Effects of Conditioning Contractions on Lower-Body Explosive Force Post-Static Stretching.

The present study assessed the impacts of two distinct protocols, static stretching (StS, 4 sets of 30 seconds) and static stretching combined with conditioning contractions (10 repetitive drop jumps) (SC), on neuromuscular response and rate of force development (RFD) in the lower limbs during squat jumps (SJs) at varying initial knee-joint angles (60°,90°,120°). Twelve participants completed three randomized experimental trials (no intervention, StS intervention, and SC intervention). Except for the intervention segments, each trial included standardized warm-ups and SJs at three different angles. Data were collected using a 3-dimensional injury motion capture system, an electromyography (EMG) recording system, and a force platform. The collected EMG data were subjected to amplitude calculations, while force-time data were used for RFD computation. Neither StS nor SC significantly impacted the average or peak EMG amplitudes of the five muscles examined (p>0.05). However, at an initial knee-joint angle of 120°, the StS group demonstrated significantly lower RFD values at three distinct phases (0-50 ms, 50-100 ms, and 0-peakforce) compared to those seen in the SC and control groups (p<0.05). For activities starting with a knee-joint angle of 120°, it is recommended to either avoid StS or combine it with ten repetitive drop jumps to mitigate any potential negative impact on explosiveness.

Neuromuscular Control Strategies in Basketball Shooting: Distance-Dependent Analysis of Muscle Synergies.

Basketball victory relies on an athlete's skill to make precise shots at different distances. While extensive research has explored the kinematics and dynamics of different shooting distances, the specific neuromuscular control strategies involved remain elusive. This study aimed to compare the differences in muscle synergies during basketball shooting at different distances, offering insights into neuromuscular control strategies and guiding athletes' training. Ten skilled shooting right-handed male basketball players participated as subjects in this experiment. Electromyographic (EMG) data for full-phase shooting were acquired at short (3.2 m), middle (5.0 m), and long (6.8 m) distances. Non-negative matrix decomposition extracted muscle synergies (motor modules and motor primitives) during shooting. The results of this study show that all three distance shooting can be broken down into three synergies and that there were differences in the synergies between short and long distances, with differences in motor primitive 1 and motor primitive 2 at the phase of 45% - 59% (p < 0.001, t* = 4.418), and 78% - 88% (p < 0.01, t* = 4.579), respectively, and differences in the motor module 3 found in the differences in muscle weights for rectus femoris (RF) (p = 0.001, d = -2.094), and gastrocnemius lateral (GL) (p = 0.001, d = -2.083). Shooting distance doesn't affect the number of muscle synergies in basketball shooting but alters synergy patterns. During long distance shooting training, basketball players should place more emphasis on the timing and synergistic activation of upper and lower limbs, as well as core muscles.

Comparing the Effects of Static Stretching Alone and in Combination with Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Squat Jump Performance at Different Knee Starting Angles.

We aimed to investigate the impact of isolated static stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds) and its combined form with 10 repetitive drop jumps on lower limb performance during squat jumps at different knee joint starting angles (60°, 90°, and 120°). Thirteen participants completed three randomly ordered experimental visits, each including a standardized warm-up and squat jumps at three angles, apart from the intervention or control. Information was gathered through a three-dimensional movement tracking system, electromyography system, and force platform. The electromyography data underwent wavelet analysis to compute the energy values across the four wavelet frequency bands. The average power (Pavg), peak power (Ppeak), peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), peak center of mass velocity (Vpeak), and force-velocity relationship at peak power (SFv) were extracted from the force and velocity-time data. The results revealed no significant influence of isolated static stretching, or its combined form with drop jumps, on the energy values across the frequency bands of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, or the Pavg or Ppeak (P > 0.05). However, at 120°, static stretching reduced the GRFpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.86) and SFv (P < 0.001, d = 1.12), and increased the Vpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.5). The GRFpeak, Pavg, Ppeak, and SFv increased with an increase in the joint angle (P < 0.05), whereas the Vpeak decreased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that static stretching does not diminish power output during squat jumps at the three angles; however, it alters GRFpeak, Vpeak, and the relative contributions of force and velocity to peak power at 120°, which can be eliminated by post-activation performance enhancement. Moreover, compared to 60° and 90°, 120° was more favorable for power and peak force output.

