ABSTRACT
Methanogenic archaea have long been implicated in microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of oil and gas infrastructure, yet a first understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms has only recently emerged. We surveyed pipeline-associated microbiomes from geographically distinct oil field facilities and found methanogens to account for 0.2 to 9.3% of the 16S rRNA gene sequencing reads. Neither the type nor the abundance of the detected methanogens was correlated with the perceived severity of MIC in these pipelines. Using fluids from one pipeline, MIC was reproduced in the laboratory, both under stagnant conditions and in customized corrosion reactors simulating pipeline flow. High corrosion rates (up to 2.43 mm Fe0 · yr-1) with macroscopic, localized corrosion features were attributed to lithotrophic, mesophilic microbial activity. Other laboratory tests with the same waters yielded negligible corrosion rates (<0.08 mm Fe0 · yr-1). Recently, a novel [NiFe] hydrogenase from Methanococcus maripaludis strain OS7 was demonstrated to accelerate corrosion. We developed a specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay and detected the gene encoding the large subunit of this hydrogenase (labeled micH) in corrosive (>0.15 mm Fe0 · yr-1) biofilms. The micH gene, on the other hand, was absent in noncorrosive biofilms, despite an abundance of methanogens. Reconstruction of a nearly complete Methanococcus maripaludis genome from a highly corrosive mixed biofilm revealed micH and associated genes in nearly identical genetic configuration to that in strain OS7, thereby supporting our hypothesis that the encoded molecular mechanism contributed to corrosion. Lastly, the proposed MIC biomarker was detected in multiple oil fields, indicating a geographically widespread involvement of this [NiFe] hydrogenase in MIC.IMPORTANCE Microorganisms can deteriorate built environments, which is particularly problematic in the case of pipelines transporting hydrocarbons to industrial end users. MIC is notoriously difficult to detect and monitor and, as a consequence, is a particularly difficult corrosion mechanism to manage. Despite the advent of molecular tools and improved microbial monitoring strategies for oil and gas operations, specific underlying MIC mechanisms in pipelines remain largely enigmatic. Emerging mechanistic understanding of methanogenic MIC derived from pure culture work allowed us to develop a qPCR assay that distinguishes technically problematic from benign methanogens in a West African oil field. Detection of the same gene in geographically diverse samples from North America hints at the widespread applicability of this assay. The research presented here offers a step toward a mechanistic understanding of biocorrosion in oil fields and introduces a binary marker for (methanogenic) MIC that can find application in corrosion management programs in industrial settings.
Subject(s)
Archaeal Proteins/chemistry , Hydrogenase/chemistry , Industrial Waste , Oil and Gas Fields , Steel/chemistry , Wastewater/microbiology , Archaea/genetics , Archaea/metabolism , Archaeal Proteins/genetics , Archaeal Proteins/metabolism , Carbon , Corrosion , Hydrogenase/genetics , Hydrogenase/metabolism , Methane/metabolism , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/geneticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We describe the sealing technique with collagen fleece in patients with advanced Peyronie's disease (PD) and provide the prospective long-term outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a multicenter cohort study in patients with preserved erectile function and stable PD that precluded sexual intercourse. All patients underwent partial plaque excision with collagen fleece grafting. The applied technique is explained through a high-quality video accompanied by relevant animations. After hospital discharge, all patients were assessed at 1, 4 and 24 weeks after treatment. Subsequently, they presented for an additional long-term evaluation. RESULTS: From December 2004 to June 2015, 367 patients underwent surgery. Of these, 319 (86.9%) presented for the long-term evaluation and were included in the present study. At a median operative time of 79.8 minutes (range 50-130), total straightness of the penis was achieved in 299 cases (93.7%) and mean±SD penile length increased by 1.1±0.6 cm (p=0.017). After a median followup of 47.2 months (range 12-100), 291 patients (91.2%) presented with complete penile straightness. The penile glans sensation returned to the preoperative levels in 300 cases (94%). Only 11 cases of treatment-related grade 1 Clavien-Dindo complications were reported. Erectile function improved in 78 participants (24.5%) and remained unchanged in 191 (59.8%), whereas it was worsened in 50 (15.7%). Overall, the patient satisfaction rate was 87.8% and the partner satisfaction rate was 84.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Grafting with collagen fleece in patients with advanced PD is a safe and effective procedure that reduces operative time, provides an additional hemostatic effect and represents a cost-effective technique.
