Utility of PET/CT in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer after ecobronchoscopy in mining population. / Utilidad de la PET/TC en el diagnóstico y estadificación del cáncer de pulmón tras ecobroncoscopia en población minera.

INTRODUCTION: Positron emission tomography (PET) with computerized axial tomography (CT) in a single device is known as PET/CT. It has been widely documented and validated, and it is currently a core part of the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. However, its reliability has not been analysed in specific populations. The objective of this study is to determine the usefulness of PET/CT in patients exposed to mining activities in which an endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) has been performed for the diagnosis and/or staging of lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: With a prospective and real-time database, all the patients who had undergone an EBUS with suspicion of lung cancer and who had previously undergone a PET/CT were selected. The observation unit was the lymph node and, based on their history of exposure to mining activities, the sample was divided into two categories, group 1: not exposed; and group 2: exposed. In each group, and with the results from anatomical pathology as a dependent variable, logistic models were established to look for independent risk factors for malignancy. RESULTS: In group 1, lymph nodes larger than 1 cm and PET/CT uptake with maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) over 2.5 were independent risk factors for malignancy. However, in group 2 (exposed patients), none of those factors were predictors for malignancy. DISCUSSION: In the population of individuals with occupational exposure to mining, PET/CT is an imaging technique with diagnostic limitations for lung cancer.

The Value of a Systematic Protocol Using Endobronchial Ultrasound and Endoscopic Ultrasound in Staging of Lung Cancer for Patients with Imaging iN0-N1 Disease.

INTRODUCTION: We hypothesize that systematic, combined, and multidisciplinary study of the mediastinum (endobronchial ultrasound [EBUS] and endoscopic ultrasound [EUS]) in patients with NSCLC with radiologically normal mediastinum improves the results of mediastinal staging obtained with EBUS alone. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of the prospective database collected on the patients with NSCLC with a radiologically normal mediastinum and an indication for systematic staging with EBUS and EUS. EBUS staging was followed by EUS in patients in which the results from the pathological analysis of EBUS were negative. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were included in the analysis. The combination of EBUS followed by EUS provided better results than EBUS alone: sensitivity (S) 95% versus 80%, negative predictive value (NPV) 96.15% versus 86.21%, negative likelihood ratio 0.05 versus 0.20, and post-test probability 3.8% versus 13.8%. This represents an increase in S (15%), the validity index (6.6%), and NPV (9.9%) compared to EBUS alone. There were 4 false negatives (FNs) (8.8%) with the EBUS test alone. After adding EUS, 3 more cases were positive (6.6%) and only 1 FN (2.2%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with NSCLC and a radiographically normal mediastinum, a systematic and combined staging with EBUS and EUS show higher sensitivity in the detection of mediastinal metastasis than with the use of EBUS alone. The high accuracy of the test means that the use of mediastinoscopy is not necessary to confirm the results in these patients. Since the availability of EUS is low, it may be advisable for the interventional pulmonologist to receive training in EUS-b.

Absceso pulmonar en relación con un patógeno inusual / Lung abscess in relation with unusual pathogen

Un hombre de 57 años acudió a urgencias con astenia, mareo y tos con expectoración purulenta. Ingresó a cargo del Servicio de Neumología, y se objetivó en la imagen de tomografía axial computarizada un espacio aéreo grande en el lóbulo superior derecho. Esta lesión se atribuyó a un absceso pulmonar y se aisló Streptomyces albus en las muestras respiratorias. El género Streptomyces a menudo causa infecciones de la piel y tejidos blandos. Bacteriemia, neumonía y otros cuadros son raros. En nuestro caso, el paciente presentó un absceso pulmonar de gran tamaño, a pesar de los escasos síntomas descritos. La presentación del caso es atípica, dado que S. albus no suele causar abscesos pulmonares de manera aislada. (AU)

A 57-year-old man presented with asthenia, dizziness, and cough with purulent expectoration. He was admitted to the Pulmonology Unit, and a big air space in the right upper lobe was observed in computed tomography, which was characterized as a lung abscess, and Streptomyces albus was isolated. Streptomyces usually causes superficial skin and soft tissue infections. Bacteriemia, pneumonia, and other diseases are rarely seen. Our case is presented as a big lung abscess; nonetheless, our patient was paucisymptomatic. This case presentation describes the unusual phenomenon of a lung abscess caused by S. albus solely. (AU)

Tobacco and diabetes: clinical relevance and approach to smoking cessation in diabetic smokers. / Tabaco y diabetes: relevancia clínica y abordaje de la deshabituación tabáquica en pacientes con diabetes.