Reaction moment at the L5/S1 joint during simulated forward slipping with a handheld load.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of load on the net moment response at the L5/S1 joint during simulated slip events. Six young individuals were instructed to take one step with a handheld load. Sudden floor movement was randomly introduced to simulate unexpected slips. Different loads conditions (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% of body weight) were introduced at random. Three-dimensional net moments at the L5/S1 joint were computed via downward inverse dynamic model. Peak joint moment generated at 30% load level was found to be significantly higher compared to no-load condition. No peak moment differences were found among no-load, 10% or 20% load levels. Additionally, the findings from this study indicated a flexiondominant net L5/S1 joint moment pattern during motion phase associated with slip-induced falls.

Effects of dance sports exercise on vestibular function and balance of children with sensorineural hearing loss; a randomized quasi-experimental trial.

Background: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) children have difficulty living and limited movement due to impaired vestibular function and reduced balance ability. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effects of Latin dance training on the vestibular function and balance of SNHL children. Methods: Thirty SNHL children with no difference in vestibular function and balance ability were randomly divided into two groups, the Latin dance training group (LTG, n = 15) and the control group (CONG, n = 15). Vestibular function, timed eyes-closed static (ECS) and functional reach test (FRT) were measured before and after the intervention, and a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed. Results: After training, the vestibular function performance of LTG was higher than that of CONG (CONG: 16.425 ± 3.616 vs. LTG: 12.241 ± 2.610, p = 0.0411, ES = 1.3914), the left foot ECS performance of LTG was higher than that of CONG (CONG: 2.765 ± 0.872 vs. LTG: 4.688 ± 1.113, p = 0.0026, ES = 1.9857), the right foot ECS performance of LTG was higher than that of CONG (CONG: 3.113 ± 0.639 vs. LTG: 4.797 ± 1.071, p = 0.0137, ES = 2.01), the FRT performance of LTG was higher than that of CONG (CONG: 32.009 ± 6.134 vs. LTG: 43.797 ± 6.616, p = 0.0021, ES = 1.9135). Conclusions: After Latin dance training, SNHL children improved vestibular function and balance. The static balance ability of the left foot has been improved significantly than right foot.

Donor-acceptor organic photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells.

Donor-acceptor type organic dyes (TA-EDOT-CA and TA-DM-EDOT-CA) containing thiophenevinylene spacer with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) substituent were synthesized and characterized for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). TA-EDOT-CA and TA-DM-EDOT-CA showed 26700 and 28000 M(-1) x cm(-1) of molar absorption coefficient at 458 nm and 459 nm of UV/vis absorption maximum wavelength, respectively. The overall solar-to-energy conversion efficiency of TA-EDOT-CA and TA-DM-EDOT-CA was 8.26% and 7.23% under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm(-2)) without mask, respectively.

Asymmetrical slip propensity: required coefficient of friction.

BACKGROUND: Most studies in performing slips and falls research reported their results after the ipsilateral leg of subjects (either right foot or left foot) was guided to contact the contaminated floor surface although many studies indicated concerns for asymmetries of legs in kinematic or kinetic variables. Thus, the present study evaluated if dominant leg's slip tendency would be different from non-dominant leg's slip tendency by comparing the Required Coefficient of Friction (RCOF) of the two lower limbs. FINDINGS: Forty seven health adults participated in the present study. RCOF was measured when left or right foot of subjects contacted the force platforms respectively. Paired t-test was performed to test if RCOF and heel velocity (HCV) of dominant legs was different from that of non-dominant legs. It was suggested that the asymmetry in RCOFs and HCV between the two lower limbs existed. The RCOFs of non-dominant legs were higher than that of dominant legs. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that asymmetry in slip propensity, RCOF, was existed in lower extremity. The results from the study suggested that it would be benefit to include a variable, such as asymmetry, in slips and falls research.

A Comparative Study of the Fatigue of the Lower Extremities According to the Type of Shoes Worn When Firing a 10 m Air Pistol.

