Sex and ethnic disparities in hepatitis B evaluation and treatment across the world.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Oral antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is well-tolerated and lifesaving, but real-world data on utilization are limited. We examined rates of evaluation and treatment in patients from the REAL-B consortium. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study nested within our retrospective multinational clinical consortium (2000-2021). We determined the proportions of patients receiving adequate evaluation, meeting AASLD treatment criteria, and initiating treatment at any time during the study period. We also identified factors associated with receiving adequate evaluation and treatment using multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: We analyzed 12,566 adult treatment-naïve patients with CHB from 25 centers in 9 countries (mean age 47.1 years, 41.7% female, 96.1% Asian, 49.6% Western region, 8.7% cirrhosis). Overall, 73.3% (9,206 patients) received adequate evaluation. Among the adequately evaluated, 32.6% (3,001 patients) were treatment eligible by AASLD criteria, 83.3% (2,500 patients) of whom were initiated on NAs, with consistent findings in analyses using EASL criteria. On multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, cirrhosis, and ethnicity plus region, female sex was associated with adequate evaluation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.13, p = 0.004), but female treatment-eligible patients were about 50% less likely to initiate NAs (aOR 0.54, p <0.001). Additionally, the lowest evaluation and treatment rates were among Asian patients from the West, but no difference was observed between non-Asian patients and Asian patients from the East. Asian patients from the West (vs. East) were about 40-50% less likely to undergo adequate evaluation (aOR 0.60) and initiate NAs (aOR 0.54) (both p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation and treatment rates were suboptimal for patients with CHB in both the East and West, with significant sex and ethnic disparities. Improved linkage to care with linguistically competent and culturally sensitive approaches is needed. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: Significant sex and ethnic disparities exist in hepatitis B evaluation and treatment, with female treatment-eligible patients about 50% less likely to receive antiviral treatment and Asian patients from Western regions also about 50% less likely to receive adequate evaluation or treatment compared to Asians from the East (there was no significant difference between Asian patients from the East and non-Asian patients). Improved linkage to care with linguistically competent and culturally sensitive approaches is needed.

Antiviral therapy substantially reduces HCC risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection in the indeterminate phase.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HCC risk in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is higher in the indeterminate phase compared with the inactive phase. However, it is unclear if antiviral therapy reduces HCC risk in this population. We aimed to evaluate the association between antiviral therapy and HCC risk in the indeterminate phase. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We analyzed 855 adult (59% male), treatment-naïve patients with CHB infection without advanced fibrosis in the indeterminate phase at 14 centers (USA, Europe, and Asia). Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance the treated (n = 405) and untreated (n = 450) groups. The primary outcome was HCC development. The mean age was 46±13 years, the median alanine transaminase was 38 (interquartile range, 24-52) U/L, the mean HBV DNA was 4.5±2.1 log 10 IU/mL, and 20% were HBeAg positive. The 2 groups were similar after IPTW. After IPTW (n = 819), the 5-, 10-, and 15-year cumulative HCC incidence was 3%, 4%, and 9% among treated patients (n = 394) versus 3%, 15%, and 19%, among untreated patients (n = 425), respectively ( p = 0.02), with consistent findings in subgroup analyses for age >35 years, males, HBeAg positive, HBV DNA>1000 IU/mL, and alanine transaminase

Hepatitis B surface antigen glycan isomer is a predictor of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma during nucleoside/nucleotide analog therapy.

AIM: A recombinant monoclonal antibody against the hepatitis B surface antigen glycan isomer (HBsAgGi) was newly developed using the O-glycosylated PreS2 peptide in M-HBsAg of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C. However, the association between HBsAgGi and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during nucleoside/nucleotide analog (NA) therapy remains unknown. METHODS: A total of 112 HBV genotype C-infected patients who were treated with NA were included in this study. We assessed the association between HBV markers, including HBsAgGi and other conventional markers, and the development of HCC during NA therapy. RESULTS: Ten patients developed HCC during the follow-up period. Of the HBV markers, HBsAg (≤3.53 log IU/mL; p = 0.047), HBsAgGi/HBsAg ratio (≥1.10; p = 0.035), and HBV DNA (≤6.3 log copies/mL; p = 0.012) at baseline and HBsAg (≤3.19 log IU/mL; p = 0.033) and HBsAgGi/HBsAg ratio (≥1.09; p = 0.003) at 48 weeks after NA therapy were significantly associated with the development of HCC according to the log rank test. In contrast, no significant association was observed between HBsAgGi and the development of HCC. Multivariate analysis revealed that a platelet count at baseline ≤88 × 103/mm3 (p = 0.026; hazard ratio [HR], 10.577) and an HBsAgGi/HBsAg ratio at 48 weeks after NA therapy ≥1.09 (p = 0.040; HR, 10.099) were independently and significantly associated with the development of HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a combination of on-treatment HBsAgGi and HBsAg predicts the development of HCC during NA therapy.

Mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with tenofovir or entecavir: A multinational study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The benefits of entecavir (ETV) versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in reducing the development of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related hepatocellular carcinoma remain controversial. Whether mortality rates differ between patients with CHB treated with ETV and those treated with TDF is unclear. METHODS: A total of 2542 patients with CHB treated with either ETV or TDF were recruited from a multinational cohort. A 1:1 propensity score matching was performed to balance the differences in baseline characteristics between the two patient groups. We aimed to compare the all-cause, liver-related, and non-liver-related mortality between patients receiving ETV and those receiving TDF. RESULTS: The annual incidence of all-cause mortality in the entire cohort was 1.0/100 person-years (follow-up, 15 757.5 person-years). Patients who received TDF were younger and had a higher body mass index, platelet count, hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid levels, and proportion of hepatitis B e-antigen seropositivity than those who received ETV. The factors associated with all-cause mortality were fibrosis-4 index > 6.5 (hazard ratio [HR]/confidence interval [CI]: 3.13/2.15-4.54, P < 0.001), age per year increase (HR/CI: 1.05/1.04-1.07, P < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase level per U/L increase (HR/CI: 0.997/0.996-0.999, P = 0.003), and γ-glutamyl transferase level per U/L increase (HR/CI: 1.002/1.001-1.003, P < 0.001). No significant difference in all-cause mortality was observed between the ETV and TDF groups (log-rank test, P = 0.69). After propensity score matching, no significant differences in all-cause, liver-related, or non-liver-related mortality were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term outcomes of all-cause mortality and liver-related and non-liver-related mortality did not differ between patients treated with ETV and those receiving TDF.

Risk factors for liver-related and non-liver-related mortality following a sustained virological response after direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in a real-world cohort.

A direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-induced sustained virological response (SVR) reduces the risk of mortality. However, the risk factors associated with liver-related and non-liver-related mortality following a SVR after DAA treatment are unclear. We assessed the incidence and risk factors of liver-related and non-liver-related mortality in 1180 patients who achieved a SVR after DAA treatment. During the follow-up period after DAA treatment (median duration, 1099 [range: 84-2345] days), 53 (4.5%) patients died: 15 due to liver-related mortality, 25 due to non-liver-related mortality and 13 due to unknown causes. The all-cause, liver-related and non-liver-related mortality rates were 14.9, 4.2 and 7.0/1000 person-years, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after DAA treatment (p = .009; hazard ratio [HR], 31.484), an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline ≤61.68 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p = .015; HR, 6.607), and an α-fetoprotein level post-treatment ≥7.6 ng/ml (p = .041; HR, 18.490) were significantly associated with liver-related mortality. Furthermore, eGFR ≤67.94 ml/min/1.73 m2 at baseline (p = .012; HR, 3.407) and albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade ≥ 2 at SVR (p = .024; HR, 3.449) were significantly associated with non-liver-related mortality. Early diagnosis and therapeutic interventions for HCC development after DAA treatment are important to reduce liver-related mortality. The ALBI grade, which reflects the hepatic functional reserve, is a useful predictor of non-liver-related mortality after a SVR induced by DAA treatment. Furthermore, the renal dysfunction caused by metabolic syndrome may affect prognosis even after eliminating hepatitis C virus.

