Echocardiographic assessment of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes.

BACKGROUND: Premature ventricular complex (PVC) is seen in most individuals. It has been shown that the kinetics-tracking index or Kawasaki-Tanaka index (KT index) strongly predicts pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) by noninvasively. KT index was defined as log10 (active LAEF/minimum LAV index). We goaled to assess PCWP non-invasively in patients with frequent PVCs with normal left ventricular systolic functions and to evaluate whether there is an increase in PCWP before systolic and diastolic functions are impaired. METHODS: About 55 patients with frequent PVCs as a patient group and 54 healthy volunteers as a control group were involved to the study. After the conventional echocardiographic examination, the vendor-independent software system (EchoPAC version 202) was used to obtain the time-left atrial volume (LAV) curve. total left atrial emptying function (LAEF), passive LAEF, and active LAEF were calculated to evaluate phasic left atrial (LA) function. In this study, ePCWP was calculated using the KT index, and KT index results and other echocardiographic parameters were compared between study groups. RESULTS: LA anterior-posterior dimension, LA maximum volume index, and LA minimum volume index were significantly larger in the patient group (all p values < .001). Total LAEF were significantly reduced in patients with frequent PVC (p < .001). Estimated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (ePCWP) by KT index was significantly higher in patients with frequent PVCs (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with frequent PVC had increased ePCWP as assessed by KT index.

Monocyte to HDL ratio may predict thrombosis in patients with mechanical mitral and aortic valve prosthesis.

Increased inflammatory biomarkers have been reported in prosthetic heart valve thrombosis (PHVT). Monocyte to HDL ratio (MHR) and albumin to CRP levels (CAR) are two biomarkers used widely for systemic inflammation but there is a lack of data on prosthetic heart valves. This study aimed to find out the potential predictive value of MHR and CAR for PHVT. Patients who had the diagnosis of mechanical mitral/aortic PHVT and normally functioning prosthesis were retrospectively analyzed. Laboratory data including complete blood count and biochemistry were recorded. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed to diagnose PHVT. The study included 118 patients with mechanical PHVT and 120 patients with normally functioning prosthesis. White blood count, monocyte levels, C-reactive protein, MHR and CAR were significantly higher whereas the lymphocyte, HDL and INR levels on admission were lower in patients with PHVT. Multivariate analysis showed that as well as inadequate anticoagulation, MHR, but not CAR, was found to be an independent predictor of thrombosis in patients with PHVT. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to detect the best cut-off value of MHR in the prediction of thrombosis in patients with prosthetic valves. MHR level of > 12.8 measured on admission, yielded an AUC value of 0.791 [(CI 95% 0.733-0.848 p < 0.001) sensitivity 71%, specificity 70%]. Inadequate anticoagulation is the primary cause that leads to thrombosis in mechanical prosthetic valves. Increased MHR, but not CAR, was also shown to be an independent predictor of thrombosis in patients with mechanical mitral and aortic prosthetic valves.

High AST/ALT Ratio Is Associated with Cardiac Involvement in Acute COVID-19 Patients.

Background and Objectives: We aimed to assess the effect of AST/ALT ratio on echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) parameters after COVID-19 patients recover. Materials and Methods: 87 patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. The patients were hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, but the patients did not need intensive care unit follow-up or non-invasive mechanical ventilation support. After a discharge and two weeks following the positive swab test result, patients were considered eligible if they had any symptoms. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed within 24 h prior to CMRI. The median value of AST/ALT ratio was found, and the study population was divided into two subgroups based on the median AST/ALT ratio value. The clinical features, blood test, TTE and CMRI results were compared between subgroups. Results: C-reactive protein, D-dimer and fibrinogen were found to be significantly higher in patients with high AST/ALT ratio. LVEF, TAPSE, S', and FAC were significantly lower in patients with high AST/ALT ratio. LV-GLS were significantly lower in patients with high AST/ALT ratio. In CMRI, native T1 mapping signal, native T2 mapping signal and extracellular volume raised significantly in patients with high AST/ALT ratio. Right ventricle stroke volume and right ventricle ejection fraction were significantly lower in patients with high AST/ALT ratio, but right ventricle end systolic volume was significantly higher in patients with high AST/ALT ratio. Conclusion: High AST/ALT ratio is related to impaired right ventricular function parameters with CMRI and echocardiography after recovery from acute COVID-19. Assessment of AST/ALT ratio at hospital admission may be used to assess the risk of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 disease, and these patients may require closer follow-up during and after the course of COVID-19.

