Cholinergic regulation of vascular endothelial function by human ChAT+ T cells.

Endothelial dysfunction and impaired vasodilation are linked with adverse cardiovascular events. T lymphocytes expressing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the enzyme catalyzing biosynthesis of the vasorelaxant acetylcholine (ACh), regulate vasodilation and are integral to the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway in an inflammatory reflex in mice. Here, we found that human T cell ChAT mRNA expression was induced by T cell activation involving the PI3K signaling cascade. Mechanistically, we identified that ChAT mRNA expression was induced following the attenuation of RE-1 Silencing Transcription factor REST-mediated methylation of the ChAT promoter, and that ChAT mRNA expression levels were up-regulated by GATA3 in human T cells. In functional experiments, T cell-derived ACh increased endothelial nitric oxide-synthase activity, promoted vasorelaxation, and reduced vascular endothelial activation and promoted barrier integrity by a cholinergic mechanism. Further, we observed that survival in a cohort of patients with severe circulatory failure correlated with their relative frequency of ChAT +CD4+ T cells in blood. These findings on ChAT+ human T cells provide a mechanism for cholinergic immune regulation of vascular endothelial function in human inflammation.

Single cell expression analysis reveals anatomical and cell cycle-dependent transcriptional shifts during heart development.

The heart is a complex organ composed of multiple cell and tissue types. Cardiac cells from different regions of the growing embryonic heart exhibit distinct patterns of gene expression, which are thought to contribute to heart development and morphogenesis. Single cell RNA sequencing allows genome-wide analysis of gene expression at the single cell level. Here, we have analyzed cardiac cells derived from early stage developing hearts by single cell RNA-seq and identified cell cycle gene expression as a major determinant of transcriptional variation. Within cell cycle stage-matched CMs from a given heart chamber, we found that CMs in the G2/M phase downregulated sarcomeric and cytoskeletal markers. We also identified cell location-specific signaling molecules that may influence the proliferation of other nearby cell types. Our data highlight how variations in cell cycle activity selectively promote cardiac chamber growth during development, reveal profound chamber-specific cell cycle-linked transcriptional shifts, and open the way to deeper understanding of pathogenesis of congenital heart disease.

Balancing precision versus cohort transcriptomic analysis of acute and recovery phase of viral bronchiolitis.

Viral infections affecting the lower respiratory tract place enormous burdens on hospitals. As neither vaccines nor antiviral agents exist for many viruses, understanding risk factors and outcomes in each patient using minimally invasive analysis, such as blood, can lead to improved health care delivery. A cohort of PAXgene RNA sequencing of infants admitted with moderate or severe acute bronchiolitis and respiratory syncytial virus were compared with case-control statistical analysis and cohort-based outlier mapping for precision transcriptomics. Patients with severe bronchiolitis had signatures connected to the immune system, interferon signaling, and cytokine signaling, with marked sex differences in XIST, RPS4Y1, KDM5D, and LINC00278 for severity. Several patients had unique secondary infections, cytokine activation, immune responses, biological pathways, and immune cell activation, highlighting the need for defining patient-level transcriptomic signatures. Balancing relative contributions of cohort-based biomarker discoveries with patient's biological responses is needed to understand the totality of mechanisms of adverse outcomes in viral bronchiolitis.

Isolation of Cardiomyocytes Undergoing Mitosis With Complete Cytokinesis.

