Large increase of vertebral osteomyelitis in France: a 2010-2019 cross-sectional study.

Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) represents 4-10% of bone and joint infections. In Western countries, its incidence seems to increase, simultaneously with an increasing number of comorbidities among an ageing population. This study aimed to assess the evolution of VO epidemiology in France over the 2010-2019 decade. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted using the French hospital discharge data collected through the French diagnosis-related groups 'Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information'. VOs were detected with a previously validated case definition using International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) codes, implemented with the French current procedural terminology codes. The study population included all patients hospitalised in France during the 2010-2019 decade, aged 15 years old and more. Patient and hospital stay characteristics and their evolutions were described. During the study period, 42 105 patients were hospitalised for VO in France involving 60 878 hospital stays. The mean VO incidence was 7.8/100 000 over the study period, increasing from 6.1/100 000 in 2010 to 11.3/100 000 in 2019. The mean age was 64.8 years old and the sex ratio was 1.56. There were 31 341 (74.4%) patients with at least one comorbidity and 3059 (7.3%) deceased during their hospital stay. Even if rare, device-associated VOs (4450 hospital stays, 7.3%) highly increased over the period. The reliability of the method, based upon an exhaustive database and a validated case definition, provided an effective tool to compare data over time in real-life conditions to regularly update the epidemiology of VO.

Severe infections due to Francisella tularensis ssp. holarctica in solid organ transplant recipient: report of two cases and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Tularemia is a rare zoonotic infection caused by bacterium Francisella tularensis. It has been well described in immunocompetent patients but poorly described in immunocompromised patients notably in solid organ transplant recipients. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We report here two cases of tularemia in solid organ transplant recipients including first case after heart transplant. We also carried out an exhaustive review of literature describing characteristics of this infection in solid organ transplant recipients.

Chronic subcutaneous infection of Purpureocillium lilacinum in an immunocompromised patient: Case report and review of the literature.

Our case reports a 52-year-old woman who presented with Purpureocillium lilacinum skin infection after a renal transplantation. The diagnosis was difficult and this species exhibits many resistances to antifungal agents. The clinical history was marked by a relapse causes by a foreign body. Our case suggests that posaconazole may be an alternative to cure P. lilacinum infection, and that the surgical debridement, the identification and removal of a foreign body may improve the prognosis.

Genotypic Characterization and Biofilm Production of Group B Streptococcus Strains Isolated from Bone and Joint Infections.

Bone and joint infections (BJI) represent the second cause of invasive Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections. Biofilm formation plays a major role in BJI. This study's aim was to analyze the genetic features and biofilm production of GBS strains. In six French laboratories, 77 GBS strains isolated from BJI and 57 strains from vaginal human colonization (Hcol) were characterized and compared by Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). PCR was used to search for the adhesins (bsaB, lmb, scpB, fbsA, fbsB, hvgA, bibA, bca, srr-1, and srr-2) and Pilus Islands (PI) related genes (PI-1, PI-2a, PI-2b). Biofilm production was studied by crystal violet assay. Strains were categorized into three groups, based on Specific Biofilm Formation (SBF) values defined as: weak, moderate, or strong producers. Molecular study revealed three major clonal complexes (CC) in BJI strains: CC1 (42%), CC23 (22%) and CC10 (14%). Several associations between CC and adhesin/pili were identified: CC1 with srr2, PI-1 + 2a; CC10 with srr-1, bca, PI-1 + 2a; CC17 with fbsB, hvgA, srr-2, PI-1+PI-2b; CC19 with bibA, srr-1, PI-1 + 2a; CC23 with fbsB, bibA, srr-1, PI-2a. The biofilm production was significantly different according to CC, adhesins and pili gene detection. CC10, CC23 and strains harboring fbsB produce more biofilm than CC1, PI-1 + 2a (independently). Finally, SBF values were significantly stronger for Hcol strains rather than for BJI strains (76% versus 40%). This study revealed that Hcol strains appeared to produce stronger biofilm than BJI strains, though they belonged to similar CCs and had the same adhesin and pili content. IMPORTANCE Bone and joint infections (BJI) are pathologies that can be life-threatening and result in compromised functional prognosis for patients. Relapses are common and often related to biofilm formation. Group B streptococci (GBS) BJI increased since the last decade. However, few data are available on this subject in the literature. Our study aims to highlight genotype and biofilm production of GBS isolates from BJI. Seventy-seven GBS strains isolated from BJI and 57 from asymptomatic human vaginal colonization were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), adhesins content, nature of the pili and the ability to form biofilm. Our results revealed that vaginal human colonization strains produced stronger biofilm than BJI strains, despite belonging to the same phylogenetic lineage and having the same adhesin and pili content.

Intricate isavuconazole therapy of a subcutaneous nodule caused by Alternaria infectoria in a heart transplant recipient.

Invasive fungal infections have appeared to be increasingly emergent in immunocompromised patients, especially in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The Alternaria genus encompasses more than 80 dematiaceus species. Among them, Alternaria alternata and Alternaria infectoria are the most frequent isolated as responsible for infection in humans. To our knowledge, we report the first case of a heart transplant recipient suffering from subcutaneous nodule caused by Alternaria infectoria and who was treated with isavuconazole. Despite all the promises of this new azole drug, one should keep in mind the potential great variability of the inter-individual responses for such complex patients. We demonstrate herein how it can be challenging to manage Alternaria infection in SOT recipients. More comprehensive studies and recommendations are expected in the context of Alternaria infections.