Could premature ventricular contractions lead to atrial remodeling?

BACKGROUND: Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) is a frequent kind of arrhythmia that affects around 1% of the general population. While PVC most frequently impairs ventricular function in structurally normal heart, retrograde ventriculo-atrial conduction can occur in people with PVC. These retrograde atrial activations may mimic pulmonary vein-derived atrial ectopies. As a result, PVC may raise the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) by retrograde ventriculo-atrial conduction. The Four-Dimensional Automated Left Atrial Quantification (4D Auto LAQ) tool is a left atrial analytical approach that utilizes three-dimensional volume data to quantify the volume, as well as LA longitudinal and circumferential strains. The purpose of this study was to determine if clinical diagnosis of PVC is connected with abnormal LA function as determined by LA strain evaluation utilizing a 4D Auto LAQ compared to the healthy population. METHODS: The 58 patients with frequent PVCs and 53 healthy volunteers as a control group were enrolled in the study. Imaging was performed using the GE Vivid E95 echocardiography equipment (GE Healthcare; Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) equipped with an M5S probe (frequency range: 1.5-4.6 MHz) and a 4V probe (frequency range: 1.5-4.0 MHz). Images were imported into and were selected for analysis using the EchoPAC203 software (GE Healthcare). The analysis mode was selected, followed by the volume and 4D Auto LAQ submodes. Following that, the sample point was positioned in the center of the mitral orifice in each of the three planes. The review function was used to acquire the LA parameters measured by 4D Auto LAQ, including volume and strain parameters. RESULTS: The maximum left atrial volume (LAVmax) and minimal left atrial volume (LAVmin) were significantly higher in the patient group (38.91 ± 9.72 vs. 46.31 ± 10.22, 17.75 ± 4.52 vs. 23.10 ± 7.13, respectively, all p values <.001). On the other hand left atrial reservoir longitudinal strain (LASr), conduit longitudinal strain (LAScd), contraction longitudinal strain (LASct), reservoir circumferential strain (LASr-c), conduit circumferential strain (LAScd-c), and contraction circumferential strain (LASct-c) were significantly lower in patient group (26.64 ± 5.64 vs.19.16 ± 4.58, -19.53 ± 3.72 vs. -11.28 ± 3.47, -10.34 ± 1.56 vs. -4.59 ± 1.49, 30.72 ± 4.04 vs. 19.31 ± 2.60, -19.91 ± 1.78 vs. -13.38 ± 2.85, -15.89 ± 6.37 vs. -9.24 ± 1.63, respectively, all p values <.001). CONCLUSIONS: The present study found that premature ventricular complexes can lead to atrial remodeling as well as ventricular remodeling in patients with PVC and 4D LAQ technology can quantitatively examine left atrial function and determine these alterations early.

Is Low Serum Klotho Level Associated with Alterations in Coronary Flow Reserve?

BACKGROUND: The Klotho gene, described as an "aging suppressor" gene, encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein. The extracellular part of Klotho is cleaved and released into the circulation where it may function as a vasculoprotective hormone. Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is accepted as a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction when epicardial coronary stenosis is absent. There are no data regarding the relationship between serum Klotho levels and disorders in coronary microcirculation in healthy adults. We aimed to investigate the association between serum Klotho levels and alterations in coronary microcirculation in healthy adults using echocardiographic measurements of CFR. METHODS: Thirty-four healthy volunteers (median age: 34 [27-39], 14 males) were enrolled in this study. The study population was divided into two subgroups according to the median value of serum Klotho levels: a high Klotho (HK) group (n = 17, median age: 34 [30-38]; 6 males) and a low Klotho (LK) group (n = 17, median age: 32 [26-39]; 8 males). The analysis of coronary flow velocities was performed by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Hyperemic diastolic peak flow velocities and CFR were significantly higher in the HK group than in the LK group (70 [66-92] versus 61 [47-66], P = 0.003 and 3.0 [2.6-3.8] versus 2.2 [1.7-2.8], respectively, P = 0.001). Serum Klotho levels were positively correlated with CFR (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Serum Klotho levels correlate with CFR in a healthy population. Low serum Klotho levels may potentially identify patients with impaired CFR.

