Impacts of a Changing Climate.

Over the past century, anthropogenic activities have resulted in high levels of greenhouse gases in our environment, creating a warming effect on the Earth. As a result, global temperatures have risen, shifting climatic zones, influencing weather patterns, and intensifying storms. These changes include heavy precipitation, drought, wildfires, hurricanes, heat waves, and coastal flooding. The impacts from this climatic activity continue to contribute negatively to our environment while influencing human health.In this special issue of the North Carolina Medical Journal, authors from universities, governmental agencies, and not-for-profit organizations address how the global impacts of climate change are affecting the health of communities across our beautiful state. This issue offers our readers research and real-life stories that underscore the need for keeping the issue of climate change at the forefront of public health for North Carolina. The information provided in these articles gives policymakers and health care providers a deeper understanding of the public health implications and challenges of climate change while highlighting the health risks to our most susceptible populations.Because there are no direct clinical symptoms or signs, the effects of climate change are difficult to assess at the individual level. However, an abundance of peer-reviewed climate health research studies provides overwhelming scientific evidence that climate change is impacting population health with generalizable results. Mitigation and adaptability strategies are necessary for reducing carbon emissions and building climate-resilient communities. Policymakers and health care providers are in key positions for educating others, helping protect our planet, improving health outcomes, and moving North Carolina toward more sustainable solutions.

Calor Extremo: On the Frontlines of Climate Change with North Carolina Farmworkers.

Increasingly hotter temperatures threaten the environment and pose serious risks to human health. From contending with damaged crops and loss of work due to extreme weather to working in life-threateningly hot and humid temperatures, agricultural farmworkers are on the front lines of this harsh reality.

Latinx child farmworkers in North Carolina: Study design and participant baseline characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Although children as young as 10 years can work in agriculture, little research has addressed their occupational health. This paper describes a large, multicomponent study of hired Latinx child farmworkers, and the characteristics of children participating in this study. METHODS: Survey interviews were conducted in 2017 with 202 Latinx children aged 10-17 years employed in agriculture across North Carolina (NC). RESULTS: Most (81.2%) participants were born in the United States, 37.6% were female, and 21.3% were aged 10-13 years. Most (95.1%) were currently enrolled in school. Thirty-six (17.8%) were migrant workers. 34.7% had worked in agriculture for 1 year; 18.3% had worked 4+ years. 33.7% worked piece rate. 57.4% worked in tobacco. Participants in western NC differed in personal and occupational characteristics from those in eastern NC. CONCLUSIONS: This study has enrolled a large and diverse child farmworker sample. This overview indicates several important issues for further analysis.

Perceptions of Global Warming Among the Poorest Counties in the Southeastern United States.

The geographic position and high level of poverty in the southeastern United States are significant risk factors that contribute to the region's high vulnerability to climate change. The goal of this study was to evaluate beliefs and perceptions of global warming among those living in poverty in the poorest counties in the southeastern United States. Results from this project may be used to support public health efforts to increase climate-related messaging to vulnerable and underserved communities. This was an ecological study that analyzed public opinion poll estimates from previously gathered national level survey data (2016). Responses to 5 questions related to beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions of global warming were evaluated. Counties below the national average poverty level (13.5%) were identified among 11 southeastern US states (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia). Student t tests were used to compare public perceptions of global warming among the poorest urban and rural counties with national-level public opinion estimates. Overall, counties below the national poverty level in the southeastern US were significantly less likely to believe that global warming was happening compared with national-level estimates. The poorest rural counties were less likely to believe that global warming was happening than the poorest urban counties. Health care providers and public health leaders at regional and local levels are in ideal positions to raise awareness and advocate the health implications of climate change to decision makers for the benefit of helping underserved communities mitigate and adequately adapt to climate-related threats.

Asthma-Related Emergency Department Visits in North Carolina, 2010-2014.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to compare asthma-related emergency department (ED) visit rates across North Carolina. Results from this study can inform health planning while helping public health and health care professionals in identifying geographical areas and targeting age groups to reduce the asthma burden in North Carolina.METHODS This was a retrospective data analysis between 2010 and 2014 among North Carolina patients presenting to an ED with a first or second listed diagnosis code related to asthma (ICD-9-CM, 493.xx). Data was obtained from the North Carolina Disease Event Tracking and Epidemiology Collection Tool. Annual, age-adjusted rates were standardized to the 2000 US standard population using the direct method. Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to compare differences between mean values of asthma-related ED visit rates in regions, urbanicity, and age groups across years.RESULTS Asthma ED rates were consistently higher in the east (85.1 per 10,000) compared with other regions. While most age group ED rates fluctuated over the study period, univariate test results indicated statistical increases in ED asthma visits among the groups aged 5 to 9 years (P < .01), and 65 and over (P < .03).CONCLUSION Public health officials should recognize the disproportionate burden of asthma-related ED visits, particularly among rural and impoverished counties in the eastern portion of North Carolina when prioritizing health concerns across North Carolina.