RATIONALE: Adult human cardiomyocytes do not complete cytokinesis despite passing through the S-phase of the cell cycle. As a result, polyploidization and multinucleation occur. To get a deeper understanding of the mechanisms surrounding division of cardiomyocytes, there is a crucial need for a technique to isolate cardiomyocytes that complete cell division/cytokinesis. OBJECTIVE: Markers of cell cycle progression based on DNA content cannot distinguish between mitotic cardiomyocytes that fail to complete cytokinesis from those cells that undergo true cell division. With the use of molecular beacons (MBs) targeting specific mRNAs, we aimed to identify truly proliferative cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fluorescence-activated cell sorting combined with MBs was performed to sort cardiomyocyte populations enriched for mitotic cells. Expressions of cell cycle specific genes were confirmed by means of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with gene signatures of cell cycle progression. We characterized the sorted groups by proliferation assays and time-lapse microscopy which confirmed the proliferative advantage of MB-positive cell populations relative to MB-negative and G2/M populations. Gene expression analysis revealed that the MB-positive cardiomyocyte subpopulation exhibited patterns consistent with the processes of nuclear division, chromosome segregation, and transition from M to G1 phase. The use of dual-MBs targeting CDC20 and SPG20 mRNAs enabled the enrichment of cytokinetic events (CDC20highSPG20high). Interestingly, cells that did not complete cytokinesis and remained binucleated were found to be CDC20lowSPG20high while polyploid cardiomyocytes that replicated DNA but failed to complete karyokinesis were found to be CDC20lowSPG20low. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a novel alternative to existing DNA content-based approaches for sorting cardiomyocytes with true mitotic potential that can be used to study the unique dynamics of cardiomyocyte nuclei during mitosis. Our technique for sorting live cardiomyocytes undergoing cytokinesis would provide a basis for future studies to uncover mechanisms underlying the development and regeneration of heart tissue.

Streamlined analysis of LINCS L1000 data with the slinky package for R.

SUMMARY: The L1000 dataset from the NIH LINCS program holds the promise to deconvolute a wide range of biological questions in transcriptional space. However, using this large and decentralized dataset presents its own challenges. The slinky package was created to streamline the process of identifying samples of interest and their corresponding control samples, and loading their associated expression data and metadata. The package can integrate with workflows leveraging the BioConductor collection of tools by encapsulating the L1000 data as a SummarizedExperiment object. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: Slinky is freely available as an R package at http://bioconductor.org/packages/slinky.

Circulating Progenitor Cells and Childhood Cardiovascular Disease.

Circulating progenitor cells have been extensively studied in the context of heart disease in adults. In these patients, they have been demonstrated to be markers of myocardial injury and recovery as well as potential therapeutic agents. However, studies in children are much more limited. Here we review current knowledge pertaining to circulating progenitor cells in the context of childhood cardiovascular disease. Priorities for further research are also highlighted.

Repurposing drugs to treat cardiovascular disease in the era of precision medicine.

Drug repurposing is the use of a given therapeutic agent for indications other than that for which it was originally designed or intended. The concept is appealing because of potentially lower development costs and shorter timelines than are needed to produce a new drug. To date, drug repurposing for cardiovascular indications has been opportunistic and driven by knowledge of disease mechanisms or serendipitous observation rather than by systematic endeavours to match an existing drug to a new indication. Innovations in two areas of personalized medicine - computational approaches to associate drug effects with disease signatures and predictive model systems to screen drugs for disease-modifying activities - support efforts that together create an efficient pipeline to systematically repurpose drugs to treat cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, new experimental strategies that guide the medicinal chemistry re-engineering of drugs could improve repurposing efforts by tailoring a medicine to its new indication. In this Review, we summarize the historical approach to repurposing and discuss the technological advances that have created a new landscape of opportunities.

Somatic pairing of chromosome 19 in renal oncocytoma is associated with deregulated EGLN2-mediated [corrected] oxygen-sensing response.

Chromosomal abnormalities, such as structural and numerical abnormalities, are a common occurrence in cancer. The close association of homologous chromosomes during interphase, a phenomenon termed somatic chromosome pairing, has been observed in cancerous cells, but the functional consequences of somatic pairing have not been established. Gene expression profiling studies revealed that somatic pairing of chromosome 19 is a recurrent chromosomal abnormality in renal oncocytoma, a neoplasia of the adult kidney. Somatic pairing was associated with significant disruption of gene expression within the paired regions and resulted in the deregulation of the prolyl-hydroxylase EGLN2 [corrected] a key protein that regulates the oxygen-dependent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Overexpression of EGLN2 [corrected] in renal oncocytoma increased ubiquitin-mediated destruction of HIF and concomitantly suppressed the expression of several HIF-target genes, including the pro-death BNIP3L gene. The transcriptional changes that are associated with somatic pairing of chromosome 19 mimic the transcriptional changes that occur following DNA amplification. Therefore, in addition to numerical and structural chromosomal abnormalities, alterations in chromosomal spatial dynamics should be considered as genomic events that are associated with tumorigenesis. The identification of EGLN2 as a significantly deregulated gene that maps within the paired chromosome region directly implicates defects in the oxygen-sensing network to the biology of renal oncocytoma.