Antioxidant and renoprotective effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine on contrast-induced nephropathy in rats.

Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is a major cause of morbidity, and increased costs as well as an increased risk of death. This study was evaluated effects of exogenous sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) administration on CIN in rats. Eight animals were included in each of the following eight groups: control, control phosphate-buffered solution (PBS), control SPC 2, control SPC 10, CIN, CIN PBS, CIN SPC 2 and CIN SPC 10. The induced nephropathy was created by injected with 4 g iodine/kg body weight. SPC was administered 3 d at a daily two different doses of 2 µm/mL and 10 µm/mL intraperitoneally. The severity of renal injury score was determined by the histological and immunohistochemical changes in the kidney. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined to evaluate the oxidative status in the renal tissue. Treatment with 2 and 10 µM SPC inhibited the increase in renal MDA, NO levels significantly and also attenuated the depletion of SOD in the renal injuryCIN. These data were supported by histopathological findings. The inducible nitric oxide synthase positive cells and apoptotic cells in the renal tissue were observed to be reduced with the 2 and 10 µM SPC treatment. These findings suggested that 2 and 10 µM doses can attenuate renal damage in contrast nephropathy by prevention of oxidative stress and apoptosis. The low and high dose SPC may be a promising new therapeutic agent for CIN.

Low Serum Level of Klotho Is an Early Predictor of Atherosclerosis.

The Klotho gene, identified as an 'aging suppressor' gene, encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein. The extracellular domain of Klotho is cleaved and released in the blood stream, where it may function as a vasculoprotective hormone. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) have been reported as early predictors of atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate the relationship between serum Klotho levels and early atherosclerotic predictors, including EFT, FMD and CIMT in healthy adults. Fifty healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study, consisting of 21 males and 29 females with median age of 32 years. They were free of known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Serum Klotho levels were determined by the ELISA method. The study population was divided into two groups (n = 25 for each) according to the median serum Klotho level (459.4 pg/mL): higher Klotho (HK) group (613.6 pg/mL; ranges of 501.2-772.6 pg/mL) and lower Klotho (LK) group (338.7 pg/mL; ranges of 278.8-430.3 pg/mL). EFT was measured by transthoracic echocardiography, and CIMT and FMD were measured with standard procedures. The LK group showed lower values of FMD (p = 0.012) and larger values of EFT (p = 0.01) and CIMT (p < 0.001), compared to the HK group. Thus, the low serum Klotho levels were associated with increased EFT and CIMT and with the decreased FMD in the study population. We propose that the lower serum Klotho level is a newly identified predictor of atherosclerosis.

Retrobulbar blood flow and carotid intima-media thickness alteration may relate to subclinic atherosclerosis in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

OBJECTIVE: AA amyloidosis occurs in the setting of longstanding inflammation. An increased incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) was noted in patients with chronic inflammatory disease (CID). Retrobulbar blood flow predicts future macrovascular events including CAD. Increase in carotid artery intima-media thickness is regarded as a marker for early atherosclerosis. The relationship between chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis is well known; however, the connection between amyloidosis-advanced CIDs and retrobulbar microvascular function and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is unidentified. We aimed to investigate whether retrobulbar microcirculation and CIMT were impaired or not in amyloidosis-advanced CID patients compared to normal subjects. METHODS: Fourteen patients with renal AA amyloidosis and a group of healthy volunteers were included in the study. Measurement of CIMT and retrobulbar blood flow velocities was performed with ultrasound scanner and color Doppler ultrasonography. RESULTS: The CIMT of patients with renal amyloidosis was significantly thicker than that of the normal population (p < 0.001). The resistivity index of the ophthalmic artery (OA) of patients with renal amyloidosis was significantly higher than the study group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that accelerated atherosclerosis which can be shown by increased OA resistivity index and CIMT are found in amyloidal-related CID patients.