Subject(s)
Collagen , Penile Induration/surgery , Penis/surgery , Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male/methods , Wound Closure Techniques/instrumentation , Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Sulfur-oxidizing Sulfurimonas spp. are widespread in sediments, hydrothermal vent fields, aquifers and subsurface environments such as oil reservoirs where they play an important role in the sulfur cycle. We determined the genome sequence of the oil field isolate Sulfurimonas sp. strain CVO and compared its gene expression during nitrate-dependent sulfide oxidation to the coastal sediment isolate Sulfurimonas denitrificans. Formation of elemental sulfur (S0 ) and high expression of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (SQR) genes indicates that sulfide oxidation in both strains is mediated by SQR. Subsequent oxidation of S0 was achieved by the sulfur oxidation enzyme complex (SOX). In the coastal S. denitrificans, the genes are arranged and expressed as two clusters: soxXY1 Z1 AB and soxCDY2 Z2 H, and sulfate was the sole metabolic end product. By contrast, the oil field strain CVO has only the soxCDY2 Z2 H cluster and not soxXY1 Z1 AB. Despite the absence of the soxXY1 Z1 AB cluster, strain CVO oxidized S0 to thiosulfate and sulfate, demonstrating that soxCDY2 Z2 H genes alone are sufficient for S0 oxidation in Sulfurimonas spp. and that thiosulfate is an additional metabolic end product. Screening of publicly available metagenomes revealed that Sulfurimonas spp. with only the soxCDY2 Z2 H cluster are widespread suggesting this mechanism of thiosulfate formation is environmentally significant.
Subject(s)
Helicobacteraceae/metabolism , Quinone Reductases/metabolism , Thiosulfates/metabolism , Helicobacteraceae/isolation & purification , Nitrates/metabolism , Oil and Gas Fields/microbiology , Oxidation-Reduction , Quinone Reductases/genetics , Sulfates/metabolism , Sulfides/metabolism , Sulfur/metabolismABSTRACT
Oil reservoir souring and associated material integrity challenges are of great concern to the petroleum industry. The bioengineering strategy of nitrate injection has proven successful for controlling souring in some cases, but recent reports indicate increased corrosion in nitrate-treated produced water reinjection facilities. Sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria (soNRB) have been suggested to be the cause of such corrosion. Using the model soNRB Sulfurimonas sp. strain CVO obtained from an oil field, we conducted a detailed analysis of soNRB-induced corrosion at initial nitrate-to-sulfide (N/S) ratios relevant to oil field operations. The activity of strain CVO caused severe corrosion rates of up to 0.27 millimeters per year (mm y-1) and up to 60-µm-deep pitting within only 9 days. The highest corrosion during the growth of strain CVO was associated with the production of zero-valent sulfur during sulfide oxidation and the accumulation of nitrite, when initial N/S ratios were high. Abiotic corrosion tests with individual metabolites confirmed biogenic zero-valent sulfur and nitrite as the main causes of corrosion under the experimental conditions. Mackinawite (FeS) deposited on carbon steel surfaces accelerated abiotic reduction of both sulfur and nitrite, exacerbating corrosion. Based on these results, a conceptual model for nitrate-mediated corrosion by soNRB is proposed.IMPORTANCE Ambiguous reports of corrosion problems associated with the injection of nitrate for souring control necessitate a deeper understanding of this frequently applied bioengineering strategy. Sulfide-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacteria have been proposed as key culprits, despite the underlying microbial corrosion mechanisms remaining insufficiently understood. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of how individual metabolic intermediates of the microbial nitrogen and sulfur cycles can impact the integrity of carbon steel infrastructure. The results help explain the dramatic increases seen at times in corrosion rates observed during nitrate injection in field and laboratory trials and point to strategies for reducing adverse integrity-related side effects of nitrate-based souring mitigation.