Progression Rates by Age, Sex, Treatment, and Disease Activity by AASLD and EASL Criteria: Data for Precision Medicine.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antiviral treatment criteria are based on disease progression risk, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance recommendations for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) without cirrhosis is based on an annual incidence threshold of 0.2%. However, accurate and precise disease progression estimate data are limited. Thus, we aimed to determine rates of cirrhosis and HCC development stratified by age, sex, treatment status, and disease activity based on the 2018 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and 2017 European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines. METHODS: We analyzed 18,338 patients (8914 treated, 9424 untreated) from 6 centers from the United States and 27 centers from Asia-Pacific countries. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate annual progression rates to cirrhosis or HCC in person-years. RESULTS: The cohort was 63% male, with a mean age of 46.19 years, with baseline cirrhosis of 14.3% and median follow up of 9.60 years. By American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases criteria, depending on age, sex, and disease activity, annual incidence rates ranged from 0.07% to 3.94% for cirrhosis, from 0.04% to 2.19% for HCC in patients without cirrhosis, and from 0.40% to 8.83% for HCC in patients with cirrhosis. Several subgroups of patients without cirrhosis including males younger than 40 years of age and females younger than 50 years of age had annual HCC risk near or exceeding 0.2%. Similar results were found using European Association for the Study of the Liver criteria. CONCLUSION: There is great variability in CHB disease progression rates even among "lower-risk" populations. Future CHB modeling studies, public health planning, and HCC surveillance recommendation should be based on more precise disease progression rates based on sex, age, and disease activity, plus treatment status.

Direct-acting antivirals reduce the risk of tumour progression of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has high recurrence rates. HCC sometimes progresses from early-stage HCC (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC] stage 0/A) to advanced-stage HCC after repeated recurrences and treatments. HCC progression deteriorates quality of life and prognosis. However, the effect of direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-induced sustained virologic response (SVR) on HCC progression remains uninvestigated. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hepatitis C virus-related HCC with BCLC stage 0/A diagnosed for the first time and treated by curative resection or ablation. Using a time-varying method, we estimated the risk of tumour progression (defined as progression to BCLC stage B-D) and liver-related death and the characteristics of repeated recurrence. Overall, 165 patients were enrolled. Following curative HCC treatment, 72 patients received DAA therapy (DAA-treated group), whereas 93 did not (untreated group). Approximately 75% of the recurrences were at an early stage and expected to be disease-free by retreatment. We recorded 56 tumour progressions, of which 60.7% were observed after second recurrence. Multivariate adjusted time-varying Cox regression analysis showed that the DAA-induced SVR significantly reduced the risk of tumour progression (hazard ratio [HR] 0.28; p = .001) and liver-related death (HR 0.12; p < .001). The annual incidence of HCC treatment until tumour progression was 82.8% and 23.9% in the untreated and DAA-treated groups, respectively (HR 0.30; p < .001). DAA-induced SVR significantly reduced the risk for tumour progression and liver-related death and the frequency of HCC treatment following curative treatment for HCC at BCLC stage 0/A.

On-treatment gamma-glutamyl transferase predicts the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) has been predictive of chronic hepatitis C-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Its role in the risk of HCC in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients treated with nucleotide/nucleoside analogues (NAs) is elusive. METHODS: A total of 2172 CHB patients from East Asia were randomized into development and validation groups in a 1:2 ratio. Serum GGT levels before and 6 months (M6) after initiating NAs and the potential risk factors were measured. The primary endpoint was HCC development 12 months after NA initiation. RESULTS: The annual incidence of HCC was 1.4/100 person-years in a follow-up period of 11 370.7 person-years. The strongest factor associated with HCC development was high M6-GGT levels (>25 U/L; hazard ratio [HR]/95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.31/2.02-5.42, P < .001), followed by cirrhosis (HR/CI: 2.06/1.39-3.06, P < .001), male sex (HR/CI: 2.01/1.29-3.13, P = .002) and age (HR/CI: 1.05/1.03-1.17, P < .001). Among cirrhotic patients, the incidence of HCC did not differ between those with high or low M6-GGT levels (P = .09). In contrast, among non-cirrhotic patients, the incidence of HCC was significantly higher for those with M6-GGT level >25 U/L than for their counterparts (P < .001). Cox regression analysis revealed that the strongest factor associated with HCC development in non-cirrhotic patients was high M6-GGT levels (HR/CI: 5.05/2.52-10.16, P < .001), followed by age (HR/CI: 1.07/1.04-1.09, P < .001). Non-cirrhotic elderly patients with high M6-GGT levels had a similarly high HCC risk as cirrhotic patients did (P = .29). CONCLUSIONS: On-treatment serum GGT levels strongly predicted HCC development in CHB patients, particularly non-cirrhotic patients, treated with NAs.