Prognostic value of serum albumin to creatinine ratio in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of serum albumin-to-creatinine ratio (sACR) in carotid artery stenting (CAS) patients regarding in-hospital and 5-year outcomes. METHODS: This is a retrospective study. Baseline characteristics were compared between patients by admission albumin to creatinine ratio and categorized accordingly: T1, T2 and T3. 609 patients were included in the study. Serum albumin and creatinine levels at hospital admission were used to calculate the sACR. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. MACE consisted of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction (MI) and death. All follow-up data were obtained from electronic medical records or by interview. The study was terminated after 60 months of follow-up. RESULTS: Serum albumin levels were found to be significantly lower in T1, while creatinine was found to be significantly higher in T1. T1 has the lowest sACR while T3 has the highest. In hospital, ipsilateral stroke, major stroke, MI and death were significantly higher in T1. In long-term outcomes, ipsilateral stroke, major stroke, and death were significantly higher in T1. CONCLUSIONS: Low sACR values at hospital admission was independently associated with in-hospital and long-term mortality and major stroke in patients underwent CAS.

Assessment of atrial conduction times in patients with frequent premature ventricular complex.

Background: Premature ventricular complex (PVC) is a frequent finding in the general population. The atrial conduction time (ACT) is the period between the electrocardiographic P wave and the atrial mechanical contraction, and its prolongation indicates an atrial electromechanical delay (EMD). In our study, we compared atrial conduction parameters by echocardiographic methods between patients with frequent PVC and healthy control subjects. Methods: The study included 54 patients with PVC and 54 healthy volunteers. Atrial conduction parameters were measured with echocardiographic examination. The time difference between the p wave and the Am wave was measured in the septal, lateral, and tricuspid annulus regions. The interatrial EMD, left atrial intra-atrial delay, and the right atrial intra-atrial delay were calculated from these measurements. The groups were compared for demographic and electrocardiographic features and echocardiographic parameters. Results: Left intra-atrial EMD, right intra-atrial EMD, and interatrial EMD were significantly longer in the patient group (p = .001, p < .001, p < .001, respectively). PA lateral, PA septal, and PA tricuspid durations were significantly prolonged in the patient group (all p < .001). All ACT parameters were significantly prolonged in patients with PVC QRS duration of 150 ms and above (all p < .001). All ACT parameters were prolonged in PVCs of right ventricular origin than those of left ventricular origin (all p < .001). ACT parameters were prolonged in patients with a coupling interval time below 485 ms (all p < .001). Conclusions: Atrial conduction times are prolonged in patients with frequent PVC.

May myocardial work predict the risk of cardiomyopathy in patients with premature ventricular complex?

BACKGROUND: An increased premature ventricular complex (PVC) frequency is related to an increased risk of cardiomyopathy. Changes in myocardial work (MW) parameters in patients with PVC may be a predictor of the development of cardiomyopathy. METHODS: The study included 56 patients with PVC and 50 healthy volunteers as a control group. A comprehensive echocardiographic examination was done. A speckle tracking echocardiography was used to obtain the left ventricle (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS). A bull's eye plot of the global MW index and the global work efficiency of 17 left ventricle segments with MW component values were generated. RESULTS: Global work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), and global work efficiency (GWE) were significantly lower in the patient group (2377.84 ± 216.52 vs.1818.30 ± 283.73, 2734.00 ± 208.90 vs. 2283.73 ± 321.65, 92.48 ± 2.85 vs. 87.75 ± 3.87, respectively, all p values <0.001). Global wasted work (GWW) was significantly higher in the patient group (216.80 ± 26.86 vs. 302.13 ± 41.81, p < 0.001) Patients were compared according to the origin of PVCs. GWI, GCW, GWE were significantly lower and GWW was significantly higher in patients with PVC originating from the right ventricle or the epicardial region (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to healthy individuals, patients with PVC had lower GCW, GWI, GWE values and a higher GWW value than healthy individuals, similar to cardiomyopathy patients. Therefore, the detoriation in MW parameter in patients with PVC may be a predictor of cardiomyopathy development.