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in shooting performance, physical stability, and lower extremity muscle fatigue in high-level shooters wearing shooting shoes and sports shoes, and to determine the causes. Eight high-level 10 m air pistol shooters wore shooting shoes and sports shoes in a simulated shooting qualification experiment (60 rounds in 75 min) and we recorded shooting scores, pressure centers (COP), and median frequency of muscle fatigue index (MDF). All the data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and are compared using a paired t-test. Athletes in shooting shoes scored higher than those in sports shoes (p < 0.05); COP moved less in the front-to-back and left-to-right directions for athletes wearing shooting shoes rather than sports shoes; and fewer muscles experienced fatigue, with fatigue also occurring later, for athletes wearing shooting shoes rather than sports shoes. Shooting shoes may reduce the sway of athletes' center of pressure in the anterior−posterior and left−right directions, enhance postural stability, and result in higher shooting scores. In addition, they may make shooters feel more comfortable and relaxed during long training sessions and competitions.

Effects of Cha-Cha Dance Training on Physical-Fitness-Related Indicators of Hearing-Impaired Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

(1) Background: The physical fitness (PF) of hearing-impaired students has always been an international research hotspot since hearing-impaired students have difficulty in social interactions such as exercise or fitness programs. Sports interventions are proven to improve the fitness levels of hearing-impaired students; however, few studies evaluating the influence of Cha-cha (a type of Dance sport) training on the PF levels of hearing-impaired students have been conducted. (2) Purpose: This study aimed to intervene in hearing-impaired children through 12 weeks of Cha-cha dance training, evaluating its effects on their PF-related indicators, thus providing a scientific experimental basis for hearing-impaired children to participate in dance exercises effectively. (3) Methods: Thirty students with hearing impairment were randomly divided into two groups, and there was no difference in PF indicators between the two groups. The Cha-cha dance training group (CTG, n = 15) regularly participated in 90-min Cha-cha dance classes five times a week and the intervention lasted a total of 12 weeks, while the control group (CONG, n = 15) lived a normal life (including school physical education classes). Related indicators of PF were measured before and after the intervention, and a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed. (4) Results: After training, the standing long jump (CONG: 1.556 ± 0.256 vs. CTG: 1.784 ± 0.328, p = 0.0136, ES = 0.8081), sit-and-reach (CONG: 21.467 ± 4.539 vs. CTG: 25.416 ± 5.048, p = 0.0328, ES = 0.8528), sit-ups (CONG: 13.867 ± 4.912 vs. CTG: 27.867 ± 6.833, p < 0.0001, ES = 2.4677) and jump rope (CONG: 52.467 ± 29.691 vs. CTG: 68.600 ± 21.320, p = 0.0067, ES = 0.6547) scores showed significant differences. (5) Conclusions: After 12 weeks of Cha-cha dance training for hearing-impaired students, the PF level of hearing-impaired students in lower-body strength, flexibility, core strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance were effectively improved; however, there was no significant change in body shape, upper-body strength, vital capacity, and speed ability.

Gender Differences in Neuromuscular Control during the Preparation Phase of Single-Leg Landing Task in Badminton.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the biomechanical mechanisms of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been extensively studied, but studies on the neuromuscular control-related risk factors for an ACL injury in specific maneuvers have not been reported for badminton players. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Sixteen badminton players (8 male, 8 female) performed a single-leg badminton ball landing task, and lower limb muscle activity, kinematic data, and ground reaction force were measured during this procedure using marker-based movement analysis, force plates, and electromyography (EMG). Gender differences in the lower limb kinematic data, mean values of normalized lower limb muscle activation (MVC%), and co-contraction values during the landing preparation phase (100 ms before initial contact) were analyzed using MANOVA. RESULTS: In the badminton landing task, the knee valgus angle was greater in females than in males (6.27 ± 2.75 vs. 1.72 ± 3.20) in the pre-landing preparation position. Compared to male badminton players, females exhibited greater gluteus maximus (44.92 ± 18.00 vs. 20.34 ± 11.64), rectus femoris (41.56 ± 9.84 vs. 26.14 ± 10.46), and medial gastrocnemius (37.39 ± 17.31 vs. 19.11 ± 11.17) lateral gastrocnemius (36.86 ± 17.82 vs. 13.59 ± 2.71) muscle activity (MVC%). CONCLUSION: Female badminton players exhibit neuromuscular control strategies that may be inadequate for ACL protection and may be a potential risk factor for a high incidence of ACL injury In the future, when devising injury prevention plans for female badminton players, optimizing neuromuscular control during the pre-landing phase can be targeted.

Gender Differences in Lower Extremity Stiffness during a Single-Leg Landing Motion in Badminton.

