Diurnal Variation of Brain Activity in the Human Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the central clock for circadian rhythms. Animal studies have revealed daily rhythms in the neuronal activity in the SCN. However, the circadian activity of the human SCN has remained elusive. In this study, to reveal the diurnal variation of the SCN activity in humans, we localized the SCN by employing an areal boundary mapping technique to resting-state functional images and investigated the SCN activity using perfusion imaging. In the first experiment (n = 27, including both sexes), we scanned each participant four times a day, every 6 h. Higher activity was observed at noon, while lower activity was recorded in the early morning. In the second experiment (n = 20, including both sexes), the SCN activity was measured every 30 min for 6 h from midnight to dawn. The results showed that the SCN activity gradually decreased and was not associated with the electroencephalography. Furthermore, the SCN activity was compatible with the rodent SCN activity after switching off the lights. These results suggest that the diurnal variation of the human SCN follows the zeitgeber cycles of nocturnal and diurnal mammals and is modulated by physical lights rather than the local time.

Functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorder evaluated using rs-fMRI and DKI.

We evaluated functional connectivity (FC) in patients with adult autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). We acquired rs-fMRI data from 33 individuals with ASD and 33 healthy controls (HC) and DKI data from 18 individuals with ASD and 17 HC. ASD showed attenuated FC between the right frontal pole (FP) and the bilateral temporal fusiform cortex (TFusC) and enhanced FC between the right thalamus and the bilateral inferior division of lateral occipital cortex, and between the cerebellar vermis and the right occipital fusiform gyrus (OFusG) and the right lingual gyrus, compared with HC. ASD demonstrated increased axial kurtosis (AK) and mean kurtosis (MK) in white matter (WM) tracts, including the right anterior corona radiata (ACR), forceps minor (FM), and right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF). In ASD, there was also a significant negative correlation between MK and FC between the cerebellar vermis and the right OFusG in the corpus callosum, FM, right SLF and right ACR. Increased DKI metrics might represent neuroinflammation, increased complexity, or disrupted WM tissue integrity that alters long-distance connectivity. Nonetheless, protective or compensating adaptations of inflammation might lead to more abundant glial cells and cytokine activation effectively alleviating the degeneration of neurons, resulting in increased complexity. FC abnormality in ASD observed in rs-fMRI may be attributed to microstructural alterations of the commissural and long-range association tracts in WM as indicated by DKI.

Music Intervention Reduces Persistent Fibromyalgia Pain and Alters Functional Connectivity Between the Insula and Default Mode Network.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of the present study were to examine the effects of short-term music interventions among patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and to clarify the alterations in functional connectivity and persistent pain. DESIGN: Pilot study. SETTING: All participants were evaluated at Juntendo University from November 2017 to January 2019. SUBJECTS: We enrolled female patients who had been clinically diagnosed with FM (N = 23). METHODS: All participants listened to Mozart's Duo for Violin and Viola No. 1, K. 423, in a quiet room for 17 minutes. We compared the degree of pain using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and the numeric rating scale before and after listening to music. RESULTS: Pain scores were significantly reduced after listening to music. Further, we observed there was a significant difference in connectivity between the right insular cortex (IC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus (PCu) before and after listening to music. We also found that the difference between the right IC-PCu connectivity and the difference in pain scores were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: We found that a short period of music intervention reduced chronic pain and altered functional IC-default mode network connectivity. Furthermore, music potentially normalized the neural network via IC-default mode network connectivity, yielding temporary pain relief in patients with FM. Further longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm these results.

Difficulty differentiating a case of posterior cortical atrophy from a psychogenic disturbance of vision.