Does Premature Ventricular Complex Impair Left Ventricular Diastolic Functions?

BACKGROUND: A higher frequency of premature ventricular complexes is associated with a higher risk of premature ventricular complex-induced cardiomyopathy. Although there are several studies on the systolic functions of the left ventricle in this patient group, it is clearly not known how the diastolic functions of the left ventricle are affected. This study examined the effect of premature ventricular complex on left ventricle diastolic functions using diastolic strain rate. METHODS: The trial included 57 patients with frequent premature ventricular complexes and 54 healthy volunteers. The patient was evaluated using echocardiography in its entirety. The vendor-independent software system determined systolic and diastolic strain parameters via 2-dimensional speckle tracking analysis. Using the auto strain 3P semi-automated endocardial boundary tracking instrument, the global longitudinal strain was measured from the apical 4-chamber, 2-chamber, and long axis. The diastolic strain rate was determined by averaging the strain rates of 17 cardiac segments at 2 distinct periods of diastole. RESULTS: In the patient group, early diastolic strain rate was significantly lower than that in the control group (1.62 ± 0.58 vs. 1.25 ± 0.38, P <.001). There were found to be significant negative connections between PVC's electrocardiographic QRS wave length and early diastolic strain rate and coupling interval and early diastolic strain rate. Significant positive associations between coupling interval and early diastolic strain rate were discovered (P <.001 and P <.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with premature ventricular complex exhibited a lower early diastolic strain rate than healthy individuals. The early diastolic strain rate can be used to predict left ventricle diastolic dysfunction, and persons with premature ventricular complex may have a higher risk of left ventricle diastolic dysfunction than the general population.

Cardiac magnetic resonance T2* mapping in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is associated with serum ferritin level?

The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19)-related myocardial injury is an increasingly recognized complication and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the most commonly used non-invasive imaging technique for myocardial involvement. This study aims to assess myocardial structure by T2*-mapping which is a non-invasive gold-standard imaging tool for the assessment of cardiac iron deposition in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia without significant cardiac symptoms. Twenty-five patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and 20 healthy subjects were prospectively enrolled.Cardiac volume and function parameters, myocardial native-T1, and T2*-mapping were measured. The association of serum ferritin level and myocardial mapping was analyzed. There was no difference in terms of cardiac volume and function parameters. The T2*-mapping values were lower in patients with COVID-19 compared to controls (35.37 [IQR 31.67-41.20] ms vs. 43.98 [IQR 41.97-46.88] ms; p < 0.0001), while no significant difference was found in terms of native-T1 mapping value(p = 0.701). There was a positive correlation with T2*mapping and native-T1 mapping values (r = 0.522, p = 0.007) and negative correlation with serum ferritin values (r = - 0.653, p = 0.000), while no correlation between cardiac native-T1 mapping and serum ferritin level. Negative correlation between serum ferritin level and T2*-mapping values in COVID-19 patients may provide a non-contrast-enhanced alternative to assess tissue structural changes in patients with COVID-19. T2*-mapping may provide a non-contrast-enhanced alternative to assess tissue alterations in patients with COVID-19. Adding T2*-mapping cardiac MRI in patients with myocardial pathologies would improve the revealing of underlying mechanisms. Further in vivo and ex vivo animal or human studies designed with larger patient cohorts should be planned.

Bacterial Infective Endocarditis Associated with Gerbode Ventricular Septal Defect: A Case Report.

A 61-year-old male presented to emergency department with symptoms of shortness of breath, palpitations, and night sweats. We performed bedside transthoracic echocardiography which showed shunt from the left ventricle to the right atrium in systole with color Doppler examination. Gerbode-type ventricular septal defect and an image of a fibrillar, mobile mass compatible with vegetation was observed just above the tricuspid valve. We performed transesophageal echocardiography which showed vegetations on the aortic valve noncoronary cusp. Two sets of blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus sanguinis. The patient was evaluated by the heart team and an operation decision was made for the patient. The patient underwent surgery after 2 weeks of antibiotic theraphy. In the surgery, the Gerbode-type ventricular septal defect was closed with a polytetrafluoroethylene patch. Tricuspid annuloplasty was performed with De Vega technique. Mechanical aortic valve was implanted. Postoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed no residual shunt.