The tumor suppressor parafibromin is required for posttranscriptional processing of histone mRNA.

Parafibromin, encoded by the gene HRPT2, is a tumor suppressor protein associated with the RNA polymerase II-associated complex, Paf1 complex. HRPT2 mutations were first identified in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome, and have also been found in sporadic parathyroid and renal tumors. However, the mechanisms by which parafibromin suppresses tumor formation remain unknown. In this study, we identify a novel role of parafibromin in the regulation of replication-dependent histones. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses reveal a posttranscriptional role of parafibromin in histone mRNA processing. Downregulation of parafibromin through RNA interference or in vivo mutations lead to uncleaved histone mRNA with polyadenylated tails. These results indicate that parafibromin regulates the 3' processing of histone RNA, an essential component of the cell cycle.

Gene expression signatures identify paediatric patients with multiple organ dysfunction who require advanced life support in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) occurs in the setting of a variety of pathologies including infection and trauma. Some patients decompensate and require Veno-Arterial extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a palliating manoeuvre for recovery of cardiopulmonary function. The molecular mechanisms driving progression from MODS to cardiopulmonary collapse remain incompletely understood, and no biomarkers have been defined to identify those MODS patients at highest risk for progression to requiring ECMO support. METHODS: Whole blood RNA-seq profiling was performed for 23 MODS patients at three time points during their ICU stay (at diagnosis of MODS, 72 hours after, and 8 days later), as well as four healthy controls undergoing routine sedation. Of the 23 MODS patients, six required ECMO support (ECMO patients). The predictive power of conventional demographic and clinical features was quantified for differentiating the MODS and ECMO patients. We then compared the performance of markers derived from transcriptomic profiling including [1] transcriptomically imputed leukocyte subtype distribution, [2] relevant published gene signatures and [3] a novel differential gene expression signature computed from our data set. The predictive power of our novel gene expression signature was then validated using independently published datasets. FINDING: None of the five demographic characteristics and 14 clinical features, including The Paediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD) score, could predict deterioration of MODS to ECMO at baseline. From previously published sepsis signatures, only the signatures positively associated with patient's mortality could differentiate ECMO patients from MODS patients, when applied to our transcriptomic dataset (P-value ranges from 0.01 to 0.04, Student's test). Deconvolution of bulk RNA-Seq samples suggested that lower neutrophil counts were associated with increased risk of progression from MODS to ECMO (P-value = 0.03, logistic regression, OR=2.82 [95% CI 0.63 - 12.45]). A total of 30 genes were differentially expressed between ECMO and MODS patients at baseline (log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ -1 with false discovery rate ≤ 0.01). These genes are involved in protein maintenance and epigenetic-related processes. Further univariate analysis of these 30 genes suggested a signature of seven DE genes associated with ECMO (OR > 3.0, P-value ≤ 0.05, logistic regression). Notably, this contains a set of histone marker genes, including H1F0, HIST2H3C, HIST1H2AI, HIST1H4, HIST1H2BL and HIST1H1B, that were highly expressed in ECMO. A risk score derived from expression of these genes differentiated ECMO and MODS patients in our dataset (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI 0.79-1.00, P-value = 7e-04, logistic regression) as well as validation dataset (AUC= 0.73, 95% CI 0.53-0.93, P-value = 2e-02, logistic regression). INTERPRETATION: This study demonstrates that transcriptomic features can serve as indicators of severity that could be superior to traditional methods of ascertaining acuity in MODS patients. Analysis of expression of signatures identified in this study could help clinicians in the diagnosis and prognostication of MODS patients after arrival to the Hospital.