Incidences and Determinants of Functional Cure During Entecavir or Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for Chronic Hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND: Long-term incidences and baseline determinants of functional cure (hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] seroclearance) during entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment are incompletely understood. METHODS: This is an international multicenter cohort study of treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis B who started ETV or TDF treatment without baseline cancer. Patients were observed for HBsAg seroclearance until death or loss to follow-up. We calculated the incidences and explored the baseline determinants of HBsAg seroclearance using competing risk regression. RESULTS: The analysis included 4769 patients (median age, 50 years; 69.05% male), with a median follow-up of 5.16 years (26 614.47 person-years). HBsAg clearance occurred in 58 patients, yielding a 10-year cumulative incidence of 2.11% (95% confidence interval, 1.54%-2.88%) and an annual rate of 0.22% (.17%-.28%). Baseline predictors included low-level viremia with hepatitis B virus DNA <2000 IU/mL (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio, 3.14 [95% confidence interval, 1.80-5.49]), elevated serum alanine aminotransferase >200 U/L (3.68 [2.07-6.53]), serum bilirubin (1.11 per mg/dL; [1.06-1.17 mg/dL]), and fatty liver (1.84 [1.03-3.29]). CONCLUSION: HBsAg seroclearance rarely occurs in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with ETV or TDF and is associated with low-level viremia, alanine aminotransferase flare, bilirubin level, and fatty liver.Functional cure of hepatitis B virus infection rarely occurred at an average annual rate of 0.22% during first-line oral antiviral treatment, with higher chances observed in patients with low-level viremia, high-level aminotransferase flare, elevation of serum bilirubin, and fatty liver.

Outcome of nucleos(t)ide analog intervention in patients with preventive or on-demand therapy for hepatitis B virus reactivation.

Preventive or on-demand nucleos(t)ide analog (NA) therapy can prevent severe hepatitis related to hepatitis B virus reactivation (HBV-R). However, it is unclear if NA can be safely stopped in such patients after cytotoxic therapies or during immunosuppressive therapies. We retrospectively evaluated 133 patients who initiated NA therapy between 2007 and 2018. A total of 103 patients were positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) at baseline, and NA therapy was started before cytotoxic or immunosuppressive therapy (preventive group). Thirty patients with resolved HBV infection were treated with NA therapy after HBV reactivation (on-demand group). Virological relapse was defined as a serum HBV DNA level >20 IU/ml. NA therapy was stopped in 12 (12%) patients (preventive group), and in 16 (53%) patients (on-demand group). After the cessation of NA therapy, the cumulative rates of relapse were 36% and 39% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. High levels of HBsAg both at baseline and at the cessation of NA therapy were related to the occurrence of relapse. Relapse did not occur in patients with HBsAg levels <20 IU/ml (preventive group). HBV relapse occurred in five (33%) patients in the on-demand group. Relapse occurred only in anti-HBs-negative patients at the cessation of NA therapy. There were no cases of hepatitis flare after the cessation of NA therapy. HBsAg predicted HBV relapse after the cessation of NA therapy in HBsAg-positive patients. Anti-HBs could be a predictive marker for NA therapy cessation in patients with resolved HBV.

Real-World Effectiveness From the Asia Pacific Rim Liver Consortium for HBV Risk Score for the Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Treated With Oral Antiviral Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Patients on oral antiviral (OAV) therapy remain at hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk. Risk prediction tools distinguishing treated patients with residual HCC risk are limited. The aim of this study was to develop an accurate, precise, simple-to-use HCC risk score using routine clinical variables among a treated Asian cohort. METHODS: Adult Asian chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients on OAV were recruited from 25 centers in the United States and the Asia-Pacific region. Excluded persons were coinfected with hepatitis C, D, or human immunodeficiency virus, had HCC before or within 1 year of study entry, or their follow-up was <1 year. Patients were randomized to derivation and validation cohorts on a 2:1 ratio. Statistically significant predictors from multivariate modeling formed the Real-world Effectiveness from the Asia Pacific Rim Liver Consortium for HBV (REAL-B) score. RESULTS: A total of 8048 patients were randomized to the derivation (n = 5365) or validation group (n = 2683). The REAL-B model included 7 variables (male gender, age, alcohol use, diabetes, baseline cirrhosis, platelet count, and alpha fetoprotein), and scores were categorized as follows: 0-3 low risk, 4-7 moderate risk, and 8-13 high risk. Area under receiver operating characteristics were >0.80 for HCC risk at 3, 5, and 10 years, and these were significantly higher than other risk models (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The REAL-B score provides 3 distinct risk categories for HCC development in Asian CHB patients on OAV guiding HCC surveillance strategy.

