Lesions on DWI and the Outcome in Hyperacute Posterior Circulation Stroke.

BACKGROUND: few studies have addressed the association between the characteristics of ischemic lesions detected by diffusion-weighted imaging (dWi) and the clinical outcome in patients with hyperacute posterior circulation ischemic stroke. this study demonstrates a relationship between the findings assessed by dWi and the outcome in patients with hyperacute posterior circulation ischemic stroke. METHODS: We reviewed data from 118 patients who had posterior circulation ischemic stroke within six hours from the onset of their symptoms. the clinical outcome included early neurological deterioration (end) and a favorable outcome at three months after the onset of symptoms. using dWi, the lesion volume and the number and location of injured anatomical regions were analyzed to evaluate whether the results correlated with the clinical outcome measures. RESULTS: the number of injured anatomical regions assessed by dWi was associated with the initial and delayed neurological status. Both the total volume and the number of injured anatomical regions associated with end and a favorable outcome. analysis of the location of the injured regions determined that only a pontine lesion independently associated with end. interestingly, four out of five patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy exhibited a large infarction volume but minor symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: in patients with hyperacute posterior circulation ischemic strokes, the lesions assessed by dWi were associated with the clinical outcome, regardless of the initial neurological status. dWi is an effective initial imaging tool for assessing the extent of lesions and clinical outcomes in patients with hyperacute posterior circulation ischemic stroke.

Nonmotor Symptoms and Cognitive Decline in de novo Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairments are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite its clinical importance, the development of dementia is still difficult to predict. In this study, we investigated the possible associations between non-motor symptoms and the risk of developing dementia within a 2-year observation period in PD. METHODS: A total of 80 patients with PD participated in this study. Nonmotor symptoms (the Nonmotor Symptoms Questionnaire), PD status (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale), depression (Geriatric d Depression Scale or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale), stereopsis and severity of nonmotor symptoms (Non-motor symptoms scale) were assessed. Global cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination) were evaluated at baseline and 2 years later. RESULTS: Presence of depression, vivid dreaming, REM sleep behavior disorders, hyposmia, abnormal stereopsis, non-smoking and postural instability/ gait disturbance phenotype were associated with a significantly more rapid decline of Mini-Mental State Examination. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated that depression (odds ratio=13.895), abnormal stereopsis (odds ratio=10.729), vivid dreaming (odds ratio=4.16), REM sleep behavior disorders (odds ratio=5.353) and hyposmia (odds ratio=4.911) were significant independent predictors of dementia risk within 2 years. Postural instability/ gait disturbance phenotype and age >62 years were also independent predictors of dementia risk (odd ratio=38.333, odds ratio=10.625). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that depression, vivid dreaming, REM sleep behavior disorders, hyposmia and abnormal stereopsis are closely associated with cognitive decline, and that presence of these nonmotor symptoms predict the subsequent development of Parkinson's disease dementia.

Corrigendum: The effect of unstable job on employee's turnover intention: the importance of coaching leadership.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068293.].

The Knowledge-Sharing Implications of Social Responsibility of Firms: The Importance of Ethical Climate.

Using a variety of theoretical foundations, this paper examines the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and employees' knowledge-sharing behavior, investigating the sequential mediation role of perceived organizational support and organizational commitment as well as the moderating role of ethical climate. Hypotheses were formulated to address both the sequential mediation effect of perceived organizational support and organizational commitment on the link between CSR and knowledge-sharing and the moderation effect of ethical climate on the relationship between CSR and perceived organizational support. In order to mitigate the problems of potential common method bias, data were gathered from a sample of 204 South Korean employees at three distinct time points. The results of the study offer compelling evidence that CSR activities exert a positive influence on employees' knowledge-sharing behavior, an effect that is sequentially mediated by both perceived organizational support and organizational commitment. Furthermore, the research uncovers the positive moderating role played by the ethical climate in the relationship between CSR and perceived organizational support. By integrating multiple theoretical frameworks, this study not only advances the extant literature but also offers invaluable insights for organizations striving to bolster knowledge-sharing through the strategic implementation of CSR initiatives.

Corrigendum: The effect of unstable job on employee's turnover intention: the importance of coaching leadership.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068293.].