Subject(s)
Helicobacteraceae/metabolism , Nitrates/metabolism , Sulfides/metabolism , Helicobacteraceae/genetics , Helicobacteraceae/isolation & purification , Oxidation-Reduction , Soil Microbiology , Sulfides/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cystinuria is caused by the defective renal reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids, and results in cystine stone formation. So far, mutations in two genes have been identified as causative. The SLC3A1/rBAT gene encodes the heavy subunit of the heterodimeric rBAT-b0,+AT transporter, whereas the light chain is encoded by the SLC7A9/ b0,+AT gene. In nearly 85% of patients mutations in both genes are detectable, but a significant number of patients currently remains without a molecular diagnosis. Thus, the existence of a further cystinuria gene had been suggested, and the recently identified AGT1/SLC7A13 represents the long-postulated partner of rBAT and third cystinuria candidate gene. METHODS: We screened a cohort of 17 cystinuria patients for SLC7A13 variants which were negative for SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 mutations. RESULTS: Despite strong evidences for an involvement of SLC7A13 mutations in cystinuria, we could not confirm a relevant role of SLC7A13 for the disease. CONCLUSION: With the exclusion of SLC7A13/AGT1 as the third cystinuria gene accounting for the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 mutation negative cases, it becomes obvious that other genetic factors should be responsible for the cystinuria phenotype in nearly 15% of patients.
Subject(s)
Amino Acid Transport Systems/genetics , Cystine/metabolism , Cystinuria/genetics , Cystinuria/metabolism , Kidney/metabolism , Point Mutation/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Cystinuria/etiology , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Ureteroscopy is now the most frequent treatment used around the world for stone disease. Technological advancement, efficiency, safety, and minimally invasiveness of this procedure are some of the reasons for this change of trend. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this review of the literature, a search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify articles related to ureteroscopy and accessories. The committee assigned by the International Consultation on Urological Disease reviewed all the data and produced a consensus statement relating to the ureteroscopy and all the particularities around this procedure. CONCLUSION: This manuscript provides literatures and recommendations for endourologists to keep them informed in regard to the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative consideration in regard of a ureteroscopy.
Subject(s)
Stents , Ureteral Calculi/surgery , Ureteroscopes , Ureteroscopy/methods , Equipment Design , Humans , Practice Guidelines as TopicABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: At high concentrations of organic substrates, microbial utilization of preferred substrates (i.e., supporting fast growth) often results in diauxic growth with hierarchical substrate depletion. Unlike the carbon catabolite repression-mediated discriminative utilization of carbohydrates, the substrate preferences of non-carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria for environmentally relevant compound classes (e.g., aliphatic or aromatic acids) are rarely investigated. The denitrifying alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1 anaerobically degrades a wide variety of aliphatic and aromatic compounds and is unique for anaerobic degradation of 4-methylbenzoate. The latter proceeds via a distinct reaction sequence analogous to the central anaerobic benzoyl-CoA pathway to intermediates of central metabolism. Considering the presence of these two different anaerobic "aromatic ring degrading" pathways, substrate preferences of Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1 were investigated. Anaerobic growth and substrate consumption were monitored in binary and ternary mixtures of 4-methylbenzoate, benzoate and succinate, in conjuction with time-resolved abundance