Differentiating posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) from other diseases can be difficult and time-consuming, and there is a particularly high possibility of misdiagnosis when psychiatrists diagnose complaints related to visual perception. Here, a case of PCA involving prominent visual perceptual disorders is reported; PCA was difficult to distinguish from psychogenic disturbance of vision in this case. For a year, a 59-year-old woman had had visual perceptual disorders, including a distorted view and prosopagnosia. She underwent examinations at multiple clinical departments at several medical institutions before receiving a definitive diagnosis of PCA. This PCA diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms, including Gerstmann syndrome, Bálint's syndrome, and transcortical sensory aphasia, and hypoperfusion in the occipital lobe observed on single-photon emission computed tomography. This case was initially misdiagnosed as a psychogenic disease partly because characteristic clinical manifestations of PCA include visual agnosia with a disjunctive component. This patient displayed a disordered perception of stationary objects but an intact perception of moving objects. For example, she had to grope her way through a room at home, but she could visit a familiar hair salon on foot without hindrance. Behaviours like claiming to be blind while inexplicably moving without colliding with surrounding objects may lead to the misdiagnosis of PCA as a psychogenic or dissociative disorder involving histrionic or neurologically irrational symptoms with an expectation of sympathy or personal gain. It is critical to make every effort to exclude organic diseases, even in cases provisionally diagnosed as psychogenic disease. Despite its low prevalence, PCA should be considered a syndrome caused by Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, or other dementias.

Functional Connectivity of the Caudate in Schizophrenia Evaluated with Simultaneous Resting-State Functional MRI and Electroencephalography Recordings.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant functional connectivity (FC) is increasingly implicated in the clinical phenomenology of schizophrenia. This study focused on the FC of the cortico-striatal network, which is thought to be disrupted in schizophrenia and to contribute to its clinical manifestations. METHODS: We used simultaneous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings to investigate FC in patients with schizophrenia. The study included 20 patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Simultaneously recorded rsfMRI and EEG data were collected with an MR-compatible amplifier, and rsfMRI data were analyzed with the CONN toolbox to calculate FC. The study focused on the caudate, which was defined as the seed. We also performed between-group comparisons of standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography intracortical lagged coherence for each EEG frequency band. RESULTS: Compared to HCs, patients with schizophrenia showed enhanced FC between the caudate nucleus and the posterior cingulate cortex, temporal, and occipital regions on rsfMRI. It is thus possible that HCs have negative FC between these regions, whereas patients with schizophrenia have non-negative FC. The EEG results showed no significant differences in oscillations or in FC between the groups in any frequency band in any region. CONCLUSIONS: Increased FC in the caudate may represent aberrant between-network FC resulting from the disruption of segregation between networks.

White matter alterations in adult with autism spectrum disorder evaluated using diffusion kurtosis imaging.

PURPOSE: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is related to impairment in various white matter (WM) pathways. Utility of the recently developed two-compartment model of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) to analyse axial diffusivity of WM is restricted by several limitations. The present study aims to validate the utility of model-free DKI in the evaluation of WM alterations in ASD and analyse the potential relationship between DKI-evident WM alterations and personality scales. METHODS: Overall, 15 participants with ASD and 15 neurotypical (NT) controls were scanned on a 3 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner, and scores for autism quotient (AQ), systemising quotient (SQ) and empathising quotient (EQ) were obtained for both groups. Multishell diffusion-weighted MR data were acquired using two b-values (1000 and 2000 s/mm2). Differences in mean kurtosis (MK), radial kurtosis (RK) and axial kurtosis (AK) between the groups were evaluated using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Finally, the relationships between the kurtosis indices and personality quotients were examined. RESULTS: The ASD group demonstrated significantly lower AK in the body and splenium of corpus callosum than the NT group; however, no other significant differences were identified. Negative correlations were found between AK and AQ or SQ, predominantly in WM areas related to social-emotional processing such as uncinate fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi. CONCLUSIONS: Model-free DKI and its indices may represent a novel, objective method for detecting the disease severity and WM alterations in patients with ASD.

The parietal opercular auditory-sensorimotor network in musicians: A resting-state fMRI study.