The Mental Health Implications of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Significance of the Sense-Making Process and Prosocial Motivation.

As corporate social responsibility (CSR) has progressively ascended to prominence among academics and industry professionals, numerous studies have embarked on examining its impact on employees' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Notwithstanding, the current body of research has predominantly overlooked the influence of CSR on employees' mental health, encompassing depression, anxiety, and burnout. In order to acknowledge the critical role of employee mental health within an organization, our exploration is focused on discerning the effect of CSR on depressive states. Furthermore, our paper undertakes a thorough analysis of the link between CSR and depression, probing its underlying processes and potential contingent factors. We posit that CSR can alleviate the incidence of employee depression by amplifying the sense of meaningfulness that work provides. Moreover, the element of prosocial motivation among employees may act as a positive moderating variable that intensifies the beneficial effect of CSR on the sense of meaningfulness derived from work. By relying on data obtained through a tripartite online survey involving 214 South Korean workers, this paper scrutinized the proposed hypotheses via the application of moderated mediation analysis with structural equation modeling. We contend that the insights yielded by this study bear significant theoretical and practical implications.

The effect of unstable job on employee's turnover intention: The importance of coaching leadership.

Swift social and economic environmental changes such as COVID-19 pandemic have led to increased job insecurity. The current study examines the intermediating mechanism (i.e., mediator) and its contingent factor (i.e., moderator) in the association between job insecurity and employee's turnover intention, especially from the perspective of positive psychology. By establishing a moderated mediation model, this research hypothesizes that the degree of employee meaningfulness in work may mediate the relationship between job insecurity and turnover intention. In addition, coaching leadership may play a buffering role to positively moderate the harmful impact of job insecurity on meaningfulness of work. With three-wave time-lagged data that was collected from 372 employees in South Korean organizations, the current study not only demonstrated that meaningfulness of work mediates the job insecurity-turnover intention relationship, but also that coaching leadership functions as a buffering factor in reducing the harmful influence of job insecurity on meaningfulness of work. The results of this research suggest that the level of meaningfulness of work (as a mediator) as well as coaching leadership (as a moderator) are the underlying processes and the contingent factor in the job insecurity-turnover intention link.

The influence of corporate social responsibility on safety behavior: The importance of psychological safety and the authentic leadership.

Considering the importance of safety behavior, the current study investigates the relationship between CSR and safety behavior. To be specific, we delve into the underlying mechanism and its contingent factor of the association. This paper proposes that CSR promotes employee safety behavior through the mediation of psychological safety. In addition, authentic leadership may function as a positive moderator that amplifies the positive effect of CSR on psychological safety. Utilizing 3-wave time-lagged survey data from 213 South Korean workers, the current study empirically tests the hypotheses by establishing a moderated mediation model by utilizing structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate that CSR enhances employees' safety behavior by increasing their psychological safety and that authentic leadership positively moderates the relationship between CSR and psychological safety. This research's findings have meaningful theoretical and practical implications.

The Impact of Job Insecurity on Knowledge-Hiding Behavior: The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification and the Buffering Role of Coaching Leadership.

As the global economic situation deteriorates due to the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic, the business environment is plagued by uncertainty and risk. To address this, many organizations have sought to optimize efficiency, especially by downsizing and restructuring, to reduce costs. This causes anxiety among employees, who worry about whether they will be fired. We hypothesize that such job insecurity increases knowledge-hiding behavior by employees, and we investigate the mechanism underlying such a negative effect. In addition, we attempt to capture the boundary conditions of how to reduce the adverse effects of job insecurity, focusing on the role of coaching leadership. Using three-wave time-lagged cohort-study data from 346 Korean workers, we empirically found that employees who perceive job insecurity are less likely to feel organizational identification, leading to increased knowledge-hiding behavior. This study also demonstrated that coaching leadership operates as a boundary condition which buffers the negative influence of job insecurity on organizational identification. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Job insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic and counterproductive work behavior: The sequential mediation effects of job stress and organizational identification and the buffering role of corporate social responsibility.