Tenofovir Versus Entecavir for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention in an International Consortium of Chronic Hepatitis B.

INTRODUCTION: It is unclear whether entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) differ in their effectiveness for preventing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed an international consortium that encompassed 19 centers from 6 countries or regions composed of previously untreated CHB patients then treated with either ETV or TDF monotherapy. Those who developed HCC before antiviral treatment or within 1 year of therapy were excluded. The association between antiviral regimen and HCC risk was evaluated using competing-risk survival regression. We also applied propensity score matching (PSM) to 1:1 balance the 2 treatment cohorts. A total of 5,537 patients were eligible (n = 4,837 received ETV and n = 700 received TDF) and observed for HCC occurrence until December 23, 2018. Before PSM, the TDF cohort was significantly younger and had generally less advanced diseases. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis, TDF was associated with a lower risk of HCC (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26-0.79; P = 0.005). The multivariable analysis, however, found that the association between TDF and HCC no longer existed (SHR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.42-1.56; P = 0.52) after adjustment for age, sex, country, albumin, platelet, α-fetoprotein, cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the PSM analysis (n = 1,040) found no between-cohort differences in HCC incidences (P = 0.51) and no association between regimens (TDF or ETV) and HCC risk in the multivariable-adjusted analysis (adjusted SHR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.41-1.92; P = 0.77). DISCUSSION: TDF and ETV did not significantly differ in the prevention of HCC in patients with CHB.

Serum Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer predicts esophagogastric varices in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with IFN-free direct-acting antiviral agent: M2BPGi levels predict varices in SVR patients.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: We examined whether Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) levels could be a predictive marker for the presence of esophagogastric varices (EGV) in cirrhotic patients after hepatitis C virus (HCV) eradication with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 102 cirrhotic patients with HCV infection treated with DAAs were enrolled. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed in 84 of the patients before treatment (Cohort A), in 66 after treatment (Cohort B), and in 48 at both time points (Cohort C). We examined factors associated with EGV before and after DAA treatment. RESULTS: In Cohort A, M2BPGi levels and liver stiffness were significantly higher in the EGV-positive group than the EGV-negative group (p=0.034, and p=0.042, respectively). The proportion of EGV-positive patients with before-treatment levels of M2BPGi ≧ 7.3 C.O.I. was significantly higher than in patients with M2BPGi levels<7.3 C.O.I. (p=0.015). In Cohort B, M2BPGi levels were significantly higher in the EGV-positive group than EGV-negative group (p=0.003). The proportion of EGV-positive patients with after-treatment levels of M2BPGi ≧ 3.4 C.O.I. was significantly higher than in patients with M2BPGi levels<3.4C.O.I. (p=0.001). In Cohort C, M2BPGi levels decreased during DAA treatment regardless of EGV development, but there was no significant difference in the reduction of M2BPGi among the EGV-improvement, EGV-invariant, and EGV-exacerbation groups (p=0.659). CONCLUSIONS: M2BPGi levels may be a novel serum marker for the presence of EGV before and after DAA treatment.

Switching to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vs continuing treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B who maintain long-term virological response to entecavir therapy: A randomized trial.