Auditory-sensorimotor coupling is critical for musical performance, during which auditory and somatosensory feedback signals are used to ensure desired outputs. Previous studies reported opercular activation in subjects performing or listening to music. A functional connectivity analysis suggested the parietal operculum (PO) as a connector hub that links auditory, somatosensory, and motor cortical areas. We therefore examined whether this PO network differs between musicians and non-musicians. We analyzed resting-state PO functional connectivity with Heschl's gyrus (HG), the planum temporale (PT), the precentral gyrus (preCG), and the postcentral gyrus (postCG) in 35 musicians and 35 non-musicians. In musicians, the left PO exhibited increased functional connectivity with the ipsilateral HG, PT, preCG, and postCG, whereas the right PO exhibited enhanced functional connectivity with the contralateral HG, preCG, and postCG and the ipsilateral postCG. Direct functional connectivity between an auditory area (the HG or PT) and a sensorimotor area (the preCG or postCG) did not significantly differ between the groups. The PO's functional connectivity with auditory and sensorimotor areas is enhanced in musicians relative to non-musicians. We propose that the PO network facilitates musical performance by mediating multimodal integration for modulating auditory-sensorimotor control.

Simultaneous resting-state functional MRI and electroencephalography recordings of functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia.

AIM: It remains unclear how functional connectivity (FC) may be related to specific cognitive domains in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we used simultaneous resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) recording in patients with schizophrenia, to evaluate FC within and outside the default mode network (DMN). METHODS: Our study population included 14 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy control participants. From all participants, we acquired rsfMRI data, and simultaneously recorded EEG data using an MR-compatible amplifier. We analyzed the rsfMRI-EEG data, and used the CONN toolbox to calculate the FC between regions of interest. We also performed between-group comparisons of standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography-based intracortical lagged coherence for each EEG frequency band. RESULTS: FC within the DMN, as measured by rsfMRI and EEG, did not significantly differ between groups. Analysis of rsfMRI data showed that FC between the right posterior inferior temporal gyrus and medial prefrontal cortex was stronger among patients with schizophrenia compared to control participants. CONCLUSION: Analysis of FC within the DMN using rsfMRI and EEG data revealed no significant differences between patients with schizophrenia and control participants. However, rsfMRI data revealed over-modulated FC between the medial prefrontal cortex and right posterior inferior temporal gyrus in patients with schizophrenia compared to control participants, suggesting that the patients had altered FC, with higher correlations across nodes within and outside of the DMN. Further studies using simultaneous rsfMRI and EEG are required to determine whether altered FC within the DMN is associated with schizophrenia.

Serum prolactin levels and sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics: comparison between aripiprazole and other atypical antipsychotics.

OBJECTIVES: Antipsychotics, even atypical ones, can induce hyperprolactinemia. Aripiprazole (APZ), a dopamine D2 partial agonist, has a unique pharmacological profile and few side effects. We investigated the incidence of hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia treated with APZ and other antipsychotics. METHODS: Serum prolactin levels were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A questionnaire survey was used to evaluate subjective sexual dysfunction. RESULTS: Based on the results of the questionnaire, approximately half (48.1%) of the patients complained of sexual dysfunction. The serum prolactin levels were significantly higher in patients with sexual dysfunction than in those without. In patients treated with antipsychotic monotherapy, the serum prolactin levels were significantly lower in patients treated with APZ than with other antipsychotics. In patients receiving 2 or more antipsychotics, the serum prolactin levels were significantly lower in patients treated with APZ-containing regimens than in patients treated with APZ-free regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with APZ did not influence the serum prolactin level, and adjunctive treatment with APZ may ameliorate the hyperprolactinemia that occurs during monotherapy with other antipsychotics.

Use of aripiprazole for delirium in the elderly: a short review.

The effects and tolerability of antipsychotics in delirium treatment remain controversial. Compared to other antipsychotics, aripiprazole differs in pharmacological activity because it exerts its effect as a dopamine D2 partial agonist. The guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association rank aripiprazole highly among antipsychotics with regard to safety, and this drug is likely to be useful for delirium treatment. Here, we reviewed the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for delirium. The results of our literature review on the efficacy and safety of delirium treatments suggest that aripiprazole is an effective treatment option for delirium in the elderly. Aripiprazole is as effective as other antipsychotics in improving delirium symptoms, and it is safer because it is less likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms, excessive sedation, and weight gain. However, these findings are based on only a few clinical studies of elderly patients with delirium. Therefore, further investigations are necessary.