MicroRNA profiling of human kidney cancer subtypes.

Although the functions of most of the identified microRNAs (miRNAs) have yet to be determined, their use as potential biomarkers has been considered in several human diseases and cancers. In order to understand their role in renal tumorigenesis, we screened the expression levels of miRNAs in four subtypes of human renal neoplasms: clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (RCC) as well as benign renal oncocytomas. We found a unique miRNA signature for each subtype of renal tumor. Furthermore, we identified unique patterns of miRNA expression distinguishing clear cell RCC cases with favorable vs. unfavorable outcome. Specifically, we documented the overexpression of miRs 424 and 203 in clear cell RCC relative to papillary RCC, as well as the inversion of expression of miR-203 in the benign oncocytomas (where it is underexpressed relative to normal kidney) as compared to the malignant chromophobe RCC (where it is overexpressed relative to normal kidney). Our results further suggest that overexpression of S-has-miR-32 is associated with poor outcome. While previous studies have identified unique miRNA expression pattern distinguishing tumors from different anatomical locations, here we extend this principle to demonstrate the utility of miRNA expression profiling to identify a signature unique to various tumor subtypes at a single anatomic locus.

Trends in esophageal cancer and body mass index by race and gender in the state of Michigan.

BACKGROUND: Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus has been increasing in incidence in the U.S. over the past several decades, particularly among white males. The factors driving the racial disparity in adenocarcinomas rates are not well understood. METHODS: Here we examine trends in both esophageal cancer incidence and body mass index (BMI) in a geographically defined cohort by gender and race. Age-adjusted esophageal cancer incidence rates from 1985 to 2005 were calculated from data collected by the Michigan state cancer registry. Trends were analyzed along with trends in BMI data obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Survey administered by the Centers for Disease Control. RESULTS: Overall, age adjusted incidence rates in esophageal carcinoma increased from 4.49 to 4.72 cases/100,000 persons per year in Michigan from 1985 to 2005. Among white males, the rate of adenocarcinomas increased by 0.21 cases/100,000 per year to a maximum of 6.40 cases/100,000 in 1999, after which these rates remained constant. There was a slight but non-significant increase in the rate of adenocarcinomas among African American males, for whom the average incidence rate was 8 times lower than that for white males (0.58 vs 4.72 cases/100,000 person years). While average BMI is rising in Michigan (from 26.68 in 1988 to 30.33 in 2005), average BMI was slightly higher among African Americans on average, and the rates of increase in BMI were not different between African American males and white males. CONCLUSION: The disparity between African American males and white males is not explained by ecological-level trends in BMI. Further research to identify the factors responsible for this disparity, possibly including anatomic fat distribution, are required.

Anti-tumor effect of sulfasalazine in neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a tumor arising from the sympathetic nervous system during infancy and early childhood. High-risk patients who relapse often fail to respond to further therapy, which results in 5-year survival rate for this patient group below 5%. Therefore, there continues to be an urgent need for innovative treatments. Recently, we found that sulfasalazine (SSZ), an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis induces anti-proliferative effects in NB tumor cells. SSZ was recently shown to inhibit sepiapterin reductase (SPR), a key enzyme that produces tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Here we tested SSZ against purified SPR in vitro, measured the anti-proliferative effect of SSZ on a panel of MYCN amplified and MYCN non-amplified NB cell lines, and assessed the anti-tumor effect of SSZ in NB tumor-xenografted mice. We found that the expression of both SPR mRNA and SPR protein was significantly higher in cell lines without MYCN amplification. SSZ inhibited SPR enzyme activity in vitro and exhibits anti-proliferative activity in a large number of NB cell lines derived from high-risk tumors. Importantly, oral/intraperitoneal (i.p.) SSZ co-administration resulted in measureable anti-tumor effects in vivo. The FDA-approved drug SSZ, a well-tolerated drug in clinical use, could be repositioned to inhibit tumor growth in NB.

Tubulocystic carcinoma of the kidney: clinicopathologic and molecular characterization.