profiling of selected transcripts and/or proteins related to substrate uptake and catabolism. RESULTS: Diauxic growth with benzoate preference was observed for binary and ternary substrate mixtures containing 4-methylbenzoate and succinate (despite adaptation of Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1 to one of the latter two substrates). On the contrary, 4-methylbenzoate and succinate were utilized simultaneously from a binary mixture, as well as after benzoate depletion from the ternary mixture. Apparently, simultaneous repression of 4-methylbenzoate and succinate utilization from the ternary substrate mixture resulted from (i) inhibition of 4-methylbenzoate uptake, and (ii) combined inhibition of succinate uptake (via the two transporters DctPQM and DctA) and succinate conversion to acetyl-CoA (via pyruvate dehydrogenase). The benzoate-mediated repression of C4-dicarboxylate utilization in Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1 differs from that recently described for "Aromatoleum aromaticum" EbN1 (involving only DctPQM). CONCLUSIONS: The preferential or simultaneous utilization of benzoate and other aromatic acids from mixtures with aliphatic acids may represent a more common nutritional behavior among (anaerobic) degradation specialist than previously thought. Preference of Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1 for benzoate from mixtures with 4-methylbenzoate, and thus temporal separation of the benzoyl-CoA (first) and 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA (second) pathway, may reflect a catabolic tuning towards metabolic efficiency and the markedly broader range of aromatic substrates feeding into the central anaerobic benzoyl-CoA pathway.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/metabolism , Magnetospirillum/metabolism , Succinic Acid/metabolism , Acetyl Coenzyme A/metabolism , Acyl Coenzyme A/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Alphaproteobacteria/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Naphthol AS D Esterase/metabolismABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for treatment of Peyronie's disease (PD) is controversial. AIM: To study the efficacy of ESWT by a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. METHODS: Patients with PD (n=102) were randomly assigned (n=51) to each group (ESWT or placebo). All patients were given 6 weekly treatments. Patients in the ESWT-group received 2,000 shock waves per session, using the Piezoson 100 lithotripter (Richard Wolf, Knittlingen, Germany). Patients in the placebo-group were treated with interposition of a plastic membrane, which prevented any transmission of shock waves. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary end point was decrease of pain between baseline and after 4 weeks follow-up. Secondary end points were changes in deviation, plaque size, and sexual function. Pain was assessed by a visual analog scale. Deviation was measured by a goniometer after artificial erection using Alprostadil (Viridal®, Schwarz Pharma, Monheim, Germany). Plaque size was measured with a ruler and sexual function assessed by a scale regarding the ability to perform sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Overall, only 45 patients experienced pain at baseline. In the subgroup analysis of these patients, pain decreased in 17/20 (85.0%) patients in the ESWT group and 12/25 (48.0%) patients in the placebo group (P=0.013, relative risk [RR]=0.29, 95% confidence interval: 0.09-0.87). Penile deviation was not reduced by ESWT (P=0.66) but worsened in 20/50 (40%) and 12/49 (24.5%) patients of the ESWT and placebo-group, respectively (P=0.133). Plaque size reduction was not different between the two groups (P=0.33). Additional, plaque size increased in five patients (10.9%) of the ESWT group only. An improvement in sexual function could not be verified (P=0.126, RR=0.46). CONCLUSIONS: Despite some potential benefit of ESWT in regard to pain reduction, it should be emphasized that pain usually resolves spontaneously with time. Given this and the fact that deviation may worsen with ESWT, this treatment cannot be recommended.
