HPV38 impairs UV-induced transcriptional activation of the IL-18 pro-inflammatory cytokine.

IMPORTANCE: Here, we demonstrate that the direct binding of p53 on the IL-18 promoter region regulates its gene expression. However, the presence of E6 and E7 from human papillomavirus type 38 impairs this mechanism via a new inhibitory complex formed by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)/PKR/ΔNp73α, which binds to the region formerly occupied by p53 in primary keratinocytes.

The E2F4/p130 Repressor Complex Cooperates with Oncogenic ΔNp73α To Inhibit Gene Expression in Human Papillomavirus 38 E6/E7-Transformed Keratinocytes and in Cancer Cells.

Tumor suppressor p53 and its related proteins, p63 and p73, can be synthesized as multiple isoforms lacking part of the N- or C-terminal regions. Specifically, high expression of the ΔNp73α isoform is notoriously associated with various human malignancies characterized by poor prognosis. This isoform is also accumulated by oncogenic viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), as well as genus beta human papillomaviruses (HPV) that appear to be involved in carcinogenesis. To gain additional insight into ΔNp73α mechanisms, we have performed proteomics analyses using human keratinocytes transformed by the E6 and E7 proteins of the beta-HPV type 38 virus as an experimental model (38HK). We find that ΔNp73α associates with the E2F4/p130 repressor complex through a direct interaction with E2F4. This interaction is favored by the N-terminal truncation of p73 characteristic of ΔNp73 isoforms. Moreover, it is independent of the C-terminal splicing status, suggesting that it could represent a general feature of ΔNp73 isoforms (α, ß, γ, δ, ε, ζ, θ, η, and η1). We show that the ΔNp73α-E2F4/p130 complex inhibits the expression of specific genes, including genes encoding for negative regulators of proliferation, both in 38HK and in HPV-negative cancer-derived cell lines. Such genes are not inhibited by E2F4/p130 in primary keratinocytes lacking ΔNp73α, indicating that the interaction with ΔNp73α rewires the E2F4 transcriptional program. In conclusion, we have identified and characterized a novel transcriptional regulatory complex with potential implications in oncogenesis. IMPORTANCE The TP53 gene is mutated in about 50% of human cancers. In contrast, the TP63 and TP73 genes are rarely mutated but rather expressed as ΔNp63 and ΔNp73 isoforms in a wide range of malignancies, where they act as p53 antagonists. Accumulation of ΔNp63 and ΔNp73, which is associated with chemoresistance, can result from infection by oncogenic viruses such as EBV or HPV. Our study focuses on the highly carcinogenic ΔNp73α isoform and uses a viral model of cellular transformation. We unveil a physical interaction between ΔNp73α and the E2F4/p130 complex involved in cell cycle control, which rewires the E2F4/p130 transcriptional program. Our work shows that ΔNp73 isoforms can establish interactions with proteins that do not bind to the TAp73α tumor suppressor. This situation is analogous to the gain-of-function interactions of p53 mutants supporting cellular proliferation.