Climate Change and Public Health through the Lens of Rural, Eastern North Carolina.

BACKGROUND Recognizing that health outcomes are associated with climate threats is important and requires increased attention by health care providers and policymakers. The primary goal of this report is to provide information related to the public health threats of climate change, while identifying climate-sensitive populations primarily in rural, Eastern North Carolina.METHODS Publicly available data was used to evaluate regional (eg, Eastern, Piedmont, and Western) and county level socio-vulnerability characteristics of population groups in North Carolina, including: percent of persons living in poverty, percent of non-white persons, percent of persons under 18 years living in poverty, percent of elderly people living in poverty, percent of persons with a disability, and number of primary care physicians. One-way ANOVA was used to calculate and compare mean value estimates of population socio-vulnerability variables in Eastern North Carolina with Piedmont and Western regions.RESULTS Across all regional categories, the eastern part of the state had considerably higher averages than the state for percent of persons living in poverty (17.2%), percent of non-white persons (13.3%), percent of persons under 18 years old living in poverty (24.9%), percent of elderly people living in poverty (10.0%), and percent of persons with a disability (13.3%). Overwhelmingly, more counties in Eastern North Carolina had fewer primary care physicians (per 10,000 persons) than the state average (8.6 per 10,000 persons).CONCLUSION Eastern North Carolina has a disproportionally higher percent of population groups that are vulnerable to the threats of climate change. The need for health care providers to understand and communicate the challenges faced by rural, vulnerable population groups is of great public health importance. Communicating these health risks to policy makers is of equal importance.

Mortality Rates and Cause of Death Among Former Prison Inmates in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND Inmates face challenges upon release from prison, including increased risk of death. We examine mortality among former inmates in North Carolina, including both violent and nonviolent deaths.METHODS A retrospective cohort study among former North Carolina inmates released between 2008 and 2010 were linked with North Carolina mortality data to determine cause of death. Inmates were followed through December 31, 2012. Mortality rates among former inmates were compared with deaths among North Carolina residents using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs).RESULTS Among former inmates (N = 41,495), there were 926 deaths during the study period. Compared to the North Carolina general population, SMRs were higher for all-cause mortality for total deaths (SMR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.97-2.24), heart disease (SMR = 4.45, 95% CI: 3.64-5.34), cancer (SMR = 3.92, 95% CI: 3.34-4.62), suicide (SMR = 14.46, 95% CI: 10.28-19.76), and homicide (SMR = 7.98, 95% CI: 6.34-10.03).DISCUSSION The death rate among former North Carolina inmates is significantly higher than that of other North Carolina residents. Although more research is needed, identifying areas for interventions is essential for reducing the risk of death among this population.

A population-based study of smoking, serum cotinine and exhaled nitric oxide among asthmatics and a healthy population in the USA.

BACKGROUND: Fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is recommended by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) as a noninvasive biomarker of airway inflammation. In addition to inflammation, many factors may be associated with FeNO, particularly tobacco exposure; however, only age has been included as an influential factor for children below 12 years. Numerous studies have demonstrated negative associations between tobacco exposure and FeNO levels with self-reported data, but few with an objective assessment of smoking. METHODS: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012 were analyzed to examine the association between FeNO and active/passive tobacco. Exposure was assessed by both self-report and serum cotinine levels among 11,160 subjects aged 6-79 years old with asthma, or without any respiratory disease. RESULTS: Study results indicated 28.8% lower FeNO, 95% CI [25.2%, 32.3%] and 38.1% lower FeNO, 95% CI: [28.1, 46.2] was observed among healthy and asthmatic participants with serum cotinine in the highest quartile compared to those in the lowest quartile, respectively. Self-reported smoking status and recent tobacco use were also associated with decreased FeNO. Self-reported passive smoking was significantly associated with a 1.0% decrease in FeNO 95% CI [0.0, 2.0] among asthmatic subjects but not among healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Active smoking, whether measured by self-report or serum cotinine, was associated with decreased FeNO levels. In addition to age, increased attention should be given to tobacco exposure when using FeNO as a biomarker in clinical practice. Additional research is needed to establish reference value of FeNO considering the impact of tobacco exposure.