Swift social and economic environmental changes such as those associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have led to decreased job security. Although numerous previous studies have examined the influence of job insecurity on employee perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, the link between job insecurity and negative behavior and its underlying or intermediating mechanisms remain underexplored. The significance of an organization's positive behaviors, which fall under the umbrella of corporate social responsibility (CSR), also deserves more attention. To address these gaps, we examined both the mediator and the moderator in the association between job insecurity and negative employee behavior by establishing a moderated sequential mediation model. We hypothesized that the levels of employee job stress and organizational identification sequentially mediate the relationship between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior as a representative negative behavior. We also hypothesized that CSR activities play a buffering role that moderates the influence of job insecurity on job stress. We used three-wave time-lagged data collected from 348 employees in South Korean organizations to demonstrate that job stress and organizational identification sequentially mediate the relationship between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior, and that CSR activities function as a buffering factor that decreases the influence of job insecurity on job stress. The results of this research suggest that the levels of job stress and organizational identification (as sequential mediators) as well as CSR activities (as a moderator) are underlying mechanisms in the link between job insecurity and counterproductive work behavior.

The Performance Implication of Corporate Social Responsibility: The Moderating Role of Employee's Prosocial Motivation.

Although there has been extensive research on the corporate social responsibility (CSR)-performance link, full understanding is still elusive. A possible reason for this is the limited understanding of the underlying processes that affect the relationship. Grounded in institutional theory, which emphasizes the importance of micro-level intermediating processes (e.g., employees' perceptions and attitudes) to explain a macro-level association (i.e., CSR to organizational performance), we built a moderated mediation model where: (i) organization commitment mediated the influence of CSR on organizational performance, and (ii) an employee's prosocial motivation moderated the relationship between CSR and organizational commitment. Using three-wave time-lagged survey data obtained from 302 Korean workers, we found that organizational commitment is an important micro-level process in the CSR-performance link, and that the level of an employee's prosocial motivation can positively moderate that link. We discuss theoretical and practical implications, along with limitations and future research directions.

"The Power of Ethical Leadership": The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Creativity, the Mediating Function of Psychological Safety, and the Moderating Role of Ethical Leadership.

A body of existing literature delves into how corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects employees' cognition, emotion, and behavior within an organization. These previous studies, however, pay relatively little attention to the influence of CSR on levels of creativity in employees. Considering that creativity is closely related to innovative capability, which is critical for a firm to survive, the relationship between CSR and employees' creativity and its elaborate underlying processes need further investigation. Based on a group creativity model, we argue that CSR may increase levels of creativity in employees through mediation of enhanced levels of psychological safety in employees. In addition, existing works on CSR have relatively underexplored the contextual role of leadership in translating CSR practices into employees' attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. Using three-wave time-lagged survey data from 311 employees in South Korea, we found that CSR enhances employees' creativity via mediation of psychological safety. Additionally, ethical leadership positively moderates the relationship between CSR and psychological safety. Our findings suggest that psychological safety in employees functions as an important underlying mechanism to describe the CSR-employee creativity link. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes the importance of the moderating role of ethical leadership in the process of CSR activities.

The Performance Implications of Job Insecurity: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Job Stress and Organizational Commitment, and the Buffering Role of Ethical Leadership.

Although previous works have examined how job insecurity affects the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of members in an organization, those studies have not paid enough attention to the relationship between job insecurity and performance or the mediating processes in that relationship. Considering that organizational performance is a fundamental target or purpose, investigating it is greatly needed. This research examines both mediating factors and a moderator in the link between job insecurity and organizational performance by building a moderated sequential mediation model. To be specific, we hypothesize that the degree of an employee's job stress and organizational commitment sequentially mediate the relationship between job insecurity and performance. Furthermore, ethical leadership could moderate the association between job insecurity and job stress. Using a three-wave data set gathered from 301 currently working employees in South Korea, we reveal that not only do job stress and organizational commitment sequentially mediate the job insecurity-performance link, but also that ethical leadership plays a buffering role of in the job insecurity-job stress link. Our findings suggest that the degree of job stress and organizational commitment (as mediators), as well as ethical leadership (as a moderator), function as intermediating mechanisms in the job insecurity-performance link.

Monolayer Quantum-Dot Based Light-Sensor by a Photo-Electrochemical Mechanism.