No controlled trial in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on long-term entecavir (ETV) treatment, comparing switching to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) with continuing the therapy, has been reported. Twenty-seven nucleos(t)ide-naïve patients with chronic HBV who underwent ETV therapy for ≥5 years and maintained virological response were included and randomized into two groups: one group continued ETV, and the other switched to TDF, in a 1:2 ratio. The primary endpoint was changed from baseline in serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level at week 48. The baseline characteristics were not different between nineteen patients in the TDF group and eight patients in the ETV group. Mean decreases in HBsAg level at week 48 were 0.023 and 0.042 log10 IU/mL in the TDF and ETV groups, respectively (P = 0.94). The mean drops in hepatitis B core-related antigens were also not different between the TDF and ETV groups at week 48 (P = 0.80). HBV DNA was sustainedly <2.1 log 10 copies/mL in all patients throughout the study period. In contrast, the mean aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in the TDF group than in the ETV group at weeks 12, 24, and 36, although being within the reference range. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in the TDF group than in the ETV group at weeks 24 (P = 0.016) and 48 (P = 0.003). In conclusion, we could not find the effect on reducing HBsAg level by switching to TDF in chronic hepatitis B patients with maintained virological response to ETV for ≥5 years.

Association between HLA-DQA1/DRB1 polymorphism and development of hepatocellular carcinoma during entecavir treatment.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It remains unclear whether there is an association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during entecavir (ETV) treatment in nucleos(t)ide analog-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. We investigated the risk factors for HCC, especially host factors, during ETV treatment. METHODS: A total of 127 Japanese patients undergoing ETV treatment were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses for clinical factors, hepatic fibrosis markers, and SNPs associated with HCC development were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients developed HCC during the follow-up period (median duration, 3.3 years). The 3-, 5-, and 7-year cumulative rates of HCC development were 4.8%, 10.6%, and 13.6%, respectively. Liver fibrosis (cirrhosis; P = 0.0005), age (≥ 49 years; P = 0.0048), platelet count (≤ 115 × 10/mm3 ; P = 0.0007), α-fetoprotein (≥ 8.0 ng/mL; P = 0.030), type IV collagen (≥ 200 ng/mL; P = 0.043), fibrosis-4 index (≥ 4.14; P = 0.0006), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQA1/DRB1-SNP (AA genotype; P = 0.0092) were significantly associated with HCC development according to the log-rank test. In multivariate analysis, AA genotype in the HLA-DQA1/DRB1 gene (P = 0.013; hazard ratio 4.907; 95% confidence interval 1.407-17.113) and cirrhosis (P = 0.019; hazard ratio 4.789; 95% confidence interval 1.296-17.689) were significantly associated with HCC development. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that patients with AA genotype in the HLA-DQA1/DRB1 gene or cirrhosis should be carefully followed up as a population potentially at higher risk of HCC during ETV treatment.

Sequential therapy involving an early switch from entecavir to pegylated interferon-α in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B.

AIM: The optimal combination of two currently available agents with different mechanisms of action, a nucleos(t)ide analog and pegylated interferon-α (PegIFNα), must be determined to improve treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: In this study, 24 patients with CHB (14 hepatitis B envelope antigen [HBeAg]-positive patients and 10 HBeAg-negative patients) received entecavir for 36-52 weeks, followed by entecavir plus Peg-IFNα2a for 4 weeks, and finally by PegIFNα-2a alone for 44 weeks. RESULTS: A sustained biochemical, virologic, and serologic response was obtained in 7/24 (29%) patients at 48 weeks post-treatment (2/14 [14%] in HBeAg-positive vs 5/10 [50%] in HBeAg-negative patients, P = 0.085). At baseline, patients with a sustained response had a significantly lower γ-glutamyl transferase level (P = 0.0023), a lower aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (P = 0.049), and a lower α-fetoprotein level (P = 0.042) than those without a sustained response. The decline in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels during the first 24 weeks of PegIFNα-2a treatment in patients with a sustained response was greater than that in patients without (P = 0.017). Additionally, HBsAg seroclearance was achieved in two patients (8.3%): one HBeAg-positive and one HBeAg-negative patient. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of sequential therapy involving an early switch from entecavir to PegIFNα-2a were unsatisfactory in Japanese patients with CHB. In addition to viral factors, host metabolic characteristics and liver fibrosis/tumor markers can be used for prediction of a sustained response to therapy, but accurate prediction of the therapeutic response is difficult.