Noise exposure assessment among groundskeepers in a university setting: A pilot study.

Approximately 870,000 U.S. workers are employed as landscaping and groundskeeping workers who perform various tasks and use a variety of tools that expose them to high noise levels, increasing their risk to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Several studies on noise exposure and NIHL in other job sectors have been published, but those on groundskeepers are very limited. This study aims to characterize the noise exposure of groundskeepers. Participants were monitored over their entire work shift for personal noise exposure by wearing noise dosimeters at shoulder level, 4 in from the ear. Using two different dosimeter settings (OSHA and NIOSH), the time-weighted averages (TWAs) and 1-min averages of noise exposure levels in decibels (dBA) were obtained. The participants were also asked to fill out an activity card daily to document their tasks, tools used, location and noise perception. Sound pressure levels (SPLs) produced by various groundskeeping equipment and tools were measured at full throttle near the ear of the operator using a sound level meter. These measurements were used to assess worker noise exposure profiles, particularly the contributing source of noise. The overall mean OSHA and NIOSH TWA noise exposures were 82.2±9.2 (range of 50.9-100 dBA) and 87.8±6.6 dBA (range of 67.2-102.9 dBA), respectively. Approximately 46% of the OSHA TWAs exceeded the OSHA action limit of 85 dBA. About 76% of the NIOSH TWAs exceeded 85 dBA, and 42% exceeded 90 dBA. The SPLs of equipment and tools measured ranged from 75- 106 dBA, most of which were at above 85 dBA and within the 90-100 dBA range. Hand-held power tools and ride-on equipment without enclosed cab may have contributed significantly to worker noise exposure. This study demonstrates that groundskeepers may be routinely exposed to noise levels above the OSHA and NIOSH exposure limits, and that the implementation of effective hearing conservation programs is necessary to reduce their risk to NIHL.

Work Safety Climate, Safety Behaviors, and Occupational Injuries of Youth Farmworkers in North Carolina.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this project were to describe the work safety climate and the association between occupational safety behaviors and injuries among hired youth farmworkers in North Carolina (n = 87). METHODS: We conducted personal interviews among a cross-sectional sample of youth farmworkers aged 10 to 17 years. RESULTS: The majority of youths reported that work safety practices were very important to management, yet 38% stated that supervisors were only interested in "doing the job quickly and cheaply." Few youths reported appropriate work safety behavior, and 14% experienced an injury within the past 12 months. In bivariate analysis, perceptions of work safety climate were significantly associated with pesticide exposure risk factors for rewearing wet shoes (P = .01), wet clothes (P = .01), and shorts (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Youth farmworkers perceived their work safety climate as being poor. Although additional research is needed to support these findings, these results strengthen the need to increase employer awareness to improve the safety climate for protecting youth farmworkers from harmful exposures and injuries.

Work safety culture of youth farmworkers in North Carolina: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed aspects of the behavioral, situational, and psychological elements of work safety culture of hired youth farmworkers in North Carolina. METHODS: Data were from interviewer-administered questionnaires completed with 87 male and female hired farmworkers aged 10 to 17 years in North Carolina in 2013. We computed means, SDs, and Cronbach α values for the perceived work safety climate and safety perception summary scores. RESULTS: Hired youth farmworkers in North Carolina described a negative work safety culture. Most engaged in unsafe general and unsafe work behaviors, few received training, and many were sexually harassed at work. They had mixed safety attitudes and knew that their employment was precarious. They reported a poor perceived work safety climate characterized by the perception that their supervisors "are only interested in doing the job fast and cheaply." However, we could not detect statistically significant associations between work safety culture and injuries among these farmworkers. CONCLUSIONS: Increased scrutiny of agriculture as a suitable industry for workers as young as 10 years and additional regulations to protect hired youth farmworkers, if not to remove them from this environment, are warranted. Additional research is needed.

Attitudes toward noise, perceived hearing symptoms, and reported use of hearing protection among college students: Influence of youth culture.

