[Pulmonary Tuberculosis--Is Surgery still Necessary?]. / Pulmonale Tuberkulose--ist die Chirurgie noch notwendig?

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is still one of the most common infectious diseases along with HIV and malaria and therefore represents a serious problem in the health sector. Due to immigrants and refugees, the disease is also present in Europe. The global increase of multidrug resistant tuberculosis leads to a highly significant and current importance of sufficient therapeutic measures. In recent years, this fact has led to a reevaluation of surgical therapy in the context of an interdisciplinary and multimodal treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis. In addition, despite an effective treatment of drug sensitive tuberculosis with antibiotics, there are still indications for surgery in the treatment of tuberculosis. Beside massive hemoptysis as an emergency indication for surgical intervention, secondary complications of tuberculosis such as aspergilloma, chronic hemoptysis, pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula and destroyed lung remain indications for surgery. CONCLUSION: The indication for surgery should always be made in a multimodal therapeutic approach by an interdisciplinary team, taking patient age and functional analysis into account. Effective antibiotic therapy should be performed before and after surgery in order to achieve a sustained treatment success.

[Swelling of the neck following tonsillectomy. Lateral cervical fistula]. / Zervikale Schwellung nach Tonsillektomie. Laterale Halsfistel.

A 16-year-old patient presented with recurrent cervical swelling to the right side of the neck on coughing and sneezing. Although present since childhood, the symptoms had progressed over the preceding year. Immediately prior to this period a bilateral tonsillectomy had been performed for recurrent tonsillitis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a complete lateral cervical fistula extending between the thyroid and submandibular glands on the right side of the neck. Successful surgical resection accomplished complete removal of the fistula.

Targeting the vasculature of visceral tumors: novel insights and treatment perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from the endothelium of the existing vasculature, describes a crucial process in tumor growth, disease progression, and metastasis. Therefore, the upcoming strategy of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis has generated different treatment modalities, which have been transferred into clinical practice in recent years. Currently, this concept is applied to target the vasculature of different visceral tumors and intensive clinical research has just started. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review summarizes the modifications of systemic treatment of visceral tumors by targeting the vasculature in the past years. Moreover, novel targets and treatment strategies will be discussed to evaluate future directions. RESULTS: Leading antiangiogenic drugs combined with systemic chemotherapy have been applied with increasing success during the last years. Therefore, the concept of combining vascular targeting agents with established chemotherapeutic regimens has been increasingly adopted into the therapies of different visceral tumors. CONCLUSION: Targeting the vasculature of visceral tumors in combination with established standard tumor therapies includes major clinical potential for future therapy concepts.

[Interventional treatment of tracheopleural and bronchopleural fistulas]. / Interventionelle Versorgung tracheo-/bronchopleuraler Fisteln.

BACKGROUND: Interventional bronchoscopy is an indispensable option to manage bronchopleural and tracheopleural fistulas in patients in a poor general condition and at high risk for developing postoperative complications. METHODS: This article is based on a search in the PubMed database for relevant publications and own experiences as surgeons and pneumologists. RESULTS: Various interventional techniques can be used for the treatment of bronchopleural and tracheopleural fistulas. Currently, the insertion of stents or endobronchial valves is the most frequently used treatment. Ideally, the attending anesthesiologist will have experience with high frequency jet ventilation and the attending surgeon will have experience with rigid bronchoscopy, flexible bronchoscopy, and interventional bronchoscopy. DISCUSSION: Due to a lack of standardized treatment recommendations, individual treatment plans must be decided according to the location of the bronchopleural or tracheopleural fistula and taking existing comorbidities into account.

Prognostic relevance of regional lymph-node distribution in patients with N1-positive non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective single-center analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Lymph node (LN) metastases predict survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with curative surgery. Nevertheless, prognostic differences within the same nodal (N) status have been reported. Consequently, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) proposed to stratify patients with limited nodal disease (pN1) from low (pN1a) to high (pN1b) nodal tumor burden. This study aimed to validate the IASLC proposal in a large single-center surgical cohort of patients with pN1 NSCLC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data from 317 patients with pN1 NSCLC treated between January 2012 and December 2016, were retrospectively analyzed. Associations between distribution of LN metastases and survival were analyzed for different classification models-toward nodal extension (pN1a: one station involved; pN1b: multiple stations involved) and toward location (pN1 in the hilar [LN#10/11] or peripheral zone [LN#12-14]). RESULTS: Tumor-specific survival (TSS) in the entire pN1 cohort was 67.1% at five years. Five-year TSS rates for pN1a and pN1b patients were comparable (67.6% vs. 66.5%, p = 0.623). Significant survival differences from pN1a to pN1b were observed only in patients with adenocarcinoma histology and completed adjuvant chemotherapy (5-year TSS: pN1a, 80.4% vs. pN1b, 49.6%; p = 0.005). TSS for LN metastases in the hilar zone/peripheral zone or in both zones was 68.2% and 59.9%, respectively (p = 0.068). In multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy, squamous cell histology, and nodal disease limited to one zone nodal disease were identified as independent beneficial prognostic factors (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: pN1 in only one region (hilar or lobar) was associated with better outcome than metastatic affection of both regions after surgery and adjuvant therapy. A stratification towards single (pN1a) and multiple (pN1b) N1-metastases was found of prognostic relevance only in adenocarcinoma. Prospective multicenter analysis of prognostic subgroups in N1 NSCLC is required to evaluate its clinical impact for consideration in future TNM classification.

Persistence of de novo donor specific HLA-Antibodies after lung transplantation: a potential marker of decreased patient survival.

The impact of de novo donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies (DSA) on outcomes in lung transplantation is still a matter of debate. We hypothesize that differentiating DSA by persistent and transient appearance may offer an additional risk assessment. The clinical relevance of HLA-antibodies was investigated prospectively in 72 recipients with a median follow-up period of 21 months. The presence of HLA-antibodies was analysed by single antigen bead assay prior to and after (3 weeks, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months) transplantation. In 23 patients (32%) de novo DSA were detected. In 10 of these patients (44%) DSA persisted throughout the follow-up period whereas 13 of these patients (56%) had transient DSA. There was a trend towards lower one-year-survival in DSA positive compared to DSA negative patients (83% versus 94%; p=0.199). Remarkably, patients with persistent DSA had significantly reduced survival (one-year survival 60%) compared with both patients without DSA and those with transient DSA (p=0.005). Persistent DSA represented an independent prognostic factor for reduced overall survival in multivariate analysis (HR 8.3, 95% CI 1.8-37.0; p=0.006). Persistence of DSA during the first year after transplantation seems to be more harmful for lung allograft function than transiently detected DSA at an early stage. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

[Consequences of pneumonectomy in the early and late phases]. / Folgen der Pneumonektomie in der Früh- und Spätphase.

Pneumonectomy can represent the appropriate surgical treatment option in advanced or centrally localized non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A satisfactory oncologic tumor surgery can be reached in these cases although pneumonectomy is associated with a significantly higher mortality and morbidity than less extensive resection of the lung parenchyma.The aim of this article is a systematic review and the presentation of possible postoperative consequences of pneumonectomy in the early and late phases, which depend not only on the underlying disease but are also primarily affected by the state and function of the remaining contralateral lung parenchyma. Cardiopulmonary complications, especially pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrhythmia or myocardial infarction lead to increased 30-day mortality in the early postoperative period. Moreover, advanced ages over 70 years can be identified as a significant risk factor for poor quality of life after pneumonectomy.