Correlation between polymorphism in the inosine triphosphatase and the reductions in hemoglobin concentration and ribavirin dose during sofosbuvir and ribavirin therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: It is unclear whether polymorphism in the inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) gene correlates to the reduction in hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations during sofosbuvir (SOF) and ribavirin (RBV) therapy. This study investigated the effects of the ITPA polymorphism on Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 2 infection treated with SOF/RBV therapy. METHODS: In 106 patients treated with SOF/RBV therapy, this study assessed the effects of the ITPA polymorphism (rs1127354) on anemia, RBV dose reduction, and sustained virological response. RESULTS: Of the 106 patients, 80 had the CC genotype, whereas 26 had a non-CC genotype in ITPA. Patients with the CC genotype had significantly larger reductions in Hb concentrations than those with a non-CC genotype throughout the treatment course. RBV dose reduction was required in 18/106 (17.0%) patients, with a significantly higher frequency in patients with the CC genotype than in those with a non-CC genotype (P = 0.010). In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 65 years (P = 0.011) and the ITPA CC genotype (P < 0.0001) were factors significantly associated with anemia throughout the treatment course. Sustained virological response was achieved in 99.0% of all patients: 98.7% of patients with the CC genotype and 100% of patients with a non-CC genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Inosine triphosphatase polymorphism appeared to correlate with anemia incidence and RBV dose reduction during SOF/RBV therapy, but not the clinical outcome. Careful monitoring of Hb concentrations and prompt adjustment of RBV doses are required for successful treatment, particularly in patients harboring the ITPA CC genotype or age ≥ 65 years.

Outcomes for Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatitis C Virus 1b Treated with Asunaprevir and Daclatasvir Combination.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of asunaprevir + daclatasvir combination therapy for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in compensated cirrhotic patients was not fully evaluated in real-world. Outcomes were assessed in cirrhotic patients with sustained viral response (SVR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 145 patients without resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) at L31 and Y93 in the nonstructural protein 5A of HCV genotype 1b, consisting of 49 hepatic cirrhotic and 96 non-cirrhotic patients, were enrolled to the therapy. The patients were treated with 100 mg asunaprevir twice daily plus 60 mg daclatasvir once daily for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was SVR 24 weeks after completing treatment. In addition, we evaluated the improvement of liver function and development of HCC for 1 year from the end of treatment (EOT). RESULTS: The SVR24 rate was 96% (47/49) in the cirrhotic group and 96% (91/95) in the non-cirrhotic group (p = 0.69). During treatment, grade III/IV adverse events occurred more frequently in cirrhotic patients (10/49; 20.4%) than in non-cirrhotic patients (10/96; 10.4%) (p = 0.099). After EOT, alanine aminotransferase and AFP levels were significantly decreased in cirrhotic patients with SVR. In addition, serum levels of albumin and platelet counts were significantly increased. On the other hand, the rates of HCC recurrence (43%) and development (7.4%) were higher in cirrhotic patients than in the non-cirrhotic patients (12.5% and 1.1%, respectively). CONCLUSION: RAS-oriented asunaprevir/daclatasvir therapy has a strong anti-HCV effect in patients with HCV genotype 1b. However, careful management is necessary in patients with cirrhosis.

Long-Term Follow-Up of Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Hepatitis C Virus in Patients in Which Direct Acting Antiviral-Based Therapy Failed.

We evaluated the transition of dominant resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in hepatitis C virus during long-term follow-up after the failure of DAAs (direct acting antivirals)-based therapy. RASs in non-structure (NS)3/4A, NS5A, NS5B, and deletions in NS5A from 20 patients who failed simeprevir/pegylated-interferon/ribavirin (SMV/PEG-IFN/RBV) and 25 patients who failed daclatasvir/asunaprevir (DCV/ASV) treatment were examined by direct sequencing. With respect to SMV/PEG-IFN/RBV treatment, RAS was detected at D168 in NS3/4A but not detected in NS5A and NS5B at treatment failure in 16 of 20 patients. During the median follow-up period of 64 weeks, the RAS at D168 became less dominant in 9 of 16 patients. Among 25 DCV/ASV failures, RASs at D168, L31, and Y93 were found in 57.1%, 72.2%, and 76.9%, respectively. NS5A deletions were detected in 3 of 10 patients treated previously with SMV/PEG-IFN/RBV. The number of RASs in the breakthrough patients exceeded that in relapsers (mean 3.9 vs. 2.7, p < 0.05). RAS at D168 in NS3/4A became less dominant in 6 of 15 patients within 80 weeks. Y93H emerged at the time of relapse, then decreased gradually by 99% at 130 weeks post-treatment. Emerged RASs were associated with the clinical course of treatment and could not be detected during longer follow-up.