ABSTRACT
The membrane-permeable peptide DT-2 which utilizes the HIV-Tat membrane translocation sequence is known to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) effectively in vitro and in various cell lines and tissue preparations. However, the uptake characteristics of DT-2 have not been studied in detail. We investigated the intracellular uptake and localization of fluorescein-labeled DT-2 (fDT-2) in cultured C6-glial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) as well as VSMCs in intact arteries. To avoid fixation-induced fluorescence, live unfixed cells and arteries were incubated with fDT-2 and examined using conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy. In non-differentiated cultured VSMCs, uptake appeared vesicular with nuclear exclusion, consistent with an endocytotic internalization mechanism. Inhibition of endocytosis by phenylarsine oxide (PAO), low temperature or disruption of actin polymerization by cytochalasin-D or lantrunculin-A showed a residual non-endocytotic fDT-2 translocation with diffuse cytosolic and nuclear uptake. Similarly, differentiated contractile VSMCs within the medial layer of intact cerebral arteries also showed a distinctively different, more diffuse cytosolic uptake and time dependent nuclear localization. To verify the morphology dependency of fDT-2 uptake, VSMCs were reconstituted in fibrillar collagen matrices. The cells adopted a differentiated morphology and fDT-2 translocation was similar to cells in intact arteries. These results demonstrate that VSMCs cells utilize distinct cellular uptake mechanisms depending on their phenotype.