Response of schizophrenic patients to dynamic facial expressions: an event-related potentials study.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with schizophrenia have an impaired ability to respond to faces and may specifically show an impaired response to dynamic facial expressions. Here we investigated the responses of schizophrenic patients and healthy controls to dynamic facial images using event-related potentials (ERPs). METHODS: We showed 13 schizophrenic patients and 13 healthy controls visual stimuli comprising facial expressions that continually changed from neutral to emotional. RESULTS: N200 latencies and P100-N200 peak-to-peak amplitudes in controls were prolonged or greater for dynamic emotions in comparison with those for static stimuli, but the group with schizophrenia showed no significant differences in responses to dynamic and static emotions. A significant negative correlation was observed between N200 latencies for dynamic negative emotion and PANSS (positive and negative syndrome scale) general psychopathology scale scores. CONCLUSIONS: A combination of hypersensitivity to static emotions and hyposensitivity to dynamic emotions in people with schizophrenia might underlie the absence of differences in response to these stimuli. A tendency in the schizophrenic group to hypersensitivity to static emotions might arise from the enhanced fear and arousal characteristics of this group; their hyposensitivity to dynamic emotions might result from controlled attentional bias away from facial expressions to reduce fear and anxiety.

Predictive factors for postoperative delirium in thoracic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: We examined cases in which delirium developed after thoracic surgery under general anesthesia at our hospital to determine the predictive factors for postoperative delirium, as well as the perioperative findings in cases showing postoperative delirium. METHODS: This retrospective study included 1674 patients who underwent surgery under general anesthesia at our hospital between 2012 and 2022, A psychiatrist diagnosed postoperative delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method. RESULTS: There were 99 (5.9%) patients with postoperative delirium in our study, including 85 (86%) men, of whom 31 (31%) had a history of cerebrovascular disease. The incidence of postoperative delirium in patients aged > 80 years was 20% (36/182). The postoperative delirium group showed significantly longer hospital stays and more frequent postoperative complications than the group without postoperative delirium. In univariate analysis, age ≥ 80 years, male sex, history of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, history of atrial fibrillation, and history of smoking were identified as significant factors, while multivariate analysis identified age ≥ 80 years, male sex, history of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, and history of smoking as significant factors (odds ratios = 5.15, 2.04, 3.10, 1.67, and 2.36, respectively). In the 169 cases with none of these five factors, the postoperative delirium risk was 0% (0/169). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing thoracic surgery, predictive factors for postoperative delirium include age ≥ 80 years, male sex, history of cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, and smoking history. The findings also indicate that patients with these risk factors may require psychiatric consultation before surgery.

Classification of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls using p100 event-related potentials for visual processing.

The study of event-related potentials (ERPs) is capable of elucidating the abnormalities in brain network dynamics relevant to the information-processing deficits in schizophrenia patients. In contrast to P50 and P300 ERPs, however, the results of P100 ERP studies in schizophrenia patients are less consistent. We have previously reported that P100 amplitudes did not differ significantly between patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. This result raised a question as to whether P100 ERPs carry information on brain network dynamics in schizophrenia patients that is distinct from normal controls. To answer this question, in this study we performed discrimination analysis on the P100 data. The rate of correct classification of patients and controls was high (80-90% depending on stimulus categories), indicating that patients have spatial patterns of P100 amplitudes that are distinguishable from those in healthy subjects. To further explore this possibility, we performed principal component analysis on the P100 data. For the patients, the first principal component represented global activity, the second component represented the reciprocal anterior-posterior activation, and the third component represented the hemispheric reciprocity in activity. The first and second components were similar to those of the control group; however, the third component in control subjects showed activation of the center versus anterior and posterior regions. This result is consistent with the notion of abnormalities in hemispheric asymmetries during the processing of sensory information in schizophrenia. In conclusion, this ERP study demonstrated that P100 amplitudes have information that can successfully classify patients and controls.