In general, at the same level of exercise, female athletes are three to six times more likely to injure an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than male athletes. Female athletes also had higher rates of ACL injury than males in a single-leg landing task after a backcourt backhand side overhead stroke in badminton. In many previous studies, stiffness of the musculoskeletal system in the lower limbs has been reported as a potential factor contributing to differences in ACL injury rates between genders. The purpose of this study was to describe the differences between genders in leg and knee stiffness in male and female athletes during a single-leg landing action after the backhand side overhead shot in the backcourt. Eight male athletes and eight female athletes participated in this test. Leg stiffness and knee stiffness were calculated separately for male and female athletes during the landing phase. The results showed that both absolute and normalized leg stiffness were lower in female athletes than in male athletes (p < 0.05). And both absolute and normalized knee stiffness were also lower than male athletes (p < 0.05). The low leg stiffness and knee stiffness demonstrated by females in this single-leg drop task compared to male athletes may indicate that females have lower dynamic leg stability than males during the drop, which may lead to hypermobility of the knee joint and may put females at a higher risk of injury in this high-risk maneuver for non-contact cruciate ligament injuries.

Effect of slope change on kinematics of amateur golfers' full swing.

BACKGROUND: Golf courses are designed with uneven terrain. These factors are especially important when facing (slope), players need to straighten the posture of each part of the body in order to complete the swing on an inclined surface such as flat ground. Amateur players may be more likely to change the movement patterns of their shots due to uneven terrain. Therefore, it may be necessary to clarify the shot characteristics of amateur players and provide reference materials for technical improvement. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of slope on amateur golfers' swing kinematics by analyzing the variation of time variables, body center of gravity (COG), and shot parameters of amateur golfers' swing at different ground slopes. METHODS: Six male amateur golfers participated in the experiment. The 7-iron was used for 5 swings each at three slopes: flat ground (FG, 0∘), ball below foot (BBF, +10∘), and foot below ball (FBB, -10∘). The OptiTrack-Motion capture system was used to collect kinematic data, and the three-dimensional motion data will be transmitted to Visual3D software for subsequent data analysis such as golf swing division and body COG changes. Shot parameters (carry, swing speed, ball speed, and smash factor) were recorded for each swing using the Caddie SC300 radar monitoring device. RESULTS: The results showed that there was no difference in the overall swing time and the time required for each interval at different slopes (p> 0.05) there is no significant difference in the change of the COG of the body in the forward and backward directions (p> 0.05). The three slopes of swing speed, ball speed, carry and smash factor were not significantly different (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION: The rhythm of the amateur golfer's swing was not affected by the slope, but the slope restricts the movement of the body's COG, which may affect the weight movement, and ultimately cause the performance parameters to not reach the level of the FG.

Lower limb control and mobility following exercise training.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of 8-week balance or weight training on ankle joint stiffness and limb stability for older adults, furthermore, on outcomes of slips while walking. Eighteen older adults volunteered for the study and randomly were assigned to the three groups, such as, weight, balance, or control group. While walking on a walking track, three-dimensional posture data were sampled and ankle joint stiffness and limb stability were computed to evaluate the effects of training. 2 (pre and post) × 3 (weight, balance, and control) × 2 (dominant and non-dominant legs) mixed factor repeated ANOVA was performed. The results indicated that only balance training group showed an improvement in joint stiffness and both the training groups showed improvements in limb stability. Also, fall frequency results suggested that joint stiffness and limb stability had an effect on the likelihood of slip-induced falls. In conclusion, training can facilitate improvements in joint and limb control mechanism for older adults contributing to an improvement in the likelihood of slip-induced falls.

Application of Biomechanics Based on Intelligent Technology and Big Data in Physical Fitness Training of Athletes.

Physical training has a high degree of participation all over the world. With the opening of the era of national fitness, physical training has become more popular from the original specialization, and the complex training methods and contents have gradually become simplified. The development and change of physical training has also brought many problems to the professional training of athletes, such as high training intensity but poor effect, insufficient training posture, and long-term physical injury. In order to help athletes achieve better results in physical training and reduce the probability of injury, taking sprint training as an example, this article adopted the sports and body data of elite athletes through intelligent technology and big data analysis, established a human motion model from the perspective of biomechanics, and then conducted a corresponding test run experiment for athletes. The experimental results suggested that drag resistance running could improve the specific strength quality of sprinting. At the same time, when using resistance load for training, the maximum speed should not exceed 90% of the maximum speed without resistance. The average horizontal maximum velocity decreased by approximately 9% when training under a resistance load, and the best training results were obtained by training athletes within this range.