Monolayer nanocrystal-based light sensors with cadmium-selenium thin film electrodes have been investigated using electrochemical cyclic voltammetry tests. An indium tin oxide electrode system, with a monolayer of homogeneously deposited cadmium-selenium quantum dots was proven to work as a photo-sensor via an electrochemical cell mechanism; it was possible to tune current densities under light illumination. Electrochemical tests on a quantum dot capacitor, using different sized (red, yellow and green) cadmium-selenium quantum dots on indium tin oxide substrates, showed typical capacitive behavior of cyclic voltammetry curves in 2M H2SO4 aqueous solutions. This arrangement provides a beneficial effect in, both, charge separation and light sensory characteristics. Importantly, the photocurrent density depended on quantum yield rendering tunable photo-sensing properties.

Nonmotor symptoms in essential tremor: Comparison with Parkinson's disease and normal control.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the definition of essential tremor (ET) has evolved to have two different meanings. One refers to classic ET, a benign mono-symptomatic disorder, and the other refers to a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder. The aim of this study was to categorize nonmotor symptoms according to ET phenotype, and compare them, along with autonomic function, in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and normal controls. METHODS: We divided patients with ET into 3 subtypes according to their motor features: 23 Pure-ET, 25 Cerebellar-ET, and 12 Parkinsonism-ET. Comparisons were made between 30 PD subjects and 22 normal controls, and 60 subjects with ET. The following assessments were conducted: the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale, the Mini-Mental State Exam, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale total scores of the ET, PD, and control groups (ET: 25.500 ± 2.346; PD: 27.960 ± 3.267; CONTROL: 3.328 ± 3.796.). There were no significant differences in terms of each ET phenotype. ET patients had significant cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychiatric problems including depression and have complained about significant autonomic dysfunction and excessive daytime somnolence compared to normal controls. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ET have several nonmotor symptoms similar to those of patients with PD, which have a similar impact on their quality of life. Therefore, nonmotor symptoms should be considered in the clinical evaluation and management of ET.

Clinical phenotype of drug-naïve Parkinson's disease based on nonmotor symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) are heterogeneous and can result in a variety of symptoms at various disease stages. The objective of the present study was to identify clinically meaningful nonmotor symptoms and to assess the relationship between changes in nonmotor symptoms and cognition and motor symptoms. METHODS: A total of 159 patients who had drug-naïve PD participated in this study. Nonmotor symptoms (Nonmotor Symptoms Scale), PD status (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale), depression (Geriatric Depression Scale or Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale) and health-related quality of life (39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire) were assessed. An exploratory factor analysis was performed to establish a nonmotor symptom factor, which was analyzed to evaluate whether the results were associated with the clinical severity measures. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis revealed one factor comprised of sleep/fatigue, attention/memory and mood/cognition. The modified Hoehn and Yahr Stage, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale and the 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire Summary Index were independently associated with the sleep/fatigue, attention/memory and mood/cognition domains. The presence of these domains was associated with advanced Parkinson's disease or depressed mood. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that motor impairment and depressed mood in PD are related to sleep/fatigue, attention/memory and mood/cognition. Sleep/fatigue, attention/memory and mood/cognition also had a major impact on health-related quality of life. It is appropriate to identify patients with severe motor symptoms and depressed mood in order to signify the need to consider more detailed care and further assessment.

Differential diagnosis of parkinsonism with visual inspection of posture and gait in the early stage.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) differs from atypical parkinsonism in many clinical aspects. Principally, posture and gait are distinct features in the early stages of the disease; thus, these differences can be helpful in differential diagnosis. METHODS: We analyzed videos of patients with PD or atypical parkinsonism. A total of 76 patients with early PD (n=56) or atypical parkinsonism (n=20) were included. Items related to posture and gait were classified into three categories (standing, gait and associated symptoms) and each sub-item was analyzed. RESULTS: Asymmetric arm-swing (p=0.004) and accompanying tremor (p=0.016) were significant indicators of early-stage PD. Staggering gait (p=0.007) and en-bloc turning (p=0.026) were more common in atypical parkinsonism. Characteristics with a high odds-ratio for atypical parkinsonism were en-bloc turning (ß=8.475, p=0.032) and normal arm-swing (ß=14.6084, p=0.036). CONCLUSIONS: Visual inspection of gait and posture provides reliable clues in the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism.

Subcortical grey matter changes in untreated, early stage Parkinson's disease without dementia.