Smoking is, together with diabetes mellitus, one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Diabetic patients have unique features and characteristics, some of which are not well known, that cause smoking to aggravate the effects of diabetes and impose difficulties in the smoking cessation process, for which a specificand more intensive approach with stricter controls is required. This review details all aspects with a known influence on the interaction between smoking and diabetes, both as regards the increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes and the factors with an impact on the results of smoking cessation programs. The treatment guidelines for these smokers, including the algorithms and drug treatment patterns which have proved most useful based on scientific evidence, are also discussed.

Tabaco y diabetes: relevancia clínica y abordaje de la deshabituación tabáquica en pacientes con diabetes / Tobacco and diabetes: clinical relevance and approach to smoking cessation in diabetic smokers

El tabaquismo es, junto con la diabetes mellitus, uno de los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Los pacientes diabéticos presentan peculiaridades y características, algunas no bien conocidas, que hacen que el tabaquismo agrave los efectos de la diabetes y que el proceso de la deshabituación tabáquica en estos pacientes presente dificultades añadidas y que, por tanto, requiera un abordaje específico, más intensivo y con controles más rigurosos. En esta revisión se desgranan todos los aspectos conocidos que influyen en la interacción entre el tabaquismo y la diabetes, tanto en lo referente al incremento del riesgo de las complicaciones macrovasculares y microvasculares de la diabetes como a los factores que influyen en los resultados de los programas de deshabituación tabáquica. Así mismo se exponen las pautas de tratamiento de estos fumadores, incluyendo los algoritmos y pautas de tratamiento farmacológico que, basándose en evidencia científica, se han mostrado más eficaces (AU)

Smoking is, together with diabetes mellitus, one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Diabetic patients have unique features and characteristics, some of which are not well known, that cause smoking to aggravate the effects of diabetes and impose difficulties in the smoking cessation process, for which a specific and more intensive approach with stricter controls is required. This review details all aspects with a known influence on the interaction between smoking and diabetes, both as regards the increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes and the factors with an impact on the results of smoking cessation programs. The treatment guidelines for these smokers, including the algorithms and drug treatment patterns which have proved most useful based on scientific evidence, are also discussed (AU)

Utilidad de la PET/TC en el diagnóstico y estadificación del cáncer de pulmón tras ecobroncoscopia en población minera / Utility of PET/CT in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer after ecobronchoscopy in mining population

IntroducciónLa tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) en un único equipo junto a la tomografía axial computarizada (TC) es comúnmente denominada PET/TC. Ha sido ampliamente documentada y validada, de tal manera que hoy día forma parte del eje central en el diagnóstico y la estadificación del cáncer de pulmón. Sin embargo, su fiabilidad no ha sido estudiada en poblaciones específicas. El objetivo de esta investigación se centra en determinar la utilidad de la PET/TC en pacientes expuestos a la minería en los que se ha realizado una ecobroncoscopia (EBUS) para diagnóstico y/o estadificación de cáncer de pulmón.Pacientes y métodosSobre una base de datos prospectiva y en tiempo real, se seleccionaron todos los individuos sometidos a EBUS por sospecha de cáncer de pulmón y que previamente se habían realizado una PET/TC. La unidad de observación fue la adenopatía y, en función del antecedente de exposición a la minería, se dividió la muestra en dos grupos, grupo 1: no expuestos, grupo 2: expuestos. En cada grupo y tomando como variable dependiente los resultados de anatomía patológica, se realizaron modelos logísticos en busca de factores de riesgo independientes de malignidad.ResultadosEn el grupo 1, el tamaño mayor a 1 cm de las adenopatías y la captación en la PET/TC con valor de captación estándar máximo (SUVmáx) superior a 2,5, son factores de riesgo independientes de malignidad. Sin embargo, en el grupo 2 (paciente con exposición) ninguno de los factores anteriormente mencionados predice malignidad.DiscusiónEn la población de individuos con exposición laboral a la minería, la PET/TC es una técnica de imagen con limitaciones diagnósticas en el cáncer de pulmón.

Quilotórax secundarios a trombosis del sistema venoso superior / Chylothorax due to upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis

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Manifestación pulmonar de una enfermedad hereditaria de expresión fundamentalmente mucocutánea / Pulmonary Manifestation of a Primarily Mucocutaneous Hereditary Disease

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