Effects of Cha-Cha Dance Training on the Balance Ability of the Healthy Elderly.

Neuro-musculo-skeletal degradations with advancing age are generally accompanied with mobility problems and poor health status, contributing to impaired physical function and increased risk of falls. In an effort to diminish a fall-related risk such as unstable balance, a variety of interventions have been studied and implemented. Yet, there have been few studies to evaluate the effect of Cha-cha dance training on postural balance or balance performance of the elderly. The Cha-cha dance is composed of moderate rhythm and symmetrical movements and is easy to master and even easier for the elderly to begin. The purpose of this study was to intervene the fitness exercise through 12-week Cha-cha dance training, evaluate its impact on the balance ability of the elderly, and provide a scientific experimental basis for the elderly to participate in the Cha-cha dance exercise. Forty healthy elderly people with no difference in balance ability were randomly divided into two groups. The Cha-cha training group (CTG, n = 20) regularly participated in Cha-cha dance class, 3 times a week, 90 min each time, for a total of 12 weeks, and the control group (CONG, n = 20) did not participate in the class and engaged to their regular daily life. Dynamic and static balance were measured at pre and post intervention. Overall, the results showed that dynamic balance and static balance in CTG were significantly improved after the intervention. In addition, the results showed that the improvement was more significant in trials in left foot than right foot, and trials in closed eyes than open eyes, respectively. In conclusion, a 12-week Cha-cha dance class or program alone can be an effective intervention to improve balance of the elderly.

Influence of Sports Biomechanics on Martial Arts Sports and Comprehensive Neuromuscular Control under the Background of Artificial Intelligence.

Neuromuscular control refers to the reflexes of nerves that affect muscle balance and function. In addition, there are interactions between joint structure, muscle function, and the central nervous system. In the integration with other intelligent control methods and optimization algorithms, such as fuzzy control/expert verification and genetic algorithm, it provides nonparametric object models, optimization parameters, reasoning models, and fault diagnosis. The central nervous system is the main research object of neuromuscular control. Martial arts often cause injuries or affect the progress of martial arts because of some irregular movements. Chinese traditional martial arts is another name for "martial arts" in the late Qing Dynasty in China. It is mainly reflected in the individual's application and attainments in martial arts traditional teaching methods and personal cultivation. Therefore, this paper proposes an analysis of the influence of sports biomechanics on martial arts sports and comprehensive neuromuscular control in the context of artificial intelligence. In this paper, the specific research of Wushu sports is carried out mainly in two aspects: sports biomechanics and neuromuscular control. It uses a variety of algorithms, successively using particle swarm algorithm, neural network structure, fitness function, and so on. This paper compares and analyzes their accuracy and then selects the optimal algorithm. It then conducts experimental research on the martial arts movements of professional martial arts Sanda players. The final experimental conclusion shows that, regarding lower limb selective response time and the middle left lower limb prereaction time (L-PMT) of the elite athlete group and the ordinary athlete group, the average movement value of the elite group of 2.336 is significantly greater than that of the ordinary group of 1.938. This shows that, within a certain range, the larger the knee angle and the smaller the hip angle, the stronger the ability to buffer the impact of the ground, without causing greater damage to the muscles and joints.

Biomechanics and Neuromuscular Control Training in Table Tennis Training Based on Big Data.

Thinking of big data as a collection of huge and sophisticated data sets, it is hard to process it effectively with current data management tools and processing methods. Big data is reflected in that the scale of data exceeds the scope of traditional volume measurement, and it is difficult to collect, store, manage, and analyze through traditional methods. Analyzing the biomechanics of table tennis training through big data is conducive to improving the training effect of table tennis, so as to formulate corresponding neuromuscular control training. This paper mainly analyzes various indicators in biomechanics and kinematics in table tennis training under big data. Under these metrics, an improved decision tree method was then used to analyze the differences between athletes trained for neuromuscular control and those who did not. It analyzed the effect of neuromuscular control training on the human body through different experimental control groups. Experiments showed that after nonathletes undergo neuromuscular control training, the standard rate of table tennis hitting action increases by 10% to 20%, reaching 80%. The improvement of athletes is not very obvious.