Thrombolysis or Surgery in Patients With Obstructive Mechanical Valve Thrombosis: The Multicenter HATTUSHA Study.

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT) is one of the life-threatening complications of prosthetic heart valve replacement. Due to the lack of randomized controlled trials, the optimal treatment of PVT remains controversial between thrombolytic therapy (TT) and surgery. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the outcomes of TT and surgery as the first-line treatment strategy in patients with obstructive PVT. METHODS: A total of 158 obstructive PVT patients (women: 103 [65.2%]; median age 49 years [IQR: 39-60 years]) were enrolled in this multicenter observational prospective study. TT was performed using slow (6 hours) and/or ultraslow (25 hours) infusion of low-dose tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) (25 mg) mostly in repeated sessions. The primary endpoint of the study was 3-month mortality following TT or surgery. RESULTS: The initial management strategy was TT in 83 (52.5%) patients and surgery in 75 (47.5%) cases. The success rate of TT was 90.4% with a median t-PA dose of 59 mg (IQR: 37.5-100 mg). The incidences of outcomes in surgery and TT groups were as follows: minor complications (29 [38.7%] and 7 [8.4%], respectively), major complications (31 [41.3%] and 5 [6%], respectively), and the 3-month mortality rate (14 [18.7%] and 2 [2.4%], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose and slow/ultraslow infusion of t-PA were associated with low complications and mortality and high success rates and should be considered as a viable treatment in patients with obstructive PVT.

Acute kidney infarction secondary to intracardiac thrombus embolization in a patient with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

Acute renal infarction due to emboli represents a very rare but significant threat for kidney loss, and the clinical presentation is challenging. The differential diagnosis of massive renal thrombi includes all other causes of abdominal pain, and they can be easily misdiagnosed as renal colic due to nephrolithiasis. Although there are a few case reports regarding the possibility that cardiac emboli may cause acute kidney infarction, intracardiac thrombi within the ventricular cavity diagnosed by echocardiography as a cause of such renal artery occlusion have never been reported in patients with cardiomyopathy. Herein, we describe a 39-year-old male with a history of ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. He was admitted to our hospital with left upper abdominal pain and vomiting. After serial examinations and tests, the diagnosis of acute renal infarction due to intracardiac thrombus embolization as a result of severely reduced cardiac function was made.

Complete resection of a leiomyosarcoma of the left atrium invading the mitral anterior leaflet and obstructing the mitral orifice.

Cardiac leiomyosarcomas are rare and highly invasive malignant tumors. We report a 29-year-old female with mitral stenosis symptomatology due to a left atrial leiomyosarcoma invading mitral anterior leaflet.

Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness measurement: A new screening test for subclinic atherosclerosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) consist of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. Inflammatory process is known to be involved in all stages of atherosclerosis. Early atherosclerosis is reflected by increased levels of carotid artery intima media thickness (c-IMT) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Epicardial fat thickness (EFT) strongly influences both the formation and progression of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have demonstrated a relationship between c-IMT and hs-CRP levels and the risk of atherosclerosis in patients with IBD. However, no study has yet compared EFT between patients with IBD and the general healthy population. Hence, this study was designed to further evaluate whether patients with IBD have higher EFT values with increased c-IMT and hs-CRP levels compared to those in the healthy population. METHODS: A total of 110 patients with IBD and 105 healthy volunteers were enrolled into this study. EFT was evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography. c-IMT levels were measured using an ultrasound scanner with a linear probe. The plasma levels of hs-CRP were measured using a highly sensitive sandwich ELISA technique. RESULTS: The hs-CRP and c-IMT levels of patients with IBD were significantly higher than those of the control group. The EFT values of patients with IBD were significantly higher than those of the control group (0.54±0.13 vs. 0.49±0.09, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Echocardiographic EFT measurements of patients with IBD were significantly higher than those of the normal population, which may be associated with an increased subclinical atherosclerosis risk in these patients.