Anterior cingulate abnormality as a neural correlate of mismatch negativity in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Limbic circuitry, especially the anterior cingulate gyrus, has been implicated in the pathophysiology and cognitive changes of schizophrenia. Previous diffusion tensor imaging studies have demonstrated that the integrity of the anterior cingulum (AC) is abnormal in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between the abnormal AC tract integrity and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has not been fully studied. METHODS: We performed a voxelwise group comparison of white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) by using tract-based spatial statistics in 9 patients with schizophrenia and 9 matched controls. We then measured FA specifically in the AC by using a tract-specific measurement. The latency and amplitude of the mismatch negativity (MMN) were also evaluated in all subjects. RESULTS: In patients with schizophrenia, tract-based spatial statistics showed a reduction in FA in broad white matter areas, including the bilateral AC, compared with controls. Tract-specific measurements confirmed the specific reduction of FA in the region of the bilateral AC. The decreased FA in the AC was correlated with prolonged MMN latency in the patient group. CONCLUSION: Our study of AC structure and electrophysiological changes in schizophrenia suggest that the disruption of limbic-cortical structural networks may be part of the neural basis underlying the changes in MMN in schizophrenia.

Reduced neurite density index in the prefrontal cortex of adults with autism assessed using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging.

Background: Core symptoms of autism-spectrum disorder (ASD) have been associated with prefrontal cortex abnormalities. However, the mechanisms behind the observation remain incomplete, partially due to the challenges of modeling complex gray matter (GM) structures. This study aimed to identify GM microstructural alterations in adults with ASD using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) and voxel-wise GM-based spatial statistics (GBSS) to reduce the partial volume effects from the white matter and cerebrospinal fluid. Materials and methods: A total of 48 right-handed participants were included, of which 22 had ASD (17 men; mean age, 34.42 ± 8.27 years) and 26 were typically developing (TD) individuals (14 men; mean age, 32.57 ± 9.62 years). The metrics of NODDI (neurite density index [NDI], orientation dispersion index [ODI], and isotropic volume fraction [ISOVF]) were compared between groups using GBSS. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics and surface-based cortical thickness were also compared. The associations between magnetic resonance imaging-based measures and ASD-related scores, including ASD-spectrum quotient, empathizing quotient, and systemizing quotient were also assessed in the region of interest (ROI) analysis. Results: After controlling for age, sex, and intracranial volume, GBSS demonstrated significantly lower NDI in the ASD group than in the TD group in the left prefrontal cortex (caudal middle frontal, lateral orbitofrontal, pars orbitalis, pars triangularis, rostral middle frontal, and superior frontal region). In the ROI analysis of individuals with ASD, a significantly positive correlation was observed between the NDI in the left rostral middle frontal, superior frontal, and left frontal pole and empathizing quotient score. No significant between-group differences were observed in all DTI metrics, other NODDI (i.e., ODI and ISOVF) metrics, and cortical thickness. Conclusion: GBSS analysis was used to demonstrate the ability of NODDI metrics to detect GM microstructural alterations in adults with ASD, while no changes were detected using DTI and cortical thickness evaluation. Specifically, we observed a reduced neurite density index in the left prefrontal cortices associated with reduced empathic abilities.

Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in child and adolescent patients.

Aripiprazole (APZ) has a unique pharmacological profile, as a partial agonist at the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5HT1A receptors and an antagonist at the serotonin 5HT2A receptor; this drug has few side effects (such as extrapyramidal syndrome, hyperprolactinemia, weight gain, metabolic disorders, and sedation) which are typical problems with other antipsychotic drugs. Due to its high tolerability, it is possible to safely administer it to children and adolescents. Efficacy and tolerability of APZ in children and adolescents have been well demonstrated in many clinical studies, which supported approvals granted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for schizophrenia, bipolar diseases, and irritability associated with autistic disorder in children and adolescents. APZ is expected to exert sedative, anti-depressive, and anti-anxiety effects, and stabilize emotion. APZ is an antipsychotic drug which could be useful for a wider spectrum of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. There is little risk of deterioration (such as disinhibition and acting out) and rapid stabilization is easy to achieve in children and adolescents without definitive diagnoses or with a combination of more than one spectrum of disorders. The effectiveness of APZ in children and adolescents is reviewed and discussed, given its pharmacological profile and the outcomes of various clinical studies. However, randomized or blind studies are still limited, and the majority of reports referenced here are open-label studies and case reports. Conclusions drawn from such studies must be evaluated with caution, and a further accumulation of controlled studies is thus needed.