Subject(s)
High-Energy Shock Waves/therapeutic use , Lithotripsy/methods , Penile Induration/therapy , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Penile Erection/physiology , Penile Induration/physiopathology , Placebos , Prospective Studies , Single-Blind MethodABSTRACT
"Aromatoleum aromaticum" EbN1 was cultivated at different growth rates in benzoate-limited chemostats under nitrate-reducing conditions. Physiological characteristics, proteome dynamics, phospholipid-linked fatty acid (PLFA) composition, and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) content were analyzed in steady-state cells at low (µ(low)) (0.036 h(-1)), medium (µ(med)) (0.108 h(-1)), and high (µ(high)) (0.180 h(-1)) growth rates. A positive correlation to growth rate was observed for cellular parameters (cell size, and DNA and protein contents). The free energy consumed for biomass formation steadily increased with growth rate. In contrast, the energy demand for maintenance increased only from µ(low) to µ(med) and then remained constant until µ(high). The most comprehensive proteomic changes were observed at µ(low) compared to µ(high). Uniformly decreased abundances of protein components of the anaerobic benzoyl coenzyme A (benzoyl-CoA) pathway, central carbon metabolism, and information processing agree with a general deceleration of benzoate metabolism and cellular processes in response to slow growth. In contrast, increased abundances were observed at µ(low) for diverse catabolic proteins and components of uptake systems in the absence of the respective substrate (aromatic or aliphatic compounds) and for proteins involved in stress responses. This potential catabolic versatility and stress defense during slow growth may be interpreted as preparation for future needs.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/metabolism , Betaproteobacteria/growth & development , Betaproteobacteria/physiology , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects , Oxygen/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological , Anaerobiosis , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Bacteriological Techniques , Benzoates/chemistry , Betaproteobacteria/classification , Biological Transport , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Carrier Proteins/metabolism , Cell Membrane , DNA, Bacterial , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology , Nitrates/metabolism , Proteome , Stress, Physiological , Substrate SpecificityABSTRACT
The pathway for anaerobic degradation of 4-methylbenzoate was studied in the denitrifying alphaproteobacterium Magnetospirillum sp. strain pMbN1. Adaptation studies with whole cells indicated substrate-dependent induction of the capacity to degrade 4-methylbenzoate. Differential protein profiling (2D-DIGE) of 4-methylbenzoate- in comparison with benzoate- or succinate-adapted cells revealed the specific abundance increase of substrate-specific protein sets. Their coding genes form distinct clusters on the genome, two of which were assigned to 4-methylbenzoate and one to benzoate degradation. The predicted functions of the gene products agree with a specific 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA degradation pathway in addition to and analogous to the known anaerobic benzoyl-CoA degradation pathway. In vitro benzoyl-CoA and 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA reductase activities revealed the electron donor and ATP-dependent formation of the corresponding conjugated cyclic dienoyl-CoA/4-methyl-dienoyl-CoA products. The 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA reductase activity was induced in the presence of 4-methylbenzoate. In accordance, metabolite analysis of cultures grown with 4-methylbenzoate tentatively identified 4-methylcyclohex-1,5-diene-1-carboxylate. The 4-methylbenzoate induced genes were assigned to code for the putative 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA reductase; their products display pronounced sequence disparity from the conventional class I benzoyl-CoA reductase, which does not accept substituents at the para-position. Identification of 3-methylglutarate together with the formation of specific proteins for ring cleavage and ß-oxidation in 4-methylbenzoate-adapted cells suggest conservation of the methyl group along the specific 4-methylbenzoyl-CoA degradation pathway.
Subject(s)
Acyl Coenzyme A/metabolism , Benzoates/metabolism , Magnetospirillum/metabolism , Anaerobiosis , Gene Expression Profiling , Genome, Bacterial , Magnetospirillum/classification , Magnetospirillum/enzymology , Magnetospirillum/genetics , Magnetospirillum/growth & development , Molecular Sequence Data , Multigene Family , Oxidation-Reduction , Phylogeny , ProteomeABSTRACT
A novel alphaproteobacterium isolated from freshwater sediments, strain pMbN1, degrades 4-methylbenzoate to CO(2) under nitrate-reducing conditions. While strain pMbN1 utilizes several benzoate derivatives and other polar aromatic compounds, it cannot degrade p-xylene or other hydrocarbons. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain pMbN1 is affiliated with the genus Magnetospirillum.