The purpose of this study was to assess the attitude toward noise, perceived hearing symptoms, noisy activities that were participated in, and factors associated with hearing protection use among college students. A 44-item online survey was completed by 2,151 college students (aged 17 years and above) to assess the attitudes toward noise, perceived hearing symptoms related to noise exposure, and use of hearing protection around noisy activities. Among the participants, 39.6% experienced at least one hearing symptom, with ear pain as the most frequently reported (22.5%). About 80% of the participants were involved in at least one noise activity, out of which 41% reported the use of hearing protection. A large majority of those with ear pain, hearing loss, permanent tinnitus, and noise sensitivity was involved in attending a sporting event, which was the most reported noisy activity. The highest reported hearing protection use was in the use of firearms, and the lowest in discos/ dances. The reported use of hearing protection is associated with having at least one hearing symptom but the relationship is stronger with tinnitus, hearing loss, and ear pain (χ² = 30.5-43.5, P< 0.01) as compared to noise sensitivity (χ² = 3.8, P= 0.03); it is also associated with anti-noise attitudes, particularly in youth social events. Universities and colleges have important roles in protecting young adults' hearing by integrating hearing conservation topic in the college curriculum, promoting hearing health by student health services, involving student groups in noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) awareness and prevention, and establishing noise level limitations for all on-campus events.

A decade of environmental public health tracking (2002-2012): progress and challenges.

BACKGROUND: The creation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Environmental Public Health Tracking Program spawned an invigorating and challenging approach toward implementing the nation's first population-based, environmental disease tracking surveillance system. More than 10 years have passed since its creation and an abundance of peer-reviewed articles have been published spanning a broad variety of public health topics related primarily to the goal of reducing diseases of environmental origin. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate peer-reviewed literature related to Environmental Public Health Tracking during 2002-2012, recognize major milestones and challenges, and offer recommendations. DESIGN: A narrative overview was conducted using titles and abstracts of peer-reviewed articles, key word searches, and science-based search engine databases. MAIN OUTCOMES: Eighty published articles related to "health tracking" were identified and categorized according to 4 crossed-central themes. The Science and Research theme accounted for the majority of published articles, followed by Policy and Practice, Collaborations Among Health and Environmental Programs, and Network Development. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, progress was reported in the areas of data linkage, data sharing, surveillance methods, and network development. Ongoing challenges included formulating better ways to establish the connections between health and the environment, such as using biomonitoring, public water systems, and private well water data. Recommendations for future efforts include use of data to inform policy and practice and use of electronic health records data for environmental health surveillance.

Florida county health department, environmental health 2006 survey: do rural counties know "what to do' in a chemical or all-hazards event?

The objective of the study described here was to determine basic plans and collaboration with first responder stakeholders and to identify perceived roles and responsibilities in preparing for and responding to a chemical disaster. A survey was developed and provided to environmental health personnel at county health departments (CHDs) in Florida. Most of the counties had good collaborative relationships with first responder stakeholders. A little more than half of the respondents had access to a resource manual with contact information and had developed and maintained a chemical plan. Rural counties were less likely to know "what to do" or their responsibility in a chemical disaster; however, both rural and nonrural counties were equally likely not to have a written plan. Public health agencies at the local CHD must be the communicators of public health messages in coordination with the incident commander and the state communications office in a chemical disaster, so it is important to strengthen collaboration and cooperation with chemical response stakeholders.

Assessment of occupational health and safety hazard exposures among working college students.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults have higher injury rates than their adult counterparts in similar jobs. This study used the working college student population to assess health and safety hazards in the workplace, characterize related occupational diseases and injuries, and describe worker health/safety activities provided by employers. METHODS: College students (≥17 years old) were assessed via online surveys about work history, workplace exposure to hazards, occupational diseases/injuries, and workplace health/safety activities. RESULTS: Approximately half (51%) of participants (n = 1,147) were currently employed at the time of the survey or had been employed while enrolled in college. Restaurants (other than fast food) were the most frequently reported work setting. The most reported workplace hazards included noise exposure and contact with hot liquids/surfaces. Twenty percent of working students experienced injury at work; some injuries were severe enough to limit students' normal activities for >3 days (30%) or require medical attention (44%). Men had significantly higher prevalence of injuries (P = 0.05) and near-misses (P < 0.01) at work than women. Injury occurrence was associated with near-misses (AOR = 5.08, P < 0.01) and co-worker injuries (AOR = 3.19, P < 0.01) after gender and age adjustments. Most (77%) received worker safety training and half were given personal protective equipment (PPE) by their employers. CONCLUSIONS: Risk reduction from workplace injuries and illnesses among working college students may be achieved by implementing occupational health and safety (OHS) strategies including incorporation of OHS in the college curriculum, promotion of OHS by university/college student health services, and improving awareness of OHS online resources among college students, employers, and educators.