Right-Lateralized Enhancement of the Auditory Cortical Network During Imagined Music Performance.

Although the primary role of the auditory cortical areas is to process actual sounds, these areas are also activated by tasks that process imagined music, suggesting that the auditory cortical areas are involved in the processes underlying musical imagery. However, the mechanism by which these areas are involved in such processes is unknown. To elucidate this feature of the auditory cortical areas, we analyzed their functional networks during imagined music performance in comparison with those in the resting condition. While imagined music performance does not produce any musical sounds, the participants heard the same actual sounds from the MRI equipment in both experimental conditions. Therefore, if the functional connectivity between these conditions differs significantly, one can infer that the auditory cortical areas are actively involved in imagined music performance. Our functional connectivity analysis revealed a significant enhancement in the auditory network during imagined music performance relative to the resting condition. The reconfiguration profile of the auditory network showed a clear right-lateralized increase in the connectivity of the auditory cortical areas with brain regions associated with cognitive, memory, and emotional information processing. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that auditory cortical areas and their networks are actively involved in imagined music performance through the integration of auditory imagery into mental imagery associated with music performance.

Identification of 22q11.2 deletion in a patient with schizophrenia and clinically diagnosed Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.

Background: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) is a rare autosomal-dominant disease. Almost all cases are sporadic and attributed to de novo variant. Psychotic symptoms in RTS are rare and have been reported in only a few published cases. On the other hand, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is the most common chromosomal microdeletion in humans. The 22q11.2 deletion is well recognized as a risk factor for schizophrenia. Here, we present a schizophrenic psychosis case clinically diagnosed as RTS but resolved as carrying 22q11.2 deletion by genomic analysis. Case presentation: A 38-year-old Japanese male was admitted to our hospital due to psychotic symptoms. He had been diagnosed with RTS based on physical characteristics at the age of 9 months. On admission, we performed whole exome sequencing. He had no pathogenic variant in CREBBP or EP300. We detected 2.5 Mb deletion on 22q11.2 and one rare loss-of-function variant in a loss-of-function-constrained gene (MTSS1) and three rare missense variants in missense-constrained genes (CELSR3, HERC1, and TLN1). Psychotic symptoms were ameliorated by the treatment of risperidone. Conclusion: The psychiatric manifestation and genomic analysis may be a clue to detecting 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in undiagnosed patients. The reason for similarity in physical characteristics in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and RTS remains unresolved. The 22q11.2 deletion and HERC1 contribute to the patient's phenotype.

Event-related potential study of illusory contour perception in schizophrenia.

Schizophrenic patients and healthy controls participated in event-related potential experiments, in which illusory contour (IC) and control objects [no contour (NC), real contour (RC)] were passively presented. As a result, P100 latency for IC in schizophrenic patients was significantly prolonged (+10.6 ms) compared to those for RC. The present findings indicate that an abnormality of IC processing, including 'bottom-up' as well as 'top-down' processing, may reflect basal pathogenesis of various clinical representations of schizophrenia. However, the P100 latency difference between IC and RC was very small in the patient group. Rather, 'cognitive' in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) model of Bell et al. significantly correlated with P100 latencies for NC. Such an association between PANSS and NC processing, where the shape must be inferred with increased attentional demands and 'top-down' processing, indicates that the abnormality of schizophrenic patients' preattentive process might be a problem of 'top-down' processing rather than 'bottom-up' processing.

Corrigendum: Increased Functional Connectivity of the Angular Gyrus During Imagined Music Performance.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00092.].