Subject(s)
Benzoates/metabolism , Fresh Water/microbiology , Magnetospirillum/isolation & purification , Magnetospirillum/metabolism , Anaerobiosis , Bacterial Typing Techniques , Biotransformation , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Cluster Analysis , DNA, Bacterial/chemistry , DNA, Bacterial/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Denitrification , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Low-intensity shockwave therapy (LiST) is an effective treatment for pain reduction in patients with Peyronie's disease (PD). We aimed to report the long-term results of a previously published randomized, sham-controlled trial on LiST for PD management. For the initial study, 102 patients with stable PD were randomly assigned to six sessions of LiST (n = 51) or sham (n = 51) therapy. All participants were subsequently contacted for an additional evaluation at 3 years after completion of the initial treatment and 63 of them (LiST = 34 and sham therapy = 29) presented for the evaluation. Among them, improvement of pain was reported in 23 participants (LiST = 16, sham = 7, p = 0.005) at 4 weeks and in 22 (LiST = 15, sham = 7, p = 0.031) at 3 years. We detected a mean difference of 2.2 points (95%CI: 0.9-3.5, p = 0.002) in the visual analog pain scale at 4 weeks and a mean difference of 2.5 points (95%CI: 1-4, p = 0.002) at 3 years between the two groups. No treatment-related complications occurred during the sessions or the follow-up period. Regarding the improvement of penile curvature or sexual function, no significant differences between the two groups were observed. Overall, LiST constitutes a safe and effective therapeutic approach for pain management both in the short- and long term.
Subject(s)
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy , High-Energy Shock Waves , Penile Induration , Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy/methods , High-Energy Shock Waves/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Pain/etiology , Penile Induration/complications , Penile Induration/therapy , Prospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Although percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has been performed for decades and has gone through many refinements, there are still concerns regarding its more widespread utilization because of the long learning curve and the potential risk of severe complications. Many technical details are not included in the guidelines because of their nature and research protocol. OBJECTIVE: To achieve an expert consensus viewpoint on PCNL indications, preoperative patient preparation, surgical strategy, management and prevention of severe complications, postoperative management, and follow-up. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: An international panel of experts from the Urolithiasis Section of the European Association of Urology, International Alliance of Urolithiasis, and other urology associations was enrolled, and a prospectively conducted study, incorporating literature review, discussion on research gaps (RGs), and questionnaires and following data analysis, was performed to reach a consensus on PCNL. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The expert panel consisted of 36 specialists in PCNL from 20 countries all around the world. A consensus on PCNL was developed. The expert panel was not as large as expected, and the discussion on RGs did not bring in more supportive evidence in the present consensus. CONCLUSIONS: Adequate preoperative preparation, especially elimination of urinary tract infection prior to PCNL, accurate puncture with guidance of fluoroscopy and/or ultrasonography or a combination, keeping a low intrarenal pressure, and shortening of operation time during PCNL are important technical requirements to ensure safety and efficiency in PCNL. PATIENT SUMMARY: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has been a well-established procedure for the management of upper urinary tract stones. However, according to an expert panel consensus, core technical aspects, as well as the urologist's experience, are critical to the safety and effectiveness of PCNL.
Subject(s)
Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous , Urinary Calculi , Urolithiasis , Urology , Consensus , Humans , Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous/methods , Urolithiasis/surgeryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) has become the preferred treatment modality for nephrolithiasis. However, because of ongoing uncertainties regarding the optimal perioperative management, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up, as well as a lack of standardization for outcome reporting, consensus is needed to achieve more uniform clinical practice worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To develop recommendations for RIRS on the basis of existing data and expert consensus. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A protocol-driven, three-phase study was conducted by the European Association of Urology Section of Urolithiasis (EULIS) and the International Alliance of Urolithiasis (IAU). The process included: (1) a nonsystematic review of the literature to define domains for discussion; (2) a two-round modified Delphi survey involving experts in this field; and (3) an additional group meeting and third-round survey involving 64 senior representative members to formulate the final conclusions. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The results from each previous round were returned to the participants for re-evaluation of their decisions during the next round. The agreement threshold was set at 70%. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The panel included 209 participants who developed 29 consensus statements on the following topics of interest: (1) perioperative infection management; (2) perioperative antithrombotic therapy; (3) fundamentals of the operative technique; and (4) standardized outcome reporting. Although this consensus can be considered as a useful reference for more clinically oriented daily practice, we also acknowledge that a higher level of evidence from further clinical trials is needed. CONCLUSIONS: The consensus statements aim to guide and standardize clinical practice and research on RIRS and to recommend standardized outcome reporting. PATIENT SUMMARY: An international consensus on the best practice for minimally invasive surgery for kidney stones was organized and developed by two international societies. It is anticipated that this consensus will provide further guidance to urologists and may help to improve clinical outcomes for patients.