The nature of tubulocystic carcinoma, a rare renal tumor composed of tubular and cystic structures, is poorly understood. It has been suggested that it may represent a low-grade collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney despite the lack of sufficient molecular and pathologic evidence. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical and pathologic features of 13 cases of tubulocystic carcinoma of the kidney. Furthermore, using gene expression microarray analysis, we defined the molecular signature of this tumor by comparing it with other renal tumors in our previously established molecular profile database. Histologically, all 13 tumors were composed of closely packed tubules and cysts of varying sizes separated by fibrovascular septa. The epithelial lining cells of the tubules and cysts in this tumor were characterized by abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with prominent nucleoli often showing a hobnail appearance. Clinically, one of the 13 cases showed metastasis to the pelvic lymph nodes. Five of the 13 cases coexisted with papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (n=3) or papillary adenoma (n=2). In addition, the molecular profile of tubulocystic carcinoma was similar but not identical to those of papillary RCC by clustering analysis. Through comparative genomic microarray analysis, tubulocystic carcinoma showed gains of chromosome 17, but not chromosome 7, whereas most papillary RCCs showed chromosomal gains in both 7 and 17 (trisomies). Therefore, based on its unique pathologic features and molecular signature as well as its biologic behavior to develop metastasis either by itself or in association with papillary RCC, tubulocystic carcinoma of the kidney should be recognized as a distinct subtype of RCC and be distinguished from other malignant and benign cystic lesions of the kidney.

Anthrax lethal toxin inhibits growth of and vascular endothelial growth factor release from endothelial cells expressing the human herpes virus 8 viral G protein coupled receptor.

PURPOSE: In this study, we tested the hypothesis that inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MKK) inhibits tumor growth by acting on angiogenic signaling and by extension may form the basis of an effective strategy for treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Murine endothelial cells expressing the human herpes virus 8 G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR-SVEC) were treated with anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx). LeTx is a binary toxin ordinarily secreted by Bacillus anthracis and is composed of two proteins: protective antigen (the binding moiety) and lethal factor (the active moiety). Lethal factor is a protease that cleaves and inactivates MKKs. RESULTS: In vitro, treatment of vGPCR-SVEC with LeTx inhibited MKK signaling, moderately inhibited cell proliferation, and blocked the ability of these cells to form colonies in soft agar. Treatment with LeTx also blocked the ability of these cells to release several angioproliferative cytokines, notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In contrast, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 with U0126 caused a substantial inhibition of proliferation but only modestly inhibited VEGF release. In xenograft models, i.v. injection of LeTx caused reduced tumor growth characterized immunohistochemically by inhibition of MKK signaling, decreased rates of proliferation, and reduced levels of VEGF and VEGF receptor 2, with a corresponding decrease in vascular density. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a role for MKK signaling in tumor growth and vascularization and are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of MKK signaling by LeTx or a similar agent may be an effective strategy for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma as well as other vascular tumors.

Two distinct types of blood vessels in clear cell renal cell carcinoma have contrasting prognostic implications.

PURPOSE: Intratumoral microvascular density (MVD) has been controversial as an indicator of prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Classification of the intratumoral blood vessels based on differential expressions of blood vessel markers has not been correlated with patient prognosis in CCRCC. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of different categories of blood vessels with the patients' outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Seventy-eight CCRCC patients who underwent nephrectomy alone were enrolled. Paraffin-embedded CCRCC tissues, together with 16 nonmalignant kidney cortex tissues, were used in tissue microarray analyses and conventional section analyses. The characteristics of intratumoral blood vessels were identified by multiple blood vessel markers and pericyte markers. A computerized image analysis program was used to quantitatively calculate the vascular density. RESULTS: Two distinct types of microvessels were identified in CCRCC: undifferentiated (CD31(+)/CD34(-)) and differentiated (CD34(+)) vessels. A higher undifferentiated MVD significantly correlated with higher tumor grades and shorter patient survival. In contrast, a higher differentiated MVD significantly correlated with lower tumor grade and longer survival. Multivariate analyses showed that undifferentiated MVD was an independent prognostic factor for patient survival. An inverse correlation between undifferentiated MVD and differentiated MVD was also identified in CCRCC. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report showing distinct types of vasculature in CCRCC correlated with contrasting prognoses. A refined classification of CCRCC based on vasculature is therefore important for evaluating prognosis, and it may also have therapeutic implications.