BACKGROUND: Previous MRI studies have investigated cortical or subcortical grey matter changes in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), yielding inconsistent findings between the studies. We therefore sought to determine whether focal cortical or subcortical grey matter changes may be present from the early disease stage. METHODS: We recruited 49 untreated, early stage PD patients without dementia and 53 control subjects. Voxel-based morphometry was used to evaluate cortical grey matter changes, and automated volumetry and shape analysis were used to assess volume changes and shape deformation of the subcortical grey matter structures, respectively. RESULTS: Voxel-based morphometry showed neither reductions nor increases in grey matter volume in patients compared to controls. Compared to controls, PD patients had significant reductions in adjusted volumes of putamen, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus (corrected p < 0.05). Vertex-based shape analysis showed regionally contracted area on the posterolateral and ventromedial putamen bilaterally in PD patients (corrected p < 0.05). No correlations were found between cortical and subcortical grey matter and clinical variables representing disease duration and severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that untreated, early stage PD without dementia is associated with volume reduction and shape deformation of subcortical grey matter, but not with cortical grey matter reduction. Our findings of structural changes in the posterolateral putamen and ventromedial putamen/nucleus accumbens could provide neuroanatomical basis for the involvement of motor and limbic striatum, further implicating motor and non-motor symptoms in PD, respectively. Early hippocampal involvement might be related to the risk for developing dementia in PD patients.

Is reduced arm and leg swing in Parkinson's disease associated with rigidity or bradykinesia?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Arm and leg swings during gait are reduced and asymmetric in Parkinson's disease (PD). Although rigidity and bradykinesia are interconnected with each other, and related with gait hypokinesia including arm and leg swing alteration, it remains uncertain which factor is more responsible for the decrease of arm and leg swings. The study aimed to uncover which factor between rigidity and bradykinesia is more associated with the reduction of arm and leg swings during gait. METHODS: Patients with PD were selected and divided into a concordance group (21 patients) representing a match of both symptoms and a discordance group (nineteen patients) exhibiting a mismatch of pronounced rigidity and bradykinesia. Visual inspections of video clips for asymmetric features of gait and posture including arm swing, leg swing, shoulder position, external foot rotation were analyzed and accessed by two independent neurologists blindly. RESULTS: The side of more pronounced rigidity was significantly and moderately related with the side of more decreased arm and leg swings (p<0.001, κ=0.592 in arm swing; p=0.011, κ=0.432 in leg swing, respectively), but the side of more dominant bradykinesia was associated with neither arm nor leg swing asymmetry (p=1, κ=0.014 in arm swing; p=1, κ=-0.036 in leg swing). In addition, asymmetric posturing including shoulder position and a laterally rotated foot showed no relationship with rigidity or bradykinesia. CONCLUSION: The reduction of arm and leg swings during gait in PD was associated with rigidity, but not with bradykinesia.

The interrelationship between non-motor symptoms in Atypical Parkinsonism.

BACKGROUND: Atypical Parkinsonism is less common and has more severe symptoms than Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about the non-motor symptom (NMS) characteristics of multiple systemic atrophy (MSA) or progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We report the interrelationship of NMS in MSA, PSP, and PD. METHODS: We studied 117 cases of PD and 57 of Atypical Parkinsonism. Out of the 57 patients, 31 had multiple systemic atrophy parkinsonian subtype (MSA-P), 14 had multiple systemic atrophy cerebellar dysfunction subtype (MSA-C), and 12 had PSP. We assessed the condition of the patients using the United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III), the modified Hoehn & Yahr scale (H&Y), the non-motor symptom scale (NMSS), and the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39). RESULTS: In Atypical Parkinsonism, the NMSS scores significantly correlated with PDQ-39 scores, but not with UPDRS-III. In the MSA-P group, the mood/cognitive domain significantly correlated with both the urinary and sleep/fatigue domains. In the MSA-C group, the sleep/fatigue domain correlated with the mood/cognition and cardiovascular domains. Finally, in the PSP and PD groups, the attention/memory domain significantly correlated with the sleep/fatigue and mood/cognition domains. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that, with respect to cognitive function, dysautonomia and sleep/fatigue are detrimental factors in MSA and PSP, respectively.