Subject(s)
Kidney Calculi , Urolithiasis , Urology , Humans , Urology/methods , Kidney Calculi/surgery , Urolithiasis/surgery , Consensus , Minimally Invasive Surgical ProceduresABSTRACT
Diverse microorganisms have been described to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons anaerobically. Strains able to utilize n-alkanes do not grow with aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas strains able to utilize aromatic hydrocarbons do not grow with n-alkanes. To investigate this specificity in more detail, three anaerobic n-alkane degraders (two denitrifying, one sulfate-reducing) and eight anaerobic alkylbenzene degraders (five denitrifying, three sulfate-reducing) were incubated with mixtures of n-alkanes and toluene. Whereas the toluene degradationers formed only the characteristic toluene-derived benzylsuccinate and benzoate, but no n-alkane-derived metabolites, the n-alkane degraders formed toluene-derived benzylsuccinate, 4-phenylbutanoate, phenylacetate and benzoate besides the regular n-alkane-derived (1-methylalkyl)succinates and methyl-branched alkanoates. The co-metabolic conversion of toluene by anaerobic n-alkane degraders to the level of benzoate obviously follows the anaerobic n-alkane degradation pathway with C-skeleton rearrangement and decarboxylation rather than the ß-oxidation pathway of anaerobic toluene metabolism. Hence, petroleum-derived aromatic metabolites detectable in anoxic environments may not be exclusively formed by genuine alkylbenzene degraders. In addition, the hitherto largely unexplored fate of fumarate hydrogen during the activation reactions was examined with (2,3-(2) H(2) )fumarate as co-substrate. Deuterium was completely exchanged with hydrogen at the substituted carbon atom (C-2) of the succinate adducts of n-alkanes, whereas it is retained in toluene-derived benzylsuccinate, regardless of the type of enzyme catalysing the fumarate addition reaction.
Subject(s)
Alkanes/metabolism , Bacteria, Anaerobic/metabolism , Toluene/metabolism , Bacteria, Anaerobic/growth & development , Biodegradation, Environmental , Fumarates/metabolism , Succinates/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) performed in several German centres with different laparoscopic experience, as LA has become the gold-standard approach for benign surgical adrenal disorders; however, for solitary metastasis or primary adrenal cancer its precise role is uncertain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The data of 363 patients who underwent a LA were prospectively collected in 23 centres. All centres were stratified into three groups according to their experience: group A (<10 LAs/year), group B (10-20 LAs/year) and group C (>20 LAs/year). In all, 15 centres used a transperitoneal approach, four a retroperitoneal approach and four both approaches. Demographic data, perioperative and postoperative variables, including operating time, surgical approach, tumour size, estimated blood loss, complications, hospital stay and histological tumour staging, were collected and analysed. RESULTS: The transperitoneal approach was used in 281 cases (77.4%) and the retroperitoneal approach was used in 82 patients (22.6%). In all, 263 of 363 lesions (72.5%) were benign and 100 (27.5%) were malignant. The mean (sd) operating time was 127.22 (55.56) min and 130.16 (49.88) min after transperitoneal and retroperitoneal LA, respectively. The mean complication rates for transperitoneal and retroperitoneal LA were 5% and 10.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: LAs performed by urologists experienced in laparoscopy is safe for the removal of benign and malignant adrenal masses. LA for malignant adrenal tumours should be performed only in high-volume centres by a surgeon performing at least >10 LAs/year.