Preparing the "soil": the primary tumor induces vasculature reorganization in the sentinel lymph node before the arrival of metastatic cancer cells.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis is the first step in the spreading of cancer in many malignancies. Tumor-reactive lymphadenopathy in SLNs has been observed for decades, but alterations of the lymphatic channels and vasculature in these nodes before the arrival of metastatic tumor cells remain unexplored. Using animal models, we show here that, before the establishment of metastasis in the SLN, there are reorganizations of the lymphatic channels and the vasculature. The node becomes a functional blood vessel-enriched and lymph vessel/sinus-enriched organ before metastasis. The enlargement of the lymph sinuses is correlated with the primary tumor weight. The newly emerged functional blood vessels develop from high endothelial venules (HEV), in which the proliferation rate of the endothelial cells is also significantly increased. Similar alterations of the HEVs are also characterized in the axillary lymph nodes from human breast cancer patients without the evidence of metastasis. These findings support the hypothesis that modification of the microenvironment for a secondary tumor (i.e., vasculature reorganization in the SLN) can be initiated by a primary tumor before and independent of the physical presence of metastatic cancer cells.

Quantification of MET and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression in colorectal adenomas, carcinomas and non-neoplastic epithelia by quantitative laser scanning microscopy.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-MET signalling in cancer biology has been well characterized in multiple organ systems. Numerous investigations have described an up-regulation of c-met mRNA in human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. However, a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of MET and HGF protein levels in tumor tissues has not been reported previously. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 41 colorectal adenomas and 49 colorectal carcinomas were characterized by immunofluorescent staining using HGF- and MET-specific antibodies. The immunoreactivity was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, computer-based image analysis and appropriate statistical tests. Normal colorectal mucosa, adenomas and carcinomas exhibited comparable levels of MET and HGF proteins. MET expression in carcinomas, although statistically not significant, demonstrated a tendency to correlate with the grade of differentiation. Correlations of MET and HGF with other clinico-pathological variables including the extent of the mucinous component and the pTNM stage were not observed. The ratio of HGF in carcinoma vs. non-neoplastic tissue was significantly different between high and low carcinoma stage. Alterations of absolute levels of MET and HGF protein during the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence were not significant. The presumed role of MET-HGF interactions in large bowel carcinogenesis may therefore be a result of or depend upon other regulatory factors involved in MET-mediated signalling pathways.

A molecular classification of papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Despite the moderate incidence of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), there is a disproportionately limited understanding of its underlying genetic programs. There is no effective therapy for metastatic PRCC, and patients are often excluded from kidney cancer trials. A morphologic classification of PRCC into type 1 and 2 tumors has been recently proposed, but its biological relevance remains uncertain. We studied the gene expression profiles of 34 cases of PRCC using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0 arrays (54,675 probe sets) using both unsupervised and supervised analyses. Comparative genomic microarray analysis was used to infer cytogenetic aberrations, and pathways were ranked with a curated database. Expression of selected genes was validated by immunohistochemistry in 34 samples with 15 independent tumors. We identified two highly distinct molecular PRCC subclasses with morphologic correlation. The first class, with excellent survival, corresponded to three histologic subtypes: type 1, low-grade type 2, and mixed type 1/low-grade type 2 tumors. The second class, with poor survival, corresponded to high-grade type 2 tumors (n = 11). Dysregulation of G1-S and G2-M checkpoint genes were found in class 1 and 2 tumors, respectively, alongside characteristic chromosomal aberrations. We identified a seven-transcript predictor that classified samples on cross-validation with 97% accuracy. Immunohistochemistry confirmed high expression of cytokeratin 7 in class 1 tumors and of topoisomerase IIalpha in class 2 tumors. We report two molecular subclasses of PRCC, which are biologically and clinically distinct and may be readily distinguished in a clinical setting.