Correlation of Lower Limb Muscle Activity with Knee Joint Kinematics and Kinetics during Badminton Landing Tasks.

A study on a single-leg landing task after an overhead stroke in badminton suggests that poor knee biomechanical indicators may be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. A preventive program targeting neuromuscular control strategies is said to alter the biomechanics of the knee joint and have a beneficial effect on reducing ACL injury. However, the relationship between muscle activity around the knee joint and knee biomechanical risk factors in the badminton landing task is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between this movement pattern of muscle activity and knee kinematics and kinetics. This experiment analyzed knee muscle activity and biomechanical information in a sample of 34 badminton players (17 male, 17 female) during a badminton landing task. We assessed the relationship between the rectus femoris (RF), medial hamstring (MHAM), lateral hamstring (LHAM), medial gastrocnemius (MGAS), lateral gastrocnemius (LGAS), medial and lateral hamstring to quadriceps co-contraction ratio (MH/Q and LH/Q) with the knee flexion angle, valgus angle, extension moment, valgus moment, and proximal tibial anterior shear force. A moderate negative correlation was found between the peak knee flexion angle and electromyography (EMG) activity in LGAS (r = 0.47, p = 0.0046, R2 = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.70). Peak proximal tibial shear force showed strong and positive correlations with RF EMG activity (r = 0.52, p = 0.0016, R2 = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.73) and strong and negative correlations with MH/Q (r = 0.50, p = 0.0023, R2 = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.72). The knee extension moment showed moderate and positive correlations with RF EMG activity (r = 0.48, p = 0.0042, R2 = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.70) and strong and negative correlations with MH/Q (r = 0.57, p = 0.0004, R2 = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.76). The peak knee valgus moment showed strong and positive correlations with LH/Q (r = 0.55, p = 0.0007, R2 = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.75). Our findings suggest that there is a correlation between lower extremity muscle activity and knee kinematics and kinetics during the single-leg landing task in badminton; therefore, lower extremity muscle activity should be considered when developing rehabilitation or injury prevention programs.

Genomic Landscape and Clinical Utility in Korean Advanced Pan-Cancer Patients from Prospective Clinical Sequencing: K-MASTER Program.

The fundamental principle of precision oncology is centralized on the identification of therapeutically exploitable targets that provides individual patients with cancer an opportunity to make informed decisions on a personalized level. To facilitate and adopt such concepts within clinical practice, we have initiated a nationwide, multi-institutional precision oncology screening program to examine and enroll patients into the most appropriate clinical trial based on their tumor's unique molecular properties. To determine the prevalence of essential major driver mutations and to explore their dynamic associations at both molecular and pathway levels, we present a comprehensive overview on the genomic properties of East Asian patients with cancer. We further delineate the extent of genomic diversity as well as clinical actionability in patients from Western and Eastern cultures at the pan-cancer and single-tumor entity levels. To support fellow oncology communities in future investigations involving large-scale analysis, all data have been made accessible to the public (https://kmportal.or.kr). SIGNIFICANCE: We present a comprehensive overview of molecular properties of East Asian pan-cancer patients and demonstrate significant diversity in terms of genomic characteristics as well as clinical utility compared with patients with European ancestry. The results of this study will lay the groundwork for designing personalized treatments in the clinical setting. See related commentary by Moyers and Subbiah, p. 886. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 873.

Effects of sound on postural stability during quiet standing.

Loss of postural stability can increase the likelihood of slips and falls in workplaces. The present study intended to extend understanding of the effects of frequency and pressure level of sound on postural stability during standing. Eleven male subjects participated. Standing on a force platform, the subjects' center of pressures were measured under different combinations of pressure level and frequency of the sound. Variables such as the position variability of COP and the length of postural sway path in anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) direction were evaluated. Subjective ratings of perceived disturbance at each experimental condition were also obtained using a 7-point rating scale. Results showed that the length of sway path and the position variability of COP increased as the frequency of sound increased in posterior-anterior axis. The effect of sound pressure level, however, was not significant on both the postural sway length and the position variability of COP. These results suggested substantial disturbance of standing balance system among subjects exposed to high frequency noise. The results implied that physical workers should be alerted that their abilities of postural balance could be degraded significantly as disturbance caused by a sound existed.