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Gland Diseases/surgery , Adrenalectomy/methods , Laparoscopy/methods , Adrenal Gland Neoplasms/surgery , Adrenalectomy/adverse effects , Aged , Feasibility Studies , Female , Germany , Humans , Laparoscopy/adverse effects , Length of Stay , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Oil reservoirs can represent extreme environments for microbial life due to low water availability, high salinity, high pressure and naturally occurring radionuclides. This study investigated the microbiome of saline formation water samples from a Gulf of Mexico oil reservoir. Metagenomic analysis and associated anaerobic enrichment cultures enabled investigations into metabolic potential for microbial activity and persistence in this environment given its high salinity (4.5%) and low nutrient availability. Preliminary 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed very low microbial diversity. Accordingly, deep shotgun sequencing resulted in nine metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), including members of novel lineages QPJE01 (genus level) within the Halanaerobiaceae, and BM520 (family level) within the Bacteroidales. Genomes of the nine organisms included respiratory pathways such as nitrate reduction (in Arhodomonas, Flexistipes, Geotoga and Marinobacter MAGs) and thiosulfate reduction (in Arhodomonas, Flexistipes and Geotoga MAGs). Genomic evidence for adaptation to high salinity, withstanding radioactivity, and metal acquisition was also observed in different MAGs, possibly explaining their occurrence in this extreme habitat. Other metabolic features included the potential for quorum sensing and biofilm formation, and genes for forming endospores in some cases. Understanding the microbiomes of deep biosphere environments sheds light on the capabilities of uncultivated subsurface microorganisms and their potential roles in subsurface settings, including during oil recovery operations.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Congenital penile curvature (CPC) is a rare condition with surgical correction being the standard therapy. In the current study, we report long-term results analyzing the surgical and functional outcomes using a modified Nesbit technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with CPC were included. After penile degloving and mobilization of the neurovascular bundle an artificial erection was performed. An ellipsoid part of the tunica albuginea was excised at the point of maximum curvature on the convex side of deviation. The tunical defect was then closed by interrupted absorbable sutures with inverted knots. Results of correction were documented intra- and postoperatively by artificial erection. Pre- and postoperative evaluation included measurement of penile length and curvature after pharmacological erection. Erectile function, alteration in glans sensation, palpable suture as well as short- and long-term complication were also recorded using validated questionnaires and objective examinations. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients with mean age 26.93 years (14-66 years) and mean curvature 69.81° (25°-90°) were included in the study. Ventral or ventrolateral curvature was observed in 83.6%. Mean operative time was 106.8 minutes (55-169 minutes). Totally straightness of the penis was achieved in 51/55 patients (92.8%). After a mean long-term follow-up of 36.68 months (4-87 months), erectile function worsened in 3.6% of patients. Median penile length loss associated with this technique was 1.7 cm (0-3.0 cm). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical therapy of CPC using our modified Nesbit technique is feasible, safe and provides reliable long-term outcomes, representing an alternative for surgical correction of CPC.
ABSTRACT
So far extracorporal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is the treatment of choice for upper urinary tract stones. Since the introduction of new minimal-invasive endourological procedures, such as retrograde flexible uretero-renoscopy (fURS) and minimal-invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (Mini-Perc), alternative treatment modalities are available, which show enhanced stone-free rates and decreased treatment morbidity even in unfavorable stone localizations of the lower calix and calyceal diverticulum stones. In experienced hands modern endourological approaches are suitable as first-line treatment of upper urinary tract stones. Even in elderly patients and large stone burden the